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Geog 112 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Lightyear?

A

the distance traveled by light in one year → 9.5 quadrillion Km

Example: Lightyear is used to measure vast distances in space.

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2
Q

What is the formula for Average Velocity?

A

Av=s ÷t (Av- Velocity, S= Space, T=Time)

Example: The formula helps calculate the average speed of an object over a specific distance and time.

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3
Q

What is the closest star to Earth?

A

Sun= Closest Star to Earth

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4
Q

What is the second closest star to Earth?

A

Proxima Centauri

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5
Q

How old is the Universe?

A

Age of Universe: 13-14 billion years

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6
Q

What is the first element produced?

A

H (Hydrogen): Ist element produced

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7
Q

What do stars produce through fusion?

A

Fusion of H, produce He, Overtime produce C

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8
Q

What are Supernova or Nebula?

A

Supernova or Nebula= Stars that die

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9
Q

What are (H) and (He)?

A

(H) and (He): Primordial elements formed through nucleogenesis after Big Bang

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10
Q

How many times did Nucleogenesis occur?

A

Nucleogenesis: occurred once

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11
Q

What is Nucleosynthesis?

A

Nucleosynthesis: continuous process that occurs when a Star is formed

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12
Q

How old is the Sun?

A

Sun Age: 4.56 billion (earth same as sun)

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13
Q

How old is Earth?

A

Earth Age: 4.56 billion

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14
Q

When were all objects in the Solar System formed?

A

All objects in Solar System= formed from the same matter at the same time

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15
Q

Name the Rocky Planets. - MMVE

A

Rocky Planets:, Mercury, Mars ,Venus, Earth

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16
Q

Name the Gaseous Planets. - JSUN

A

Gaseous Planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune

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17
Q

What caused environmental change and dinosaur extinction?

A

Astroid impact caused: environmental change, leading to dinosaur extinction and formed space nor mammals

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18
Q

What is Earth’s core made of?

A

Earth’s core = metallic core of Fe (Iron), Ni (Nickel) and surrounded by thick mantle silicate

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19
Q

What are the earths layers?

A
  1. Crust (solid) rich in silicone
  2. Mantle (solid)
  3. Outer Core (liquid) rich in metallic (Fe and Ni)
  4. Inner Core (solid) rich in metallic (Fe and Ni)
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20
Q

What are the 3 planet types?

A

Gas Giants: Jupiter and Saturn
Ice Giants: Uranus and Neptune
Terrestrial: Earth

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21
Q

What is a Meteorite

A

: fragments of solid matter from space

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22
Q

What are 3 types of Meteroites?

A
  1. Stoney or Rocky
  2. Iron or Metallic
  3. Stoney Iron or Rocky Metallic
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23
Q

Why is there craters on the moon

A

No atmosphere

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24
Q

What collision made the moon?

A

Theia and Earth

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25
Q

What is the hottest planet?

A

Venus

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26
Q

Where is the astroid belt?

A

Between Jupiter and Mars

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27
Q

What is the order of the comic address?

A
  1. Earth 2. Solar System 3. Milky Way Galaxy 4. Local Group 5. Virgo Supercluster 6. Observable Universe
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28
Q

What are 2 sedimentary rocks (clastic/chemical)?

A

Clastic: Sandstone and Chemical: Limestone

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29
Q

What is the God of Lead?

A

Saturn

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30
Q

What is the first column in the periodic table?

A

Akali Metals
ex. Li and Na

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31
Q

What is the second column in the periodic table?
(1 element formed in nuclear fusion 8x mass of sun)

A

Akaline - Earth metals
ex. Mg

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32
Q

What elements are found in Earth’s core?

A

(Fe) Iron and (Ni) Nickel

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33
Q

What are the elements in nuclear fusion formed 8x mass of sun?

A

O, Ne, Mg, Si, & Fe

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34
Q

What elements is the crust made from

A

O, Si, Al, and Fe

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35
Q

What are the cores of Jupiter and Saturn made from?

A

H and He

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36
Q

What is the Red planet and what is the Blue planet

A

Red=Mars and Blue=Uranus

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37
Q

How was the planet formed?

A

Planetary accretion

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38
Q

What is convection?

A

heat rises in mantle and creates convection currents causing movements in tectonic plates

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39
Q

Subduction

A

one plate moves under another

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40
Q

What ridge is Iceland on?

A

Mid-Atlantic Ridge

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41
Q

Where do earthquakes start

A

Focus or hypocenter

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42
Q

Where do earthquakes project

A

Epicenter

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43
Q

What are 2 types of seismic waves?

A

(P) Primary and (S) Secondary

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44
Q

What are (P) Primary Waves?

A

waves that go through solid, liquid, & gas

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45
Q

What are (S) Secondary Waves?

A

waves that go through ONLY solid

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46
Q

What are 2 types of body waves

A

Love waves & Rayleigh waves

47
Q

What is basalt?

A

Extrusive Igneous (volcanic) rock and most common in ocean. Rich in Fe = denser then granite

48
Q

What is Granite?

A

Intrusive Igneous rock and most common in continent

49
Q

What are 4 sedimentary rocks?

A

Limestone - coral reef
Sandstone - sand
Mudstone - mud
Glacial Till - glacial deposits

50
Q

What is the crust thickness for both oceanic and continental crusts?

A

oceanic= 5-10km
continental= 25-50km

51
Q

What crust is denser ocean or continent and why ?

A

Ocean is denser then continental as basalt is denser then granite

52
Q

What is more dense the silicone (Si)

A

Fe and Ni

53
Q

What is the discontinuity of the crust/mantle called?

A

Moho

54
Q

What is the lithosphere?

A

“bark of earth” crust with upper mantle and floats above asthenosphere

55
Q

What is the asthenosphere?

A

under lithosphere and is plastic layer

56
Q

What is a Xenolith?

A

Part of earth’s mantle brought to surface

57
Q

What is the supercontinent?

A

Pangea

58
Q

What did Inge Lehman discover?

A

vibrations would bounce back from (surface) inside earth > inner core

59
Q

How long ago was earth’s crust solidified?

A

4 Billion years ago

60
Q

What is Gravitation Fluctuation?

A

can point to parts of planet that are less dense then others

61
Q

what are 2 types of crust ?

A

Oceanic (denser) and Continental (thicker)

62
Q

what are 2 types of cores?

A

Inner core (solid) outer core (liquid)

63
Q

what does convection do?

A

moves tectonic plates then subduction occurs

64
Q

What plate is Vancouver under?

A

North American Plate

65
Q

What did Alfred Wegener discover?

A

Supercontinent - Pangea
- No tectonic plates just continents

66
Q

Where is the Mid-Atlantic Ridge?

A

Middle of the Atlantic ocean

67
Q

What is a Rift?

A

Where lithosphere plates form ex. Africa Rift Valley

68
Q

What are the 3 types of plate boundries?

A

Transform, Convergent, and Divergent

69
Q

Divergent boundaries ?

A

plates move away <-> ( magma rises from mantle creating ridges) ex. mid-oceanic ridge

70
Q

Convergent boundaries?

A

Plates move towards >-< and produces a subduction zone. (there is 3 types of covergence boundaries)

71
Q

What are the 3 Covergence types?
(Movement of continent/oceanic plates)

A
  1. Oceanic-Continent - ocean plate subducts
  2. Continent-Continent - crust crumbles
  3. Oceanic-Oceanic -
72
Q

Transform boundaries?

A

plates slide past eachother

73
Q

Hot Spots?

A

Intraplate activity, magma breaks through forming volcanoes/islands. They are found in a line. EX. Hawaii

74
Q

Minerals:

A

created by inorganic geological processes

75
Q

What is the most common mineral?

A

Feldspar ( 3 types)

76
Q

What are the 3 types of Feldspar?

A

Ca-Plagioclase (Calcium)
Na-Plagioclase (Sodium)
K-Feldspar (Potassium)

77
Q

What are 2 other common Minerals?

A

Quartz & Mica

78
Q

What are 2 types of Mica?

A

Biotite - Black
Muscovite - White

79
Q

What forms Granitic Rock?

A

1.Feldspar
2.Mica
3.Quartz

80
Q

What forms Basalt?

A
  1. Olivine
  2. Pyroxene
  3. Amphibole (Fe & Mg)
81
Q

What makes up Quartz?

A

Silica tetrahedra. %SiO2 (1 Silicone + 4 Oxygen)

82
Q

Amorphous Solids:

A

Obsidian (volcanic glass).
- Coal = not a mineral due to NO crystal lining and organic genesis

83
Q

Name some Mineraloids:

A

Pear, Amber, Coral reefs, Coal, and obsidian (lacks crystal structure)

84
Q

What is dominant in crust/mantle?

A

silicates

85
Q

What are important oxides?

A

Hematite and Magnetite (both iron ores)

86
Q

Silicates composed of ?

A

(Fe) & (O)

87
Q

What are the 2 Feldspar Classes?


A
  1. Orthoclase → K- Feldspar
    2. Plagioclase →Anorthite - (Ca- Feldspar) and Albite - (Na- Feldspar)
88
Q

What are 3 types of rocks?

A

1.Igneous Rocks: made from rocks and minerals (ex. Granite)
2. Sedimentary: Made from small pieces of material plants or animals
(ex. sandstone & Limestone)
3. Metamorphic: When either rocks are heated causing rock to change/morph

89
Q

What 3 Ways Minerals can be formed:

A

Solution: Halite, Gypsum
Molten Material: Quartz, Feldspar, MICA
Steam: Sulfur crystals

90
Q

What is an Ore?

A

a rock or minerals containing high percentage of certain mineral


91
Q

What are the 5 characteristics a mineral can be identified by?

A
  1. Color, 2 streak 3 Luster 4. Breakages 5.hardness
92
Q

2 Types of Luster to identify minerals:

A

1.Metallic: looks like chunks of metal (ex. Gold)
2.Non- Metallic: looks dull (ex. Feldspar)

Galena & Feldspar= Non- Metallic

93
Q

What is Breakage?

A

the way the mineral tends to break apart (2 types)

94
Q

What are the 2 types of breakage?

A
  1. Cleavage: breaks along smooth planes (parallel to weak bonds)
    - Looks like its been cut
    1. Fractures: break along curved 
surface
      - Jagged edges
95
Q

Mohs Hardness Scale

A
  1. Talc (Softest)
    2. Gypsum
    3. Calcite
    4. FluorITe
  2. Apatite (Glass = Hardness of
 5.5)
  3. Orthoclase
    7. Quartz
    8. Topaz
    9. Corundum
    10. Diamond (Hardest)
96
Q

What are 3 types of Igneous rocks? (based on silica %)

A
  1. Mafic (dark -low%)
  2. Intermediate
  3. Felsic (lighter -high)
97
Q

What os Mafic?

A

rich in (Mg) & (Fe)
- ex. Basalt

98
Q

What is Felsic composed of?

A

feldspar and silica
- ex. Granite

99
Q

Intrusive / Plutonic rocks?

A

formed UNDER surface and has big crystals
(slow formation
- ex. Granite

100
Q

Extrusive/Volcanic rock?

A

formed ON TOP of surface and had small/no crystals
- ex. obsidian

101
Q

What are 3 Mono-mineralic rocks?

A

1.Limestone (sedimentary)
2. Marble (metamorphic)
3. Quartzite (metamorphic)

102
Q

What are 3 Poly-minerallic rocks?

A
  1. Gneiss (metamorphic)
  2. Granite (igneous)
  3. Granodiorite (igneous)
103
Q

What are the 3 groups of rocks?

A
  1. Igneous (or magmatic)
  2. Sedimentary
  3. Metamorphic
104
Q

Aphanitic texture:

A

Igneous rocks that form on the earths surface
-ex. Extrusive rocks
(have very tine grained texture because crystals are too small)

105
Q

Phaneritic texture:

A

Igneous rocks with large visible crystals
-ex. Intrusive rocks
(because rock formed slowly in an underground magma chamber)

106
Q

Mafic:

A

high concentration of Mg & Fe

107
Q

Why dark rocks?

A

richer in Mg and Fe.
-ex. Gabbro composition equivalent to basalt (extrusive and mafic)

108
Q

Why clear rocks?

A

richer in silicon & aluminium
- ex. Granite = intrusive/ plutonio + felsic rock

109
Q

What is sedimentary rocks made up of?

A

Clasts - sediments of older rocks

110
Q

What are metamorphic rocks?

A

comes from pre-existing rock PROTOLITH (not magma
(protolith into metamorphic)

111
Q

What are 2 most common metamorphic rocks?

A

Gneiss & Marble

112
Q

What is the rock cycle ?

A

To form Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic rocks

113
Q

What happens in rock cycle/ how r rocks effected?

A

weathering, erosion, compaction, heat, pressure, and melting

114
Q

What are the 2 types of PlagioClase?

A
  1. Anorthite -( Ca)
  2. Albite - (Na)

Geog 112 (3 decks)

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