Midterm Flashcards
Joan of arc reversed French fortunes on the battlefield because
The English forces were exhausted and she gave the French inspiration and confidence
Hundred Years’ War
England vs France
Dispute over Aquitaine, succession to FRENCH throne, and economic conflicts
Led to destruction of French land, English debt, invention of the cannon, increased nationalism, English parliament
plague resulted in
The decline of the feudal nobility and centralization of the state Fixed overpopulation Increased demand for labor Inflation Flagellants more religious people
Great schism
Split in church leadership
Countries chose whether to recognize pope Urban VI in Rome or pope Clement VII in Avignon based on political grounds
Conciliar movement
Pope should not have all authority
Renaissance definition and where it began
FRENCH word for rebirth
Transition from medieval to modern world
14th century Italian city states
Medieval Europe
Fragmented feudal society
Agricultural economy
Church culture
Renaissance Europe
Political centralization
Urban economy
More secularization
Italian vs northern Renaissance
Italian: city states. More secular. Roman mythology. Mostly civic humanism. Earlier. More influence on architecture
Northern: moving toward political centralization. Humanism geared toward common men.
Both: humanism. Education and religion important. New innovations. Flourishing art.
Printing press
Germany
Renaissance period
Mostly thanks to johann Gutenberg
Literacy among laypeople increased
Famous renaissance writers
Machiavelli
Boccaccio
Castiglione
Humanism and father of it
Study of Latin and Greek literature with the goal of understanding human nature
Petrarch (father of humanism)
Civic humanism: belief that education was to promote humanist leadership in civic affairs
Virtú
Ability to shape the world around you
In terms of gender relations, Humanists argued that
Women’s sphere of activity was private and domestic
In late 15th century France England and Spain, the powers of taxation, war making, and law enforcement were given to
The monarch
Calvinism became the influential force in
Scotland, Switzerland, France, and England… Not Spain
During the reign of Mary I, Protestant legislation was
Repealed
Phillip II of Spain was married to
Mary I
Reformation began in
Germany
95 theses
Luther’s list of things wrong with the Catholic Church, especially indulgences
Diet of worms
Charles V ordered Luther to appear at this meeting and recant
German peasants revolt
Luther believed Christians should obey their rulers and so he did not support the peasants as they thought he would
Lutheranism
Saved by faith alone, authority is in the Bible, baptism and Eucharist are the only two sacraments, no hierarchy, clergy may marry, monasteries and convents closed, consubstantiation
Germany
Zwinglianism
Same as Lutheranism but Communion is only symbolic
Switzerland
Calvinism
Same as Lutheranism but Predestination
Communion is symbolic
Geneva Switzerland
Henry VIII
Wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon
Established the Church of England (Catholic Church with Henry at its head)
Luther’s debate with Eck
Luther denied the pope
Edward VI
Protestant reformation based on Calvinism
Mary I
Restored strict catholic doctrine
Bloody Mary
Elizabeth I
Her New Act of Supremacy repealed pro Catholic and anti Protestant laws
Must attend Church of England but could worship in private
Refused to marry Philip and defeated the Spanish Armada and executed Mary queen of scots because of an assassination attempt
Politique
Council of Trent
Reformed the Catholic Church because more people were turning to Protestantism
Could not reconcile with Protestants
Jesuits
Ignatius Loyola
spread Catholicism to new lands
Peace of Augsburg
The ruler of the land would determine if the religion is Lutheranism or Catholicism in Holy Roman Empire
Huguenots
French Calvinists
St Bartholomew’s Day massacre
Catholics killed 3000 Huguenots in Paris
Henry IV
Converted to Catholicism to compromise and make peace
Politique
Edict of Nantes gave religious rights to Huguenots ending wars
Politique
Puts the interest of the state first
Philip in the Netherlands
Enforced Catholicism and suppressed Calvinism
Southern provinces came under Spanish control
7 northern provinces declared their independence
Encomienda system
Legalized slavery
Crown granted the right to employ Native Americans as laborers
Columbian Exchange
Exchange of animals plants and diseases between old and new world
Increased European population
Motivation and impact of European exploration of new world
Spices and gold, spread of Christianity, Glory
Global economy, increased European population, exploitation of inferior people, colonial rivals
European exploration and conquest of the new world/ influx of silver and gold into Europe caused
Caused inflation
(NOT an increase in wages)
a global economy
Greater division of social classes
Exploitation of people “inferior”
Colonial rivals
What city did Calvin create his theory
Geneva
What started the English reformation
Henry VIIIs desire for divorce
Anglicanism under Elizabeth I
Protestantism beliefs with Catholic traditions
30 years’ war
Splits the HRE between Protestants and Catholics
Preconditions: HRE was fragmented
Treaty of Westphalia ended it and renewed peace of Augsburg but added Calvinism to Lutheranism and Catholicism
Louis xiv
Sun king Absolute rule over France Hated nobility because the Fronde Lived at Versailles Mercantilism Devastated French economy with wars
Absolutism and constitutionalism… Where?
France was absolute
England was constitutional
War of Spanish succession
Final war of Louis xiv
European powers feared that Louis would consolidate the French and Spanish
Treaty of Utrecht
Ended expansionism of Louis xiv
Ruling family in Prussia
Hohenzollerns
Peter the great
Tamed the Russian nobility, increased military and navy power, westernized Russia
Absolutist
English civil war
Charles I ruled with minimum aid from Parliament
Short parliament: Charles asked for money to suppress Scottish but they refused
Long parliament: Charles asked for money to suppress Scottish and Irish
Cavaliers (Charles) vs Roundheads (parliament)
Pride created Rump Parliament by barring all supporters of the king
Executed Charles
Scientific revolution
People began to define the scientific method and apply it to search for truth
Impact: formed the basis for modern thought, improved navigation, medicine, and mapmaking, accelerated agricultural revolution, led to enlightenment
The interregnum/Puritan republic
Oliver Cromwells military dictatorship after the English civil war
Abolished all sinful things
Cromwell became hated
Invaded Ireland leaving a legacy of Irish hatred for the English
Glorious Revolution
James II was peacefully overthrown by his daughter Mary and her husband William
Bill of rights ensured superiority of parliament over monarch
Richest country in the 17th century Europe
Dutch Republic/ Netherlands
Style of art/music that became popular after the Renaissance
very exaggerated detailed and dramatic
Baroque
Women during the scientific revolution
Thought to have inferior minds and barred from science
Noblewomen got involved through their husbands
The enlightenment
Movement of intellectuals who were greatly impressed with the accomplishments of the scientific revolution
Philosophes
Intellectuals of the enlightenment
Believed: Rely on reason to improve society, liberty and happiness and toleration are essential, deism (clock set in motion)
John Locke
English philosopher,
advocated limited government,
life, liberty, and property,
Tabula Rasa
Hobbes
English enlightenment thinker
Absolute monarchy
18th century late marriage trends
People wanted to first become financially independent
Illegitimate trends after 1750
Explosion because people were moving into cities and loosened social controls let more men not follow through with vows
Causes of the French Revolution
Inequality in the feudal system, weak monarchs, the Enlightenment, American Revolution, financial crisis
Estates General
Comprised of 1st 2nd and 3rd estates
called to form a new tax
French Revolution
National Assembly
Third estate and sympathizers
French Revolution
Tennis court oath
National assembly met and vowed not to disband until a French Constitution was drafted
Declaration of the rights of man and citizen
Gave natural rights and freedoms to men and apportioned taxes equally
Constitution of 1791
Drafted by national assembly established a constitutional monarchy formed the legislative assembly allowed only active citizens to vote
Causes of the radical phase of the French revolution
War with Austria and Prussia, September massacres, storming of the Tuileries Palace, execution of the King
National convention
Declared France a republic and abolished the monarchy
Reign of terror
Began with execution of Marie Antoinette
Ended with Robespierre’s execution French revolutionary state tried and executed thousands suspected of treason
committee of Public Safety
planned economy
total war effort
Thermidorian reaction
Reaction against the radicalism of the revolution
Marked the end of the terror
Wealthy reasserted their authority
July 1794
Napoleonic code
First clear and complete codification of French law
Napoleon’s battles
Broke up HRE
Continental system blockaded Britain
peninsular wars against Spain and Portugal
scorched earth policy in Russia
Leipzig/nations: defeated by quadruple alliance and exiled to Elba
Waterloo: final defeat and exiled to Saint Helena
Congress of Vienna
Representatives of major powers of Europe met to restore order after the French Revolution
Industrial revolution causes in Britain
Increased demand from colonies, Center of agricultural revolution, free-trade, good location, stable political structure, natural resources, cottage system
Impact of steam engine
Turning point of industrialization, shift to mechanical power,
made possible the urbanization of factories and industrialization
Rococo
18th century art
Enlightenment time
Soft pastels, ornate interiors, sentimental portraits, starry eyes lovers protected by hovering cupids
Salons
Talented and well born people attended to discuss science literature and philosophy during the Enlightenment
Enlightened rulers
Catherine the great of Russia not as affected
Joseph II of Austria
Fredrick II of Prussia not as affected
From 1712-1763 what was at stake in the warfare between Great Britain and France
The position as Europe’s maritime power with the ability to claim profits from Europe’s overseas expansion
Enclosure movement
During agricultural revolution
Consolidation of fields for more rational use and commercial profit
Used by English
Turned peasants into landless rural wage earners
18th century population explosion
Caused by fewer wars and epidemics, Improved hygiene, better diets and immune systems
Led to New demand for goods and more workers
Cottage industry/putting out system
Merchants gave raw materials to families they made finished goods and merchants sold the goods
Family economy
The household is the basic unit of production and consumption
Everyone in the house played a role
Industrious Revolution
Families focused on earning wages instead of producing goods for household consumption
War of Spanish succession outcome
Louis xiv was defeated by Grand alliance
peace of Utrecht made France cede North American holdings to Britain
War Jenkins ear
Opening encounter to a series of colonial and trade wars
Cause: treaty of Utrecht gave Britain control of Spanish West African slave trade but Britain smuggled goods
Led to war of Austrian succession
War of Austrian succession
Frederick of Prussia seized Austrian Silesia breaking the pragmatic sanction (agreement arranged by Charles VI honoring Maria Teresa’s succession)
Treaty of aix-la-chappelle gave Prussia Silesia
Ended in stalemate
Seven years war in Europe
Frederick of Prussia invaded Saxony
Seven years war in North America
Britain and France wanted to colonize east of the Mississippi but the French built forts along the Ohio River Valley
William Pitt helped the English beat the French
Treaty of Paris
France no longer a colonial power
Wet nursing
Women of all classes were paid to breast-feed other women’s babies
18th century expansion of education was led by
Protestants because they believed everyone should be able to read the Bible
18th-century consumer revolution
Goods increased in variety, number, and demand consumption of sugar and tea increased Cheaper clothes allowed working class to follow fashion
Methodism
Protestant religion formed by John Wesley
refuted predestination
said anyone could be saved
Greatest achievement of 18th century medical science
Smallpox vaccine
Edict of Nantes
Henry IV gave religious rights to Huguenots and the right to participate in French public institutions to Protestants
Netherlands revolted against this monarch in the 16th century
Philip II
Treaty of Westphalia
Ended the 30 years war
renewed the peace of Augsburg and added Calvinism to Lutheranism and Catholicism
Monarchial power ordained by God
Divine Right
Blunder of Louis xiv that closed Protestant churches and schools and caused emigration of a quarter million French
Fountainbleau
Known for their 18th century military power
Prussia
2 characteristics of prosperous countries in the 18th century
Strong military and effective tax
Role of upper-class women in the enlightenment
Ran salons
English navigation acts
All British imports and exports be transported on English ships
Gave British merchants a monopoly on trade with the colonies
Established the consulate and the rule of Napoleon
Constitution of year eight
Pope Pius VII and Napoleon’s agreement that the religion of the majority of France would be Catholicism
Concordat of 1801
The fall of Robespierre was motivated by
Instincts of self-preservation among his associates
The problem of the French monarchy in the late 18th century did NOT include
No male heir
Congress of Vienna
After French Revolution major powers f Europe met to restore order
