Midterm Flashcards
Review
What are the four basic techniques of physical assessment?
1) Inspection
*always the 1st technique utilized in every assessment
2) Palpation
* Utilized for assessing Tactile Fremitus
3) Percussion
*Used in assessing diaphragmatic Excursion
4) Auscultation
* technique utilized in assessing Bronchophony, Egophony, and Whispered Pectoriloquy
What technique is used to assess the lung tissue?
Indirect Percussion
What instrument is used to assess pulses when they cannot be palpated?
Doppler
What instrument is used to measure height?
Stadiometer
What instrument is used to assess for a fungal infection on the skin?
Wood Lamp
What instrument is used to measure the degree of joint flexion and extension?
Goniometer
What instrument is used to detect air, blood, fluid, or mass in body cavity?
Transilluminator
What are the skin layers?
1) Epidermis- Top Layer
2) Dermis- contains nerves, blood vessels and hair follicles
3) Subcutaneous- tissue followed by muscles and bones
Describe a Stage 1 Decubitus.
One layer of skin affected, reddened epidermis; skin intact, erythematous & non-blanchable
Describe a Stage II Decubitis.
Lesion involving the 2 layers of the skin, bleeding is observed; partial tissue loss
Describe a Stage III Decubitus.
A lesion involving 3 layers of the skin- epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissues: Full-thickness loss, slough can be present.
Describe a Stage IV Decubitus.
A lesion involving 4 layers of the skin, epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous tissues, muscle and bone. Full-thickness tissue loss, eschar or dead tissue present.
Describe the grading of skin edema.
*Press around the bony prominences of the body with your 3 finger pads.
- Grade 0= no edema
-Grade 1+= 2 MM
-Grade 2+= 4 MM
-Grade 3+=6 MM
-Grade 4+=8 MM
What is the best technique for assessing skin turgor?
Pinch below the clavicles and below the wrist bilaterally
Describe anular lesion.
A lesion with one circle configuration
Describe a target lesion.
A lesion with concentric circles of colors inside a lesion with a dot in the center. This lesion is also know as the bullās eye, b/c of the dot at the center.
Describe a wheal lesion (AKA welt/ hive).
A lesion that is reddened, with irregular border caused by an insect bite or hive
Describe a macule.
A primary lesion, flat, there is a change in skin color, less than 1 cm. Example- freckles or petechiae chloasma.
Describe confluent
Lesions that are together
Describe a patch.
A type of macule that is more that 1 cm. An example of this; Mongolian spots, port-wine stain, vitiligo
Describe a vesicle or blister.
Primary lesion elevated, clear fluid round or oval with translucent wall less than 0.5 cm.
Example; chickenpox, poison ivy, and a small burn blister
Describe a Bullae
A type of vesicle lesion that is more than 0.5 cm.
Example; large burn blister
Describe a Port Wine Stain
A vascular lesion on the face that is flat, deep purple red and irregular shaped and deepens when a person cries or is highly emotional or exposed to high environmental temperatures. Typically, does not fade.
Describe Spider Angioma
A vascular lesion, flat, bright red dot with tiny radiating blood vessels ranging from pinpoint to 2 cm
Describe Hemangioma
A vascular lesion- bright red, raised 2-10 cm, does not blanch w/ pressure, usually present at birth and typically disappear at age 10
Describe a venous lake
A vascular lesion on the face, neck, ears, or lips usually common in 50 years old or older, soft, compressible, slightly elevated and ranges from dark blue to purple. Maybe due to sun exposure.
What skin variation can be found in a client with Cirrhosis of the liver?
Yellowish or jaundice due to the liver not functioning well and cannot get rid of bilirubin (bilirubin breaks down of hemoglobin and is excreted in bile.
Describe Tinea Pedis
Athleteās foot
Describe a keloid
A lesion that is elevated, irregular darkened area of excess scar tissue.
Describe ABCDE Criteria
*Criteria used to rule out malignancy lesion
A- asymmetry
B- Borders irregular
C- Varied Colors
D- Diameter more than 6 mm
E- Evolving Change
Describe Malignant Melanoma
Most serious type of skin cancer because it spread rapidly to the lymph & blood vessels, varied colors, irregular border and greater than 6 mm
Describe Kaposi Sarcoma
A painless malignant lesion, blue to purple, resembles keloid, most common in HIV positive patient
What is a black hairy tongue consistent with?
A fungal infection
Describe Leukoplakia
A whitish thickening of the mouth of HIV +client and cannot be scraped off
What are the predispositions or risk factors of skin cancer
Overexposure to UV light and genetic predisposition
Describe the order of occurrence of Herpes Zoster S/S:
1) Paresthesia (burning or tingling sensation)
2) Redness & Swelling
3) Vesicles/ Blisters
4) Weeping Blisters/ Vesicles
5) Crusted Lesion
6) Post-herpetic neuralgia- pain and burning sensations long after blisters disappear (cause of shingles or herpes zoster- chickenpox virus).
Describe Lanugo
Fine downy hair in newborn prominent on the upper chest, shoulders and back
Describe Mongolian Spots
Harmless purplish-blue spots on the sacral area that are usually common in darked skin infants. Disappears at age 3.
Describe Vernix Caseosa
Harmless white cheese like mixture of sebum and epidermal cells on the skin of the newborn baby. Disappears after several baths.
Describe Milia
Pimple like white heads on the nose or cheeks of the newborn which will disappear after 2-3 weeks
Describe vitiligo
Harmless white patchy, depigmented areas over the face, neck, hands, and skin folds of the newborn baby. It does not disappear
Describe Vellus Hair
Fine, pale short hair located all over the body, except lips, nipples, palms and soles of the feet
Describe Terminal Hair
Longer and coarser hair located on the eyebrows, scalp, axilla, legs, face and chest of males
What are the three Stages of hair growth cycles?
1) Anagen- growth phase (2-6 years)
2) Catagen- transitional phase ( 2-weeks)
3) Telogen- shedding phase (1-4 months)
What is the eccrine gland?
Sweat glands located all over the body that is made of water and salt
What is the apocrine gland?
Sweat glands made of water, salt, protein, and fatty acid located in the groin, axillary region and when mixed with bacteria, it smells musky.
Where are the sebaceous glands most predominant?
In the scalp area
What should be done to prevent the spread of infection?
Wash hands before and after each client encounter
What is the accurate assessment of jaundice in a dark skin person?
Inspection of the lips, oral mucosa, sclera, conjunctiva & palms
What is Tinea Pedis
Athleteās foot
What are the 10 locations of lymph nodes of the head and neck?
1) Preauricular
2) Postauricular
3) Occipital
4) Submental
5) Submandibular
6) Retropharyngeal
7) Deep Cervical Chain
8) Anterior Cervical Chain
9) Posterior Cervical Chain
10) Supraclavicular
How should the lymph nodes be palpated and what are the normal findings?
Gentle, circular motion and normal findings are non-palpable
When assessing for hearing loss, what is the most important question to ask?
If there are members of the
family with hearing loss because hearing loss has a familial tendency.
What examination is performed to assess the tympanic membrane and how should it appear?
An otoscopic examination, and the normal appearance is shiny pearly grey
What do white patches on the tympanic membrane indicate upon inspection with an otoscope?
A previous ear infection
Describe otitis externa
An ear infection of the external part of the ear. The ear may have redness, drainage, itching, with feverā¦but the tympanic membrane will still appear shiny pearly grey upon otoscopic examination.
Describe otitis media
An infection extending to the middle part of the ear involving the tympanic membrane, and the ossicles malleus, incus, and stirrup (stapes)
Describe Otitis Interna (AKA Labyrinthitis)
An infection, extending into the inner part of the ear (semi-circular canals, cochlea, and vestibular nerve). S/S; severe vertigo, a spinning world feeling, hearing loss, and ringing in the ears.
When assessing the ears of the patient, tenderness of the mastoid process will cause concern becauseā¦?
Any infection of the mastoid process can lead to brain infection
During and otoscopic examination, if the tympanic membrane is not visible, what steps should a nurse take?
1) Remove the otoscope
2) Reposition the auricle
3) Reinsert the otoscope