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Midterm Flashcards

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AP® European History flashcards
0
Q

Joan of arc reversed French fortunes on the battlefield because

A

The English forces were exhausted and she gave the French inspiration and confidence

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1
Q

Hundred Years’ War

A

England vs France
Dispute over Aquitaine, succession to FRENCH throne, and economic conflicts
Led to destruction of French land, English debt, invention of the cannon, increased nationalism, English parliament

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2
Q

plague resulted in

A 
The decline of the feudal nobility and centralization of the state 
Fixed overpopulation
Increased demand for labor 
Inflation
Flagellants 
more religious people
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3
Q

Great schism

A

Split in church leadership

Countries chose whether to recognize pope Urban VI in Rome or pope Clement VII in Avignon based on political grounds

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4
Q

Conciliar movement

A

Pope should not have all authority

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5
Q

Renaissance definition and where it began

A

FRENCH word for rebirth
Transition from medieval to modern world
14th century Italian city states

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6
Q

Medieval Europe

A

Fragmented feudal society
Agricultural economy
Church culture

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7
Q

Renaissance Europe

A

Political centralization
Urban economy
More secularization

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8
Q

Italian vs northern Renaissance

A

Italian: city states. More secular. Roman mythology. Mostly civic humanism. Earlier. More influence on architecture
Northern: moving toward political centralization. Humanism geared toward common men.
Both: humanism. Education and religion important. New innovations. Flourishing art.

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9
Q

Printing press

A

Germany
Renaissance period
Mostly thanks to johann Gutenberg
Literacy among laypeople increased

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10
Q

Famous renaissance writers

A

Machiavelli
Boccaccio
Castiglione

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11
Q

Humanism and father of it

A

Study of Latin and Greek literature with the goal of understanding human nature

Petrarch (father of humanism)

Civic humanism: belief that education was to promote humanist leadership in civic affairs

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12
Q

Virtú

A

Ability to shape the world around you

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13
Q

In terms of gender relations, Humanists argued that

A

Women’s sphere of activity was private and domestic

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14
Q

In late 15th century France England and Spain, the powers of taxation, war making, and law enforcement were given to

A

The monarch

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15
Q

Calvinism became the influential force in

A

Scotland, Switzerland, France, and England… Not Spain

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16
Q

During the reign of Mary I, Protestant legislation was

A

Repealed

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17
Q

Phillip II of Spain was married to

A

Mary I

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18
Q

Reformation began in

A

Germany

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19
Q

95 theses

A

Luther’s list of things wrong with the Catholic Church, especially indulgences

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20
Q

Diet of worms

A

Charles V ordered Luther to appear at this meeting and recant

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21
Q

German peasants revolt

A

Luther believed Christians should obey their rulers and so he did not support the peasants as they thought he would

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22
Q

Lutheranism

A

Saved by faith alone, authority is in the Bible, baptism and Eucharist are the only two sacraments, no hierarchy, clergy may marry, monasteries and convents closed, consubstantiation

Germany

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23
Q

Zwinglianism

A

Same as Lutheranism but Communion is only symbolic

Switzerland

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24
Q

Calvinism

A

Same as Lutheranism but Predestination
Communion is symbolic

Geneva Switzerland

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25
Q

Henry VIII

A

Wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon

Established the Church of England (Catholic Church with Henry at its head)

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30
Q

Luther’s debate with Eck

A

Luther denied the pope

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31
Q

Edward VI

A

Protestant reformation based on Calvinism

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32
Q

Mary I

A

Restored strict catholic doctrine

Bloody Mary

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33
Q

Elizabeth I

A

Her New Act of Supremacy repealed pro Catholic and anti Protestant laws

Must attend Church of England but could worship in private

Refused to marry Philip and defeated the Spanish Armada and executed Mary queen of scots because of an assassination attempt

Politique

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34
Q

Council of Trent

A

Reformed the Catholic Church because more people were turning to Protestantism
Could not reconcile with Protestants

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35
Q

Jesuits

A

Ignatius Loyola

spread Catholicism to new lands

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36
Q

Peace of Augsburg

A

The ruler of the land would determine if the religion is Lutheranism or Catholicism in Holy Roman Empire

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37
Q

Huguenots

A

French Calvinists

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38
Q

St Bartholomew’s Day massacre

A

Catholics killed 3000 Huguenots in Paris

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39
Q

Henry IV

A

Converted to Catholicism to compromise and make peace

Politique

Edict of Nantes gave religious rights to Huguenots ending wars

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40
Q

Politique

A

Puts the interest of the state first

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41
Q

Philip in the Netherlands

A

Enforced Catholicism and suppressed Calvinism
Southern provinces came under Spanish control
7 northern provinces declared their independence

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42
Q

Encomienda system

A

Legalized slavery

Crown granted the right to employ Native Americans as laborers

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43
Q

Columbian Exchange

A

Exchange of animals plants and diseases between old and new world

Increased European population

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44
Q

Motivation and impact of European exploration of new world

A

Spices and gold, spread of Christianity, Glory

Global economy, increased European population, exploitation of inferior people, colonial rivals

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45
Q

European exploration and conquest of the new world/ influx of silver and gold into Europe caused

A

Caused inflation
(NOT an increase in wages)

a global economy
Greater division of social classes
Exploitation of people “inferior”
Colonial rivals

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46
Q

What city did Calvin create his theory

A

Geneva

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47
Q

What started the English reformation

A

Henry VIIIs desire for divorce

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48
Q

Anglicanism under Elizabeth I

A

Protestantism beliefs with Catholic traditions

49
Q

30 years’ war

A

Splits the HRE between Protestants and Catholics
Preconditions: HRE was fragmented
Treaty of Westphalia ended it and renewed peace of Augsburg but added Calvinism to Lutheranism and Catholicism

50
Q

Louis xiv

A 
Sun king
Absolute rule over France 
Hated nobility because the Fronde
Lived at Versailles 
Mercantilism 
Devastated French economy with wars
51
Q

Absolutism and constitutionalism… Where?

A

France was absolute

England was constitutional

52
Q

War of Spanish succession

A

Final war of Louis xiv
European powers feared that Louis would consolidate the French and Spanish
Treaty of Utrecht
Ended expansionism of Louis xiv

53
Q

Ruling family in Prussia

A

Hohenzollerns

54
Q

Peter the great

A

Tamed the Russian nobility, increased military and navy power, westernized Russia

Absolutist

55
Q

English civil war

A

Charles I ruled with minimum aid from Parliament
Short parliament: Charles asked for money to suppress Scottish but they refused
Long parliament: Charles asked for money to suppress Scottish and Irish
Cavaliers (Charles) vs Roundheads (parliament)
Pride created Rump Parliament by barring all supporters of the king
Executed Charles

56
Q

Scientific revolution

A

People began to define the scientific method and apply it to search for truth
Impact: formed the basis for modern thought, improved navigation, medicine, and mapmaking, accelerated agricultural revolution, led to enlightenment

57
Q

The interregnum/Puritan republic

A

Oliver Cromwells military dictatorship after the English civil war
Abolished all sinful things
Cromwell became hated
Invaded Ireland leaving a legacy of Irish hatred for the English

58
Q

Glorious Revolution

A

James II was peacefully overthrown by his daughter Mary and her husband William
Bill of rights ensured superiority of parliament over monarch

59
Q

Richest country in the 17th century Europe

A

Dutch Republic/ Netherlands

60
Q

Style of art/music that became popular after the Renaissance

very exaggerated detailed and dramatic

A

Baroque

61
Q

Women during the scientific revolution

A

Thought to have inferior minds and barred from science

Noblewomen got involved through their husbands

62
Q

The enlightenment

A

Movement of intellectuals who were greatly impressed with the accomplishments of the scientific revolution

63
Q

Philosophes

A

Intellectuals of the enlightenment
Believed: Rely on reason to improve society, liberty and happiness and toleration are essential, deism (clock set in motion)

64
Q

John Locke

A

English philosopher,
advocated limited government,
life, liberty, and property,
Tabula Rasa

65
Q

Hobbes

A

English enlightenment thinker

Absolute monarchy

71
Q

18th century late marriage trends

A

People wanted to first become financially independent

72
Q

Illegitimate trends after 1750

A

Explosion because people were moving into cities and loosened social controls let more men not follow through with vows

73
Q

Causes of the French Revolution

A

Inequality in the feudal system, weak monarchs, the Enlightenment, American Revolution, financial crisis

74
Q

Estates General

A

Comprised of 1st 2nd and 3rd estates
called to form a new tax

French Revolution

75
Q

National Assembly

A

Third estate and sympathizers

French Revolution

76
Q

Tennis court oath

A

National assembly met and vowed not to disband until a French Constitution was drafted

77
Q

Declaration of the rights of man and citizen

A

Gave natural rights and freedoms to men and apportioned taxes equally

78
Q

Constitution of 1791

A

Drafted by national assembly established a constitutional monarchy formed the legislative assembly allowed only active citizens to vote

79
Q

Causes of the radical phase of the French revolution

A

War with Austria and Prussia, September massacres, storming of the Tuileries Palace, execution of the King

80
Q

National convention

A

Declared France a republic and abolished the monarchy

81
Q

Reign of terror

A

Began with execution of Marie Antoinette
Ended with Robespierre’s execution French revolutionary state tried and executed thousands suspected of treason
committee of Public Safety
planned economy
total war effort

82
Q

Thermidorian reaction

A

Reaction against the radicalism of the revolution
Marked the end of the terror
Wealthy reasserted their authority
July 1794

83
Q

Napoleonic code

A

First clear and complete codification of French law

84
Q

Napoleon’s battles

A

Broke up HRE
Continental system blockaded Britain
peninsular wars against Spain and Portugal
scorched earth policy in Russia
Leipzig/nations: defeated by quadruple alliance and exiled to Elba
Waterloo: final defeat and exiled to Saint Helena

85
Q

Congress of Vienna

A

Representatives of major powers of Europe met to restore order after the French Revolution

86
Q

Industrial revolution causes in Britain

A

Increased demand from colonies, Center of agricultural revolution, free-trade, good location, stable political structure, natural resources, cottage system

87
Q

Impact of steam engine

A

Turning point of industrialization, shift to mechanical power,
made possible the urbanization of factories and industrialization

88
Q

Rococo

A

18th century art
Enlightenment time
Soft pastels, ornate interiors, sentimental portraits, starry eyes lovers protected by hovering cupids

89
Q

Salons

A

Talented and well born people attended to discuss science literature and philosophy during the Enlightenment

90
Q

Enlightened rulers

A

Catherine the great of Russia not as affected
Joseph II of Austria
Fredrick II of Prussia not as affected

91
Q

From 1712-1763 what was at stake in the warfare between Great Britain and France

A

The position as Europe’s maritime power with the ability to claim profits from Europe’s overseas expansion

92
Q

Enclosure movement

A

During agricultural revolution
Consolidation of fields for more rational use and commercial profit
Used by English
Turned peasants into landless rural wage earners

93
Q

18th century population explosion

A

Caused by fewer wars and epidemics, Improved hygiene, better diets and immune systems

Led to New demand for goods and more workers

94
Q

Cottage industry/putting out system

A

Merchants gave raw materials to families they made finished goods and merchants sold the goods

95
Q

Family economy

A

The household is the basic unit of production and consumption
Everyone in the house played a role

96
Q

Industrious Revolution

A

Families focused on earning wages instead of producing goods for household consumption

97
Q

War of Spanish succession outcome

A

Louis xiv was defeated by Grand alliance

peace of Utrecht made France cede North American holdings to Britain

98
Q

War Jenkins ear

A

Opening encounter to a series of colonial and trade wars
Cause: treaty of Utrecht gave Britain control of Spanish West African slave trade but Britain smuggled goods
Led to war of Austrian succession

99
Q

War of Austrian succession

A

Frederick of Prussia seized Austrian Silesia breaking the pragmatic sanction (agreement arranged by Charles VI honoring Maria Teresa’s succession)
Treaty of aix-la-chappelle gave Prussia Silesia
Ended in stalemate

100
Q

Seven years war in Europe

A

Frederick of Prussia invaded Saxony

101
Q

Seven years war in North America

A

Britain and France wanted to colonize east of the Mississippi but the French built forts along the Ohio River Valley
William Pitt helped the English beat the French
Treaty of Paris
France no longer a colonial power

102
Q

Wet nursing

A

Women of all classes were paid to breast-feed other women’s babies

103
Q

18th century expansion of education was led by

A

Protestants because they believed everyone should be able to read the Bible

104
Q

18th-century consumer revolution

A 
Goods increased in variety, number, and demand 
consumption of sugar and tea increased
Cheaper clothes allowed working class to follow fashion
105
Q

Methodism

A

Protestant religion formed by John Wesley
refuted predestination
said anyone could be saved

106
Q

Greatest achievement of 18th century medical science

A

Smallpox vaccine

107
Q

Edict of Nantes

A

Henry IV gave religious rights to Huguenots and the right to participate in French public institutions to Protestants

108
Q

Netherlands revolted against this monarch in the 16th century

A

Philip II

109
Q

Treaty of Westphalia

A

Ended the 30 years war

renewed the peace of Augsburg and added Calvinism to Lutheranism and Catholicism

110
Q

Monarchial power ordained by God

A

Divine Right

111
Q

Blunder of Louis xiv that closed Protestant churches and schools and caused emigration of a quarter million French

A

Fountainbleau

112
Q

Known for their 18th century military power

A

Prussia

113
Q

2 characteristics of prosperous countries in the 18th century

A

Strong military and effective tax

114
Q

Role of upper-class women in the enlightenment

A

Ran salons

115
Q

English navigation acts

A

All British imports and exports be transported on English ships
Gave British merchants a monopoly on trade with the colonies

116
Q

Established the consulate and the rule of Napoleon

A

Constitution of year eight

117
Q

Pope Pius VII and Napoleon’s agreement that the religion of the majority of France would be Catholicism

A

Concordat of 1801

118
Q

The fall of Robespierre was motivated by

A

Instincts of self-preservation among his associates

119
Q

The problem of the French monarchy in the late 18th century did NOT include

A

No male heir

120
Q

Congress of Vienna

A

After French Revolution major powers f Europe met to restore order

AP Euro (3 decks)

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