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Geog 112 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

What is the order of the rock cycle?

A
  1. Magma
  2. Igneous Rocks
  3. Sedimentary
  4. Metamorphic
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2
Q

What is a Mineraloid that doesn’t have crystals?

A

Obsidian

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3
Q

What rocks have Large Crystals?

A

Phaneritic - Intrusive rocks

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4
Q

What rocks have unseen crystals?

A

Aphanitic - Extrusive rocks

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5
Q

What is in the Phaneritic table that falls under Felsic, Intermediate, and Mafic?

A

Felsic: Granite
Intermediate: Diorite
Mafic: Gabbro

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6
Q

What is in the APHANITIC table that falls under Felsic, Intermediate, and Mafic?

A

Felsic: Rhyolite
Intermediate: Andesite
Mafic: Basalt

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7
Q

What is Porphyry

A

Rocks with phenocrystals; (Phenocrystals are big crystals)

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8
Q

What is Plutoni?

A

generates plutonic rocks

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9
Q

What is a Lacolith?

A

a sill pushed up to the surface

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10
Q

What plate is Vancouver under?

A

Juan de fuca subducts between North American Plate

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11
Q

Where does most Magma come from?

A

Athenosphere

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12
Q

What are 3 major types of Magma ?

A

1.Basaltic 2. Andesitic 3. Rhyolite

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13
Q

What is Viscosity?

A

resistance to the flow of fluid

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14
Q

Describe High Viscosity

A

Fluids that do not flow easily + silica rich
EX. Molasses or honey

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15
Q

Magma with more silica has what?

A

More gas

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16
Q

Volcanoes with Andesitic-Rhyolitic magma are more prone to what ?

A

Explosive eruptions then with basaltic lave glow

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17
Q

What is Effusive?

A

Eruptions with Low viscosity

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18
Q

What is Explosive?

A

Eruptions with High Viscosity

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19
Q

What is Stratovolcanoes?

A

Cone shaped mountains - & high viscosity lava doesn’t travel far

EX. MOUNT BAKER

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20
Q

What is a Shield Volcanoe?

A

largest volcanoes - constructed from basaltic lava

  • broad arc with gentle slopes - low viscosity lava moves fast

EX. MAUNA LOA
- common in Hawaii + Iceland

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21
Q

Effects of Volcanoes Primary VS Secondary

A

Primary effects: eruptions

Secondary effects: landslides and lahars

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22
Q

What are Primary effects:

A

Lava flows, Ash fall, lateral blasts, release of volcanic gases

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23
Q

What are Secondary effects:

A

Landslides, Lahars, Debris flow, mudflows,

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24
Q

** What is 3 Pyroclastic Debris/Tephra? **

A

1.Ash
2. Lapilli
3. Bombs

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25
Q

What is Pyroclastic Flows?

A

flow of hot lava that races down the sides
(Most lethal)

EX. POMPEII

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26
Q

What is Coast Mountains?

A

Plutonic + No Volcanoes

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27
Q

What is Cascade Mountains?

A

Metamorphic & Plutonic & Volcanic

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28
Q

What are the 3 Physiographics of Lower Mainland?

A
  1. Bedrock - Mountains
  2. Ice Age Uplands
  3. Modern Sed Lowlands
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29
Q

** What types of sediments or rocks are found in lowlands, uplands, and mountains? **

A

Lowlands: Modern sediments
Uplands: Ice Age sediments
Mountains: Bedrock

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30
Q

What is the most Urban area ?

A

Uplands - Vancouver & Surrey

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31
Q

What is the most Industrialized area?

A

Lowlands - Richmond

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32
Q

What is the elevation range for uplands and lowlands above sea level?

A

Uplands: 10–200 meters

Lowlands: Less than 10 meters above sea-level

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33
Q

What is a Horst vs Graben?

A

Horst: Raised block of earth

Grabben: Lowered block filled with sediments

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34
Q

Name of Basin
near Vancouver:

A

Georgia Basin

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35
Q

** What is the Oldest rock in Vancouver? **

A

Jurrasic

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36
Q

** What is the Ages of Rock for Ice Age, Modern, Sedimentary, and Landfill? **

A

Ice Age Sediments: Pleistocene
Modern Sediments: Holocene
Sedimentary Rocks: Pleistocene-Pilocene
Landfill: Anthropocene

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37
Q

** What is the Principle of Faunal Sucession **

A

specific types of organisms lived at different time periods

38
Q

** What is the Power of Superposition? **

A

Nicholas Steno > Young sediment forms ontop of Older sedimentary rock

39
Q

** What is the Geological Time divided into 4 Eons? **

A
  1. Hadean
  2. Archean
  3. Proterozoic
  4. Phanerozoic (Now)
40
Q

** What is Phanerozoic and the 3 eras its divided in ? **

A

Visible Life
1. Paleozoic (early)
2. Mesozoic (middle)
3. Cenozoic (new life)

41
Q

** What is Cenozoic and 3 eras divided in? **

A

New life
1. Paleogene
2. Neogene
3. Quaternary

42
Q

What is Chemical Transport ?

What is Mechanical Transport?

A

Chemical: solid matter ONLY formed through PRECIPITATION of IONS

Mechanical : Sediment=solid matter begins to exist during transport

43
Q

What is a Clast?
Small ex vs Large ex?

A

Fragment of rocks or mineral to small to see
Small: Clay
Large: Boulders

44
Q

What is the Biggest to Smallest Clasts?

A

Biggest - Boulder, Cobble, Pebble, Granules, Sand

45
Q

What is a Moving Medium?

A

carries/move materials depending on velocity/density

46
Q

What happens with a Faster & Denser Medium?

A

larger and greater transport capacity

47
Q

** What is types of Total Load ? **

A

Types of Total Load:

  1. Bed Load: Sand or Gravel - 10% of load
    (that roll or bounce along the bottom.)
  2. Suspended Load: Small Silt or Clay - 90% of load
    (that float in the water or air)
  3. Dissolved Load: Minerals dissolved in water, carried invisibly.
48
Q

What Sedimentary deposits may form into?

A

Mudstone, Coarse Breccia, Conglomerate

49
Q

What is Lithification?

A

deposits of sediments turn into solid rock ( deposition)

50
Q

What are the most common Cements in Sedimentary Rocks?

A

siliceous, carbonate, ferric, ferrous, aluminosilicates

50
Q

What is Compaction in the formation of sedimentary rocks?

A

Compaction: Pressing down sediments to make them stick together.

51
Q

What is a Parent rock?

A

the rock that exists before metamorphism starts
ex. sedimentary or igneous rocks
Mudstone > Slate > Schist = Mudstone is parent

52
Q

What is a Critical Feature of Metamorphism ?

A

Mineral Composition / Stability : function of temperature, pressure, and fluids

53
Q

Temperature for Metamorphism ?
What is the Stability for Quartz, Clay Minerals, and Feldspar?

A

key variable.

Quartz - stable up to 1800°C
- if pressure is higher upper limit is higher and if there is water it is lower

Clay Minerals - stable up to 150-200°C
- above that they will turn into Mica

Most Feldspar - stable up to 1000°C-1200°C

54
Q

What are the 3 Polymorphs?
What is the composition?

A
  1. Kyanite 2. Andalusite 3. Sillimanite
    Composition = Al₂SiO₅
55
Q

What is the Stability of
1. Kyanite 2. Andalusite 3. Sillimanite ?

A
  1. Kyanite - at low to moderate temp & low pressures
  2. Andalusite - at moderate temps & low pressures
  3. Sillimanite - at higher temperatures
56
Q

What are the 2 main reasons that Pressure is important for Metamorphic rocks

A
  1. mineral stability
  2. texture of metamorphic rock
57
Q

What are the 2 main reasons that Fluids are important for Metamorphic rocks

A
  1. transfer of ions between + within minerals results
    -in increasing the rates of metamorphic reactions
  2. elevates concentrations of dissolved elements
    - important for moving elements around in crust
58
Q

What is the main fluid present in the crust?

A

Water

59
Q

What is an important metamorphic setting?

A

ROOTS of mountain ranges

60
Q

What is time of metamorphism ?

A

processes are slow but reactions are high

61
Q

What are the 2 Main types of metamorphic rocks?

A

Foliated: formed with directed pressure or shear stress
Not Foliated: formed without pressure or near surface with little pressure

62
Q

What are 4 examples of Foliated Metamorphic rocks?

A
  1. Slate
  2. Phyllite
  3. Schist
  4. Gneiss
63
Q

What is Orthogenesis?

A

formed by IGNEOUS rocks

64
Q

What is Paragenesis?

A

formed by SEDIMENTARY rocks

65
Q

What is a Migmatite?

A

rock that partially melts then recrystallizes

66
Q

What are 2 examples of Non-Foliated rocks?

A
  1. Marble 2. Quartz
67
Q

What is Hornfels?

A

metamorphic rocks that have been “baked” by intrusive rocks

68
Q

What is Contact Metamorphism?

A

when transformed by intensive heat

69
Q

What are 2 types of sedimentary rocks?

A

a. Chemical (Limestone)
b. Clastic (Sandstone)

70
Q

What are two types of Metamorphic (Foliated & Not Foliated) rocks?

A

a. Foliated (Gneiss)
b. Non-Foliated (Marble)

71
Q

What are two types of Igneous rocks?

A

a. Extrusive (Basalt)
b. Intrusive (Granite)

72
Q

What is Regional Metamorphism?

A

results from high pressure and mountain building

73
Q

What is a Aureole?

A

contact metamorphism forms from cooling magma

74
Q

What are the 4 types of Faults?

A
  1. Dip Slip: vertical motion
  2. Strike Slip Fault: horizontal direction
  3. Normal Dip Slip Fault: hanging wall
  4. Reverse Fault: wall moved up from compression
75
Q

What is a blind fault ?

A

doesn’t reach surface

76
Q

** What is a Tectonic Creep?**

A

tension is high & does NOT cause earthquake

77
Q

What is the first measurer of seismic waves?

A

Richter Scale

78
Q

** How long do each take > Moment Magnitude vs Ritcher ? **

A

Moment Magnitude - takes time/weeks
Ritcher Scale - immiedietly

79
Q

** What is modified Mercalli ? **

A

In roman numerals, human histories and perceptions

80
Q

What do seismic waves move faster/slower in ; Consolidated Bedrock or Unconsolidated Sediment?

A

Faster = Consolidated Bedrock
Slower = Unconsolidated Sediment/Soil

81
Q

What is the largest reservoir?

A

Ocean - 97% of water

82
Q

What percentage is Fresh Water?

A

3% = Freshwater
2/3 - Ice
1/3 - In Ground

83
Q

What are 2 types of Dip Slips?

A

Normal & Reverse Faults

84
Q

** What are the 4 types of region drainers called? **

A

Drainage Basin, River Basin, Watershed and Catchment

85
Q

What increases with higher elevations of flow velocity?

A

erosional down cutting

86
Q

What is Total Load ?

A

Bed Load, Suspend Load, and Dissolved Load

87
Q

What are 2 types of Channel Patterns?

A
  1. Meandering: Single
  2. Braided : Multiple
88
Q

What is Cementation in the formation of sedimentary rocks?

A

the Glueing of sediments together with natural minerals.

89
Q

What is attenuation?

A

This loss of energy

90
Q

What is one Clastic and on Chemical rock?

A

Clastic= Sandstone
Chemical = Limestone

91
Q

What is beneath Cascadia subduction zone

A

beneath southwestern British Columbia and the state of Washington

Geog 112 (3 decks)

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