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Geog 303 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Kingdom of whales

A

Animalia

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2
Q

Phylum of whales

A

Chordata

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3
Q

Class of whales

A

Mammalia

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4
Q

Order of whales

A

Cetacea

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5
Q

Sub order with balyeen

A

Mysticeti

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6
Q

Sub order with teeth

A

Odotoceti

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7
Q

4 groups of mysticeti baleen whales

A
  1. Rorquals
  2. Phygme righty whales
  3. Gray whales
  4. Bowhead and right whales
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8
Q

What are some remenants of land ancestor in whales (2)

A
  1. Flippers with digits
  2. Vestigial hind limb bone
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9
Q

What does the balyeen attach to in mysticeti

A

Rostrum

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10
Q

What types of food do mysticetes eat

A

-krill
- amphopods
- crab larvae
- small fish

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11
Q

5 groups in odontoceti

A
  1. Narwhals and beluga
  2. Sperm whales
  3. Beaked whales
  4. Porpoises
  5. Dolphins
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12
Q

What type of prey would a dolphin eat with conical teeth

A

Big prey

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13
Q

What type of pray would a porpoise eat with spade teeth

A

Small pray

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14
Q

Main differences between Mysticeti and odontoceti cranium morphology

A

Odonto = fused mandibles and concave skull

Mysti = split mandibles and convex skull

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15
Q

General odontocete food

A
  • other whales
  • seals
  • clams
  • shrimp
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16
Q

Odontocete vs mysticete blowholes

A

Odonto = 1 blowhole
Mysti = 2 blowholes

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17
Q

What 3 families are in archaeoceti (ancient whales)

A
  • pakicetidae
  • ambulocetidae
  • basilosauridae
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18
Q

What is the most well known early land ancestor to whales

A

Pakicetus

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19
Q

Pakicetus era

A

Early Eocene

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20
Q

Where was Pakicetus discovered

A

Pakistan

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21
Q

Pakicetus habitat

A
  • semi aquatic
  • warm costal and rivers
  • hippo behaviour
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22
Q

Pakicetus morphology

A
  • limbs adapted for walking as quadruped in the bottom of rivers
  • partially amphibious
  • slim limbs (don’t need large bones to support body weight in water)
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23
Q

What morphological aspect did Pakicetus and cetaceans

A

Auditory bula (specialized for underwater hearing)

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24
Q

Pakicetus nostril position

A

Anterior at tip

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25
Q

Abmulocetus era

A

Early Eocene

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26
Q

Where was Abmulocetus discovered

A

Pakistan

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27
Q

Behaviours of Abmulocetus

A
  • amphibious
  • similar to otter
  • hunted in water, mating on land
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28
Q

Adaptations of Abmulocetus

A
  • limbs for walking as quadruped
  • webbed toes
  • slung back rear legs
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29
Q

What blowhole morphology makes it seem like Abmulocetus spent more time in water than Pakicetus

A
  • More posterior blowhole
  • webbed toes
  • slung back rear legs
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30
Q

Basilosaurus era

A

Late Eocene

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31
Q

Where was basilosaurus discovered

A

Alabama

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32
Q

Morphology of basilosaurus to suggest fully aquatic

A
  • elongated spine
  • small hind limbs that were not attached to skeleton (can’t support weight)
  • shorter rostrum
  • mid rostrum blowhole
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33
Q

Morphology of rorquals

A
  • small dorsal fin
  • flat upper jaw
  • long vertebral pletes
  • moderate length baleen pletes
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34
Q

How many genera in rorquals

A

2

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35
Q

Morphology of gray whales

A
  • short baleen
  • 3 short ventral pleats
  • knuckles along tail stock
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36
Q

Morphology of Pygmy right whale

A
  • curved upper jaw
  • dorsal fin
  • short ventral pleats
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37
Q

Morphology of right whales and bowhead whales

A
  • robust / rotund
  • long baleen
  • curved upper jaw
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38
Q

What behaviour does the Pygmy right whale, right whale, and bowhead whale have in common

A

Skim feeding

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39
Q

What are porpoises closely related to

A

Narwhals

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40
Q

Even though beaked whales and sperm whales are on opposite ends of the tree what behaviour do they have in common

A

Deep diving

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41
Q

Why are there more odonotceyes and mystecite species

A
  • odonto deep diving abilities —> more niches to fill
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42
Q

What happened to whale spines in evolution to water

A
  • became S shaped
  • elongated
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43
Q

Name the segments in the nested region hypothesis for whales

A
  1. Precaudal
  2. Caudal
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44
Q

Name the modules in the nested region hypothesis in whales

A
  1. Cervical
  2. Anterior thoracic
  3. Thoraco lumbar
  4. Posterior lumbar
  5. Caudal
  6. Peduncle
  7. Fluke
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45
Q

what are some adaptations in anatomy to allow for ocean life in odontocetes

A
  • enlarged heart (more O2 at deeper dives)
  • blubber (insulation and food storage)
  • blowhole
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46
Q

3 areas of a mysticete stomach and what they do

A
  1. forestomach/ rumen = peristalsis breaks down food
  2. fundic chamber/ cardiac stomach = acid and enzymes digest food
    3.pyloric chamber/ pylorus = mucus production to facilitate movement through small intestine
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47
Q

what does the combined actions of the chambers of the stomach allow for

A

digestion of chitinous exoskeleton

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48
Q

what are the 4 functions of the laryngeal sac

A
  1. resonating chamber that amplifies sound
  2. vocalizations
  3. regulates airflow
  4. manages pressure in deep dives
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49
Q

how much air exchange happens with each breath

A

90%

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50
Q

4 deep diving adaptations in sperm whales

A
  • fixed ribcage (allows for lung collapse from pressure)
  • gas bubbles are filtered out of blood before it enters brain
  • myoglobin (stores high conc of O2 in muscles)
  • brachychardia (heart rate slows to reduce metabolism)
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51
Q

what group of whales exhibit the longest migrations

A

masticates

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52
Q

where is humpback whales primary range generally

A
  • along cost lines of NA and Greenland, Europe, Africa, Antarctica
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53
Q

why are some whales primary ranges closer to shore

A

more primary productivity and upwelling

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54
Q

what types of food do humpback whales eat in the south

A

krill

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55
Q

what types of food do humpback whales eat in the north

A

fish

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56
Q

how many subpopulations of humpback are there

A

14

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57
Q

where do norther populations of humpbacks go in the summer

A

north

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58
Q

where do southern populations of humpbacks go in the antarctic summer

A

south

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59
Q

what is the only humpback whale population to not do a long distance migration

A

Arabian Sea

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60
Q

what do summers look like for humpback whales

A
  • cold seas
  • high productivity seas
  • high latitude waters
  • feeding
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61
Q

what do winters look like for humpback whales

A
  • warm waters
  • low latitude waters
  • breeding
  • calving (fewer predators in warm waters and less blubber on bbs to stay warm)
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62
Q

primary range of blue whales

A

open ocean and deep waters

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63
Q

what ocean do blue whales not live in

A

arctic ocean

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64
Q

how many sub species of blue whale are there

A

5

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65
Q

not much is understood about blue whale migration routes but what is one predictable location

A

gulf of st Lawrence

66
Q

where are the 3 populations of grey whales

A
  • eastern North Pacific (NA)
  • western North Pacific (Russia) (endangered pop)
  • trans pacific
67
Q

what does the longest migration of any mammal

A

gray whale

68
Q

where do grey whales go in the summer

A

bearing and Chukchi seas

69
Q

where do grey whales go in the winter

A

lagoons along baja cali and Mexico

70
Q

what is the main type of feeding in northern climates for grey whales

A

bottom feeders

71
Q

how many stocks/ subpopulations of bowhead whales are there

A

4

72
Q

where do bowhead whales live

A

Arctic Ocean and extreme north of pacific and Atlantic Ocean

73
Q

where do bowhead whales move to in the summer

A

higher latitudes

74
Q

sperm whale primary range

A

females and young = tropics and sub tropics
males = migrate to higher and lower latitudes

75
Q

what area of the ocean do sperm whales occupy

A

deep water

76
Q

what are the 3 types of Pacific Northwest killer whales

A
  • resident
  • transient
  • offshore
77
Q

what is the critical habitat for northern resident killer whales

A

norther van island

78
Q

what is the critical habitat for southern killer whales

A

between van island and Washington

79
Q

range for northern resident killer whales

A

northern half of van island to alaskan panhandle

80
Q

range for southern resident killer whales

A

southern half of van island to cali

81
Q

Biggs killer whale range

A

bearing sea to cali

82
Q

how many ecotypes of killer whales are there

A

10

83
Q

what oceans are killer whales found in

A

all

84
Q

what is an example of a small range odontocete

A

narwhal

85
Q

where do narwhals live

A

Arctic Ocean

86
Q

what water depth do narwhals live in

A

deep h20

87
Q

what is the least known group of whales regarding range and migraition

A

beaked whales

88
Q

what depth do beaked whales live in

A

deep h20

89
Q

do odontocetes or mysteries have more developed social structures

A

odontocetes

90
Q

when are mysteries seen in groups

A

feeding aggregations or mating season

91
Q

who leads most pods

A

the matriarch

92
Q

what happens at super pod meetings

A

inter pod mating

93
Q

how long do male resident killer whales stay in their pod

A

until their mother dies

94
Q

when are calves of resident killer whales born

A

spring

95
Q

what is the role of female resident killer whales

A
  • feeding
  • protection
  • skill teaching
96
Q

pod structure if Biggs killer whale

A

more fluid - exchange between pods

97
Q

what type of hierarchy do sperm whales follow

A

matriarchy

98
Q

what species does fission fusion

A

bottlenose dolphin

99
Q

what does fission fuse behaviour mean

A

individuals separate and join together in fluid behaviour depending on forging, mating, social, and environment

100
Q

what group is smaller in bottle nose dolphins - inshore or off shore groups

A

inshore

101
Q

hierarchy of bottlenose dolphin pods

A

no hierarchy - but males show hierarchy in mating

102
Q

what species exhibits alloparenting

A

bottlenose dolphins

103
Q

what is alloparenting

A

individual other than the other care for and protect the calf

104
Q

what separates bottlenose dolphins from other dolphins

A
  • fission/fusion
  • alloparenting
105
Q

do mysticete have a developed social structure

A

not really

106
Q

what mysticete has the most developed social behaviour

A

humpback

107
Q

what cetacean sings as part of mating behaviour

A

humpback

108
Q

sound making anatomy in odontocetes (5)

A
  1. melon
  2. dorsal bursae
  3. phonic lips
  4. lower mandible
  5. auditory bull
109
Q

what do phonic lips do

A

adjust frequency and intensity of sound

110
Q

what augments and varies air in odontocetes

A

dorsal bursae

111
Q

what does the melon do

A

focus and emits sound

112
Q

what receives sound/ echos of echolocation in odonto

A

auditory bullae and lower jaw

113
Q

how sperm whales make sound

A

forces air through right nasal passage and reverberates sound

114
Q

what are 2 morphological features in sperm whales that allow them to make sound

A

monkey lips - forces air out
junk - reflects sounds into h20

115
Q

what are the 2 types of sperm whale sounds

A
  1. clicks
  2. codas
116
Q

what is the sperm whales main method of echolocation

A

clicks

117
Q

what are codas used for in sperm whales

A
  • social sounds
  • group identification
118
Q

how do mystecetes make sounds

A

use larynx

119
Q

what does the laryngeal air sac do in mysticetes

A

amplifies and modulates sounds

120
Q

what does air pass over and then is transmitted into h20 by in mysteries

A

U shaped vocal folds = air passes over
ventral throat pleats = transmits sounds into water

121
Q

3 reasons that whales require a high E diet

A
  1. body size
  2. thermoregulation in cold water
  3. migrating activity
122
Q

what is a high % of energy converted to in whales

A

blubber

123
Q

what is blubber made of

A

protein and fat

124
Q

what is the purpose of blubber

A

E storage

125
Q

what mystecetes eat krill

A
  • large rorquals
  • right and bowhead whales
  • humpback
126
Q

what mystietes eat small fish

A
  • humpbacks
  • small rorquals
127
Q

what type of diet do humpbacks have (may be reason for humpback comeback)

A

generalist diet

128
Q

what rorqual engulfs prey

A
  • fin whales
  • humpback whales
129
Q

describe bubble net feeding in humpbacks

A
  1. hearders = heard fish by circling them
  2. caller = creates sound wave to frighten fish to swim upwards
  3. ring leader = creates a stream of bubbles that trap the fish
130
Q

what whale does skim feeding

A
  • right and bowhead whales
  • gray whales
131
Q

dies composition of grey whales

A
  • amphipod
  • mysid
  • crab larvae
  • ghost shrimp
132
Q

what whales do bottom feeding

A

grey whales

133
Q

what is the odontocete diet compared to mysticete diet

A

more varied

134
Q

general odontocete food

A
  • fish
  • squid
  • benthic inverts
  • marine mammals
135
Q

what are 3 methods of prey capture in dolphins

A
  1. hearing with mud plumes
  2. beach prey
  3. bait ball
136
Q

what does killer whale hunting depend on

A

prey type and location

137
Q

why do belugas have a varied diet

A

to conserve resources

138
Q

what do older adult belugas eat

A

higher trophic fish and benthic species

139
Q

what do beluga calves eat

A

small fish and shrimp

140
Q

what do yearling belugas eat

A

large fish

141
Q

what do subadult belugas eat

A

inverts

142
Q

what are the differences in prey in female vs male belugas

A

female = smaller fish
male = larger fish

143
Q

the potential range of environment conditions that a species can occupy

A

fundamental niche

144
Q

the actual range and environmental conditions that a species occupies

A

realized niche

145
Q

what types of species have both the fundamental niche and realized niche being the same

A

specialized species

146
Q

no 2 species can occupy the same niche in the same place or time

A

competitive exclusion principal

147
Q

competition within a species

A

intra-specific competition

148
Q

competition between 2 or more species

A

inter-specific competition

149
Q

5 levels of the trophic pyramid

A
  1. decomposers
  2. producers
  3. primary consumers
  4. secondary consumers
  5. tertiary consumers
150
Q

what has the most energy in the ocean - consumers or producers

A

producers

151
Q

what has the most biomass in the ocean - consumers or producers

A

consumers

152
Q

describe the steps of the whale pump

A
  1. fish die or migrate into deep ocean
  2. whales eat at depth
  3. whales swim to surface/ euphotic zone to defecate
  4. release nutrients that fertilize water
  5. phytoplankton grow = more primary production
  6. phytoplankton absorb CO2
  7. plankton die and sequester CO2 in the ocean as they sink
153
Q

what is currently responsible for most of NH+ in the ocean

A

atmospheric exchange

154
Q

what was responsible for most of the NH+ in the ocean pre - whaling

A

whales

155
Q

what do floating whale carcasses promote

A
  • nutrient rich waters and primary productivity
  • food source
156
Q

what are the 3 stages of whale falls

A
  1. scavenger stage = large scavengers feed on soft tissue
  2. enrichment opportunist stage = small detritovors feed on oils and decomposing tissues
  3. sulphophilic stage
157
Q

steps of sulphophilic stage

A
  1. bones are colonized by bacteria
  2. decomposition, bacteria produce hydrogen sulphide
  3. chemoautotrophic bacteria use H2S to produce E = forms primary productivity at base of food chain
158
Q

what are the biogeochemical implications of decomposing whale carcasses

A

nutrient transfer between surface and deep ocean

159
Q

what are the carbon sequestration implications of decomposing whale carcasses

A

moves carbon to deep ocean

160
Q

what are the marine biodiversity and food web implications of decomposing whale carcasses

A

Geog 303 (2 decks)

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