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philosophy > midterm > Flashcards

midterm Flashcards

1
Q

what does philosophy mean

A

love of wisdom; created by Pythagoras

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2
Q

what is metaphysics?

A

study of reality

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3
Q

what is epistemology?

A

study of knowledge

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4
Q

what is ethics?

A

study of the good life

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5
Q

what is political philosophy?

A

study of good society

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6
Q

what is aesthetics?

A

study of beauty

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7
Q

what is teleology?

A

study of purposes/goals/ends

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8
Q

who are Homer & Hesiod?

A

Poets
Homer: Iliad & the Odyssey
Hesiod: Theogony

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9
Q

what philosophers did the gods anticipate?

A

Uranus: Parmenides
Cronos: Heraclitus
Zeus: Anaxagoras

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10
Q

who are the Milesian philosophers?

A

the first Presocratics (Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes)
Monists
Physis (what everything is made of)

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11
Q

Who is Thales & what did he believe?

A

the first philosopher/presocratic (water)

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12
Q

Who is Anaximander & what did he believe?

A

Thales’ student, Apeiron (boundless, infinite)

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13
Q

Who is Anaximenes & what did he believe?

A

student of Anaximander, he believed everything was made from air

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14
Q

Who are the Pythagoreans? What did they believe?

A

Everything is governed by perfect mathematic harmonies.

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15
Q

Who is Heraclitus? Who did he believe?

A

Second wave Presocratic. Logos (reason/word). Everything is constantly changing & in flux. Fire is the metaphor for change.

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16
Q

Who is Parmenides? What did he believe?

A

From Elea in S. Italy. Nothing changes; there is only being. Everything other than being presupposes nothing. Nothing doesn’t change. Therefore, there is only being.

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17
Q

Who is Zeno? What did he believe?

A

A disciple of Parmenides. Argued that motion was an illusion. Paradoxes of motion. Achilles & the Tortoise. The Arrow.

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18
Q

What is the difference between monism & pluralism?

A

Monists believe in one thing as the fundamental reality. Pluralists believe that many things compose reality.

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19
Q

Who is Empedocles? What did he believe?

A

A third wave Presocratic. Reality is made up of four elements (earth, air, water, fire) & two forces (love & hate)
Jumped into Mt. Etna to prove his divinity, left behind a shoe.

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20
Q

Who is Anaxagoras? What did he believe?

A

-Third wave Presocratic. Friends w/ Pericles. Prosecuted for impiety by the Athiens.
-Believed the sun was a fiery rock & the moon a cold rock. Nous (mind & matter) In the beginning, matter was w/o form, & Nous intervened to give it form & purpose.
-Homomereity: the whole is contained in the part

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21
Q

Who is Democritus? What did he believe?

A

Atomist, atoms & space. Atoms are eternal, invisible, & many/multiple. Átomos: uncuttable.
No teleology.
Determinist: everything operates according to cause & effect

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22
Q

What was Socrates primarily interested in? How did that make him different than the Presocratics?

A

Human condition; not primary interested in natural science & metaphysics.

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23
Q

How do we know about Socrates? Who are the main authors who talk about Socrates’ life?

A

Plato, Aristophanes, Xenophon
Socrates didn’t write anything down.

24
Q

who are the Sophists? What did they believe?

A

intellectuals, worldly-wise experts, interested in rhetoric (art of speaking); relativists, didn’t believe in objective truth
“man is the measure of all things.”

25
Q

Why isn’t Socrates a sophist, according to Plato?

A

doesn’t charge money & he’s committed to truth

26
Q

Which playwright accused Socrates of being a sophist? What is the name of the play he wrote about Socrates?

A

Aristophanes, The Cloud

27
Q

What is the Peloponnesian War?

A

massive series of battles between the Athenians & the Spartans. Spartans win.

28
Q

What was the Thirty?

A

a violent oligarchy created by the Spartans to rule over Athens.

29
Q

Who are Critias & Charmides?

A

relatives of Plato, students of Socrates, & members of the thirty

30
Q

What is the court of the
King Archon?

A

Religious cases (heresy)

31
Q

What are the charges against Socrates?

A

impiety (disrespecting the old gods) & corruption of the youth

32
Q

Who is Socrates’ main accuser?

A

Meletus

33
Q

What is Socratic irony?

A

when Socrates takes an expert at their word as knowing something; at the end of the convo. he is the teacher & teaches the expert of their own ignorance

34
Q

Who is Euthyphro? What is his profession?

A

Fictional character invented by Plato. He’s a prophet.

35
Q

first definition of piety, & why doesn’t it work according to Socrates?

A

a) prosecuting his father for wrongdoing
b) example, not a definition

36
Q

second definition of piety, & why doesn’t it work according to Socrates?

A

a) what the gods love is piety
b) the gods love different things

37
Q

third definition of piety, & why doesn’t it work according to Socrates?

A

a) what all the gods love
b) do the gods love piety because it’s pious, or because it’s godly?

38
Q

fourth definition of piety, & why doesn’t it work according to Socrates?

A

a) part of justice which is care for the gods
b) what do you mean care? how can one care for a perfect human being?

39
Q

fifth definition of piety, & why doesn’t it work according to Socrates?

A

a) knowing how to pray & sacrifice
b) more examples, does not answer the problems of the other definitions (& why should we sacrifice to protect beings)

40
Q

Which god does Euthyphro compare himself to?

A

Zeus, for did not Zeus punish his own father.

41
Q

What is divine command theory?

A

An ethical framework where what is good is determined by gods commands & what is bad is determined by what gods forbids.

42
Q

what happens at the end of the Euthyphro dialogue?

A

He walks away.

43
Q

At the beginning of the Apology, which dead person does Socrates say he fears the most?

A

Aristophanes

44
Q

what does the Oracle at Delphi tell Chaerephon about Socrates?

A

there is no man wiser than
Socrates

45
Q

How does Socrates refute the idea he corrupts the youth?

A

No one deliberately corrupts; no one knowingly does wrong.

46
Q

How does Socrates refute the idea that he’s impious?

A

Socrates believes in his daemon or his spirit. Spirits are the children of gods. Therefore, he believed in gods.

47
Q

Which philosopher does Meletus confuse Socrates with?

A

Anaxagoras; Meletus says Socrates believed that the sun is a fiery rock.

48
Q

Why does Socrates compare himself to an insect?

A

A gadfly; he’s pestering Athenians to do right as their conscience.

49
Q

Why does Socrates compare Athens to a horse?

A

It has gotten lazy & stubborn & needs to get up & do great things again.

50
Q

Why does Socrates say he doesn’t fear death?

A

It is arrogant to be afraid of the unknown.
Death is either eternal sleep or there is an afterlife for the just, where he can philosophize w/ the heroes of Greek society

51
Q

What is worse for Socrates; death or disgrace?

A

disgrace

52
Q

What is the jury’s verdict?

A

guilty

53
Q

How does Socrates say he should be punished?

A

(1) treated like an Olympian (free meals)
(2) let him go
(3) pay a fine

54
Q

How does the jury sentence Socrates? (How does he die?)

A

death via Hemlock

55
Q

Who is the dog of Egypt?

A

Anubis

56
Q

Which god does the Oracle represent?

A

Apollo

57
Q

In your opinion, is Socrates innocent or guilty?

A

(look on notes for answer)

philosophy (4 decks)

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