Midterm

Question 1

DNA → RNA

Answer 1

1.Transcription

Question 2

RNA → Protein (Chain of amino acids)

Answer 2

Translation

Question 3

The process of copying the sequence of one strand
of DNA, the template strand

Answer 3

Transcription

Question 4

mRNA copies

Answer 4

the template strand

Question 5

the side of DNA that will be used to create an mRNA strand

Answer 5

Template strand

Question 6

Transcription Requires the enzyme

Answer 6

RNA Polymerase

Question 7

found in the nucleolus and synthesizes precursors of most rRNAs

Answer 7

RNA Polymerase I

Question 8

found in the nucleoplasm and synthesizes mRNA precursors

Answer 8

RNA Polymerase II

Question 9

found in the nucleoplasm and synthesizes tRNAs, other RNA molecules involved in mRNA processing and protein transport

Answer 9

RNA Polymerase III

Question 10

synthesize noncoding

Answer 10

Pol I and III

Question 11

responsible for the synthesis of mRNA, the type of RNA that carries genetic information to be translated into protein

Answer 11

RNA Pol II

Question 12

During transcription- binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands

Answer 12

RNA polymerase

Question 13

sequence is the same as the RNA sequence
that is produced, with the exception of U replacing T

Answer 13

Coding Strand

Question 14

are DNA sequences that provide signal
for RNA polymerase, and they are where RNA polymerase binds.

Answer 14

Promoters

Question 15

are regions on DNA that show where RNA Polymerase must bind to begin the Transcription of RNA

Answer 15

Promoters

Question 16

Promoters is called

Answer 16

TATA box

Question 17

Specific base sequences act as signals to stop
called the

Answer 17

termination signal

Question 18

bacterial promoters have at least three components:

Answer 18

TSS, a -10 box, and a -35 box.

Question 19

The -10 box is also called a

Answer 19

Pribnow box.

Question 20

The area from the -35 box to the TSS is called
the

Answer 20

core promoter

Question 21

both -10 box and -35 box are also called

Answer 21

core
promoter elements.

Question 22

First phase of transcription is

begins when RNA polymerase binds to promoter and forms closed complex

After this, DNA unwinds at promoter to form open complex, which is required for chain initiation

Answer 22

Transcription Initiation

Question 23

After strands separated, transcription bubble of
~17 bp moves down the DNA sequence to be
transcribed
 RNA polymerase catalyzes formation of
phosphodiester bonds between the incorp.
Ribonucleotides
 Topoisomerases relax supercoils in front of and
behind transcription bubble

Answer 23

ELONGAT ION

Question 24

relax supercoils in front of and
behind transcription bubble

Answer 24

Topoisomerases

Question 25

Pausing is physiologically important for two
reasons:

Answer 25

first, it allows translation to keep pace
with the RNA polymerase.

The second important aspect of pausing is that it is the first step in transcription termination.

Question 26

is a mechanism to regulate the
expression by causing premature termination of transcription of the operon when the operon’s products are abundant.

Answer 26

Attenuation

Question 27

involves specific sequences downstream of the
actual gene for the RNA to be transcribed.

Answer 27

Chain T ermination

Question 28

Two types of termination mechanisms:

Answer 28

intrinsic termination

Rho-dependent termination

Question 29

controlled by specific
sequences, termination sites. Termination sites characterized by two inverted repeats

Answer 29

intrinsic termination

Question 30

sequences cause hairpin loop to form

Answer 30

Rho-dependent termination

Question 31

Elongation is controlled by

Answer 31

 pause sites, where RNA Pol will hesitate
 anti-termination, which proceeds past the
normal termination point
 positive transcription elongation factor (P-TEF)
and negative transcription elongation factor (N-
TEF)

Question 32

Termination begins by

Answer 32

stopping RNA Pol

Question 33

mRNA Processing

Answer 33

 After the DNA is transcribed into RNA, editing
must be done to the nucleotide chain to make
the RNA functional
 Introns, non-functional segments of DNA are
snipped out of the chain

Question 34

segments of DNA that code for proteins,
are then rejoined by the enzyme ligase

Answer 34

Exons

Question 35

added to the 5”
end of the newly copied mRNA

Answer 35

guanine triphosphate cap

Question 36

added to the 3’ end of the RNA

Answer 36

poly A tail

Question 37

The newly processed mRNA can then

Answer 37

leave the nucleus

Question 38

After T ranscription

Answer 38

 The mRNA leaves the nucleus and travels to
the ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
 The ribosomes are the only place to BUILD proteins.

Question 39

process of decoding the
mRNA into a polypeptide chain

Answer 39

T ranslation

Question 40

Translation takes place at

Answer 40

The ribosomes

Question 41

One codon at a time is matched to a

Answer 41

tRNA
“anticodon”.

Question 42

Ribosomes read mRNA

Answer 42

three bases or 1
codon at a time and construct the proteins

Question 43

When tRNA sits down at it’s matching codon,
 the amino acid it carries is dropped off and
bonded to the protein chain by

Answer 43

peptide bonds.

Question 44

When tRNA sits down at it’s matching codon,
 the amino acid it carries is dropped off and
bonded to the protein chain by

Answer 44

peptide bonds.

Question 45

The end products of protein synthesis is a

Answer 45

primary structure of a protein

Question 46

End Product –T he Protein

Answer 46

The end products of protein synthesis is a
primary structure of a protein
 A sequence of amino acid bonded together by
peptide bonds

Question 47

is one of the most commonly used method for isolation and enrichment of human mononuclear cells, particularly from peripheral blood and other biological fluids, e.g., umbilical cord blood and bone marrow

Answer 47

Ficoll density gradient centrifugation

Question 48

Whole blood can be routinely collected for plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolation using centrifugation and a density gradient medium such as

Answer 48

Ficoll-Hypaque

Question 49

Quick Extraction T hrough Proteinase K and Phenol

Answer 49

 whole blood is mixed with Tris, EDTA, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), MgCl2, and proteinase K in the presence of high salt for overnight digestion at
37°C.
 After digestion is complete, samples can be further
purified through a standard purification protocol as described later in the section of DNA purification

Question 50

Genomic DNA Purification From Hair

Answer 50

simple alkaline lysis method
 A hair with root is incubated at 95°C for 10min in
NaOH buffer, and the supernatant is subjected to DNA purification after centrifugation