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Geog 303 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

what was the first instance of humans utilizing whales

A

scavenging dead whales

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2
Q

what were the first places that whaling happened

A
  • indigenous people
  • Norway
  • france
  • spain
  • Japan
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3
Q

what parts of the whale was used in early whaling

A

all parts
- blubber for oil
- bones for tools
- meat to eat

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4
Q

why did whaling begin in Inuit cultures

A

resource requirements in harsh climates

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5
Q

Inuit whaling tools (2)

A
  1. bone/ivory harpoons with stone tip –> thrown from kayak
  2. sealskin air bladders in lines –> slow whale
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6
Q

what type of whale did Inuit people mainly hunt

A

bowhead

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7
Q

why were bowhead whale populations decimated in 17th-19th century

A

european whalers hunted them

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8
Q

what types of whales did west cost indigenous hunt

A
  • humpback
  • gray
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9
Q

2 factors of medieval whaling

A
  • mythology
  • scavenged dead whales
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10
Q

what was known about whales in the 1400s (2)

A
  • 2 types (baleen and toothed)
  • considered giant fish
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11
Q

what were whales depicted as in ancient art

A

islands

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12
Q

why did Basque peoples come to red bay Labrador

A

depleting whale populations in Basque Spain

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13
Q

why did the Basque people settle in red bay specifically

A

near whale migratory route

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14
Q

what did red bay become

A

first large scale whale oil production site

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15
Q

what was the oil produced in red bay used for

A

oil lamps in Europe

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16
Q

why did red bay shut down

A
  • over-whaling (decline in pop)
  • competition from other European countries supplying oil
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17
Q

when was the golden age of whaling

A

19th century

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18
Q

what whales were targeted during golden age

A

sperm whales

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19
Q

what countries dominated golden aged whaling

A
  • US
  • Uk
  • Norway
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20
Q

3 main whale products desired during golden age

A
  1. spermaceti (cosmetics, candles, lubricant)
  2. oil (oil lamps, lubricant)
  3. baleen (buggy whips, corsets, umbrella ribs)
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21
Q

3 advancements in whaling technology during golden age (post Industrial Revolution)

A
  1. steam powered iron ships –> traveled farther and can sail through harsh conditions
  2. harpoon –> long distance hunting
  3. bomb lance –> exploded inside whale to kill more quickly
    - reduced suffering for whale
    - allowed for hunting of bigger whales
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22
Q

what 4 countries were responsible for 90% of whale kills in southern ocean

A
  • Japan
  • Norway
  • UK
  • Russia
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23
Q

what allowed for the processing of whales at sea

A

factory ships

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24
Q

what are the 3 main types of pollution regarding whales

A
  1. chemical pollution
  2. plastic pollution
  3. noise pollution
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25
Q

why is anthropogenic pollution more detrimental to ocean species than land species

A

pollutants can move farther and wider in ocean

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26
Q

what is a point source chemical pollutant

A

know where pollution is coming from (e.g pipe runoff from factory)

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27
Q

what is a non point source chemical pollutant

A

don’t know exactly where pollutant is coming from (e.g contaminated rivers)

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28
Q

what are the 4 main types of chemical pollutants

A
  1. persistent organic pollutant (POP)
  2. heavy metals
  3. polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
  4. pharmaceuticals
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29
Q

what are the 5 main categories of marine pollutants

A
  1. chemical pollution
  2. plastic pollution
  3. noise pollution
  4. thermal pollution
  5. radioactive pollution
30
Q

what are the 2 main sources of POPs

A
  1. synthetic chemicals (PCBs in electronics, paint, plastics, ink)
  2. pesticides and herbicides (DDT from farm runoffs)
31
Q

how are heavy metals released into ocean

A
  • mining
  • cars (fossil fuel combustion)
  • industrial waste
  • smelting
32
Q

how are PAHs formed

A

incomplete combustion or high pressure processes

33
Q

what is a natural source of PAHs

A

forest fires

34
Q

what are some anthropogenic sources of PAHs

A
  • residential wood heating
  • aluminum smelters
  • wood preservation
35
Q

what are the sources of pharmaceutical pollutants (2)

A
  1. human wastewater
  2. aquaculture
36
Q

what are the 2 main impacts of chemical pollutants on whales

A
  1. bioaccumulation
  2. biomagnification
37
Q

what is it called when pollutants can get lodged in fatty tissue (e.g blubber)

A

lipophilic

38
Q

when are lipophilic toxins released into whales body

A
  • breaks down blubber for E
  • calves ingest milk
39
Q

what are the 3 main consequences of marine chemical pollutants in whales

A
  1. immune system impairment
  2. reproductive impairment
  3. neurological effects
40
Q

mechanisms in which chemical pollutants impair whales immune system

A
  1. heavy metals –> inhibit lymphocyte production
  2. POBs –> disrupt endocrine system –> reduce antibody production
41
Q

what can endocrine impairment lead to (3)

A
  1. reduced fertility
  2. reproductive failure
  3. developmental abnormalities in calves
42
Q

what can heavy metals (e.g mercury) do to impact neurological function (4)

A
  1. impacts nervous system
  2. behavioural changes
  3. reduced cognitive functions
  4. death
43
Q

what are the 2 main categories of plastic pollution

A
  1. macroplastics (plastic bags, fishing gear, straws, bottles)
  2. microplastics (breakdown of macroplastics)
44
Q

does ingestion of macroplastics depend on prey type or feeding mechanism

A

no

45
Q

what does ingestion of macroplastics lead to

A
  • blockage of digestive tract –> starvation and death
46
Q

how are microplastics ingested by whales

A

ingestion of prey that has ingested microplastics

47
Q

what can ingestion of microplastics cause (4)

A
  1. bioaccumulation of heavy metals and POBs in plastic
  2. endocrine disruption, reproductive problems, immune dysfunction
  3. inflammation of lung and GI tissues
  4. disruption of nutrient absorption
48
Q

what do whales rely on underwater noise for (5)

A
  1. foraging
  2. predator avoidance
  3. communication and socials
  4. breeding
  5. navigation
49
Q

what are some concerns with noise pollution for whales (6)

A
  1. stress (elevated cortisol)
  2. hearing loss
  3. forced movement from preferred habitat
  4. alternation of migratory path
  5. disruption of feeding, breeding, nursing
  6. masking of communication
50
Q

what was the main finding of auditory masking from vessel noise paper

A
  • spent more time foraging and searching for food in noisier areas
51
Q

how does thermal pollution generally impact whales

A

indirectly (more impact on fish/ food source)

52
Q

how is thermal pollution created

A

industry uses water to cool machinery then dumps heated water back into ocean

53
Q

what is the least common type of marine pollution

A

radioactive pollution

54
Q

example of radioactive marine pollution event

A

Fukushima nuclear plant meltdown

55
Q

what is the result of radioactive isotopes in oceans (2)

A
  • bioaccumulation in marine organisms
  • biomagnification up food chain to whales
56
Q

5 other anthropogenic activities besides pollution that effect whales

A
  1. ship strikes
  2. entanglement
  3. habitat change and loss
  4. prey loss
  5. climate change
57
Q

where do most ship strikes happen (3)

A
  • shipping lanes
  • near rivers/ marine ports (more primary prod = more food for whales)
  • feeding and breeding grounds
58
Q

what types of whales are partifucalty venerable to ship strikes (2)

A
  • large slow moving species (mysticete)
  • surface feeders
59
Q

why are whales easy to hit by large boats

A
  • difficult to see whale from bridge of large ship
  • large ships are difficult to maneuver
60
Q

what is cryptic morality

A
  • whales hit by ships sink and are not seen
  • collisions go unnoticed and unreported
61
Q

what are the 2 types of trauma whales have when hit by a ship

A
  1. blunt force trauma
  2. acute trauma
62
Q

what are the characteristics of blunt force trauma (4)

A
  • detected by internal exam (not obvious)
  • internal bruising
  • broken bones
  • unlikely to survive
63
Q

what are the characteristics of acute trauma

A
  • visible injury
  • lacerations
  • hit by propeller
  • size of laceration indicates size of vessel
  • more likely to survive than blunt force
64
Q

population dynamic results to ship strikes

A
  • reduction to breeding aged pop
65
Q

behavioural changes seen after ship strikes (4)

A
  • inefficient feeding
  • decreased reproductive success
  • inability to migrate
  • increased stress levels
66
Q

6 main solutions to ship strikes

A
  • maintaining minimum distances
  • traffic separation schemes
  • slow down ships
  • warn ships when airplanes are present
  • active whale avoidance
  • new technology
67
Q

what is this “vessel operator making operational decisions to reduce chance of collision with a sighted whale”

A

active whale avoidance model

68
Q

list 5 proactive measures that transport Canada implements to prevent whale strikes

A
  • static zones
  • temporary speed restrictions
  • dynamic shipping zones
  • monitering and reporting tools
  • restricted area
69
Q

what is a static zone (3)

A
  • ships larger than 13m must reduce speed in area
  • smaller ships encouraged to reduce speed
  • temporary speed restrictions during months when whales migrate to feed
70
Q

what is a temporary speed restriction

A
  • ships larger than 13m must reduce speed
  • enforced in shipping lanes where whales frequent

Geog 303 (2 decks)

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