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philosophy > FINAL > Flashcards

FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

What is Descartes the father of?

A

Modern philosophy

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2
Q

What is the difference between rationalism and empiricism?

A

Rationalism knows things through pure reason & empiricism knows things through the senses.

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3
Q

What is the difference between ancient and modern philosophy?

A

Socrates: I know that I don’t know; the ancients thought philosophy was a quest for wisdom. Moderns like Descartes argue we have wisdom as a science. Philosophy is a science.

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4
Q

What is scholasticism?

A

The predominant philosophy of the Middle Ages. Synthesized Christianity w/ Aristotle.

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5
Q

Who created the philosophical system of scholasticism?

A

Thomas Aquinas

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6
Q

Who is the most important philosopher of the Middle Ages?

A

Aristotle

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7
Q

What did Descartes like about the scientific revolution (Copernicus, Galileo)?

A

It was deductive, experimental, & mathematical

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8
Q

What language is the Meditations written in?

A

Latin

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9
Q

What does First Philosophy mean?

A

Metaphysics

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10
Q

What is the full title of the Meditations?

A

Meditations on First Philosophy: So that the existence of god may be demonstrated & the soul shown to be distinct from the body.

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11
Q

How many Meditations are there?

A

Six

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12
Q

Who did Descartes write the Dedicatory Letter to?

A

Theology Faculty in the Sorbonne

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13
Q

What is the easiest thing to know according to Descartes in the Dedicatory Letter?

A

God

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14
Q

What are the four stages of doubt?

A
  1. Senses
  2. Awake?
  3. Math
  4. Evil Genius
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15
Q

What does it mean to doubt?

A

Suspension of judgment

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16
Q

Why can’t you be sure you’re not dreaming right now?

A

Because you were mistaken before.

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17
Q

What specifically does the evil genius undermine your ability to do?

A

Math

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18
Q

Why can’t God be a deceiver for Descartes?

A

God is perfect

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19
Q

What is the difference between a simple and a combined science?

A

A simple science does not rely on the existence of bodies to be true. Combined sciences rely on the existence of bodies.

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20
Q

What does Descartes mean by Archimedean Point?

A

An unmovable point

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21
Q

What does Cogito Ergo Sum mean?

A

I think, therefore I am.

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22
Q

Why does Descartes doubt that we have a body, but not that we have a mind?

A

Once you doubt your senses & whether you’re awake or not, you can’t be sure you have a body. But you can’t doubt doubting, which is a kind of thinking.

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23
Q

What’s another name for a substance? What kind of substance are we? What kind of substances are material things?

A

A thing. We are a thinking thing. Material things are extended things. (divisible). God is an infinite thing.

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24
Q

What are the properties of a thinking thing?

A

It can doubt, understand, will, believe, imagine, & sense.

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25
Q

How do we know that we are a thinking thing?

A

Through doubting. Doubting is a kind of thinking, & you cannot doubt that you’re doubting.

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26
Q

What does the wax example prove for Descartes?

A

That we know things through our intellect & not the senses.

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27
Q

What is the significance of the three dreams Descartes had when visiting Bavaria?

A

Motivated him to break from Scholasticism once & for all.

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28
Q

Why did Descartes like Holland?

A

Quiet & Tolerant

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29
Q

Who asked Descartes to tutor her in Sweden?

A

Christina

30
Q

How did Descartes die?

A

Bad cold

31
Q

What does Descartes mean by “read book of the world”?

A

well-traveled

32
Q

What is the difference between objective and formal reality?

A

Objective Reality: Idea
Formal Reality: Existence

33
Q

How do we know this idea of God comes from God?

A

If God has infinite objective reality as an idea, he must exist, since only he could have given you the infinite idea.

34
Q

What does Descartes mean by something of less reality cannot cause something of more reality to come into existence?

A

This is a consequence of 1) Every effect having a cause, 2) That something can’t come from nothing.

35
Q

What kind of thought is the only one that has a truth value; that it can either be true or false?

A

Judgment

36
Q

What are some of God’s attributes or qualities?

A

All knowing; all powerful; & all good

37
Q

Why can’t Descartes be God?

A

Working towards perfection means you’re not absolutely perfect; he doubts.

38
Q

Why are we more certain of our dependence on God for our existence than our parents?

A

We are not sure if our parents really exist yet, but we are absolutely sure that God does.

39
Q

How much formal reality does God have? How much objective reality?

A

God has infinite formal reality & infinite objective reality.

40
Q

What is an innate idea?

A

An idea that is inherent to your mind; you did not acquire it through experience.

41
Q

What kind of substance is God?

A

Infinite substance

42
Q

As finite creatures, what two things are we between?

A

God & nothingness

43
Q

Why didn’t God give us a flawed/defective intellect or a flawed/defective will?

A

Because God is perfect & thus God is not a deceiver

44
Q

How do mistakes happen? Whose fault is it when mistakes happen?

A

When we apply our judgment to things that we do not have a clear & distinct idea about. It is not God’s fault when we make mistakes, but ours when we misapply our will.

45
Q

What kind of causes does Descartes say we shouldn’t worry about in physics? What kind of causes does Descartes say we should search for?

A

Don’t worry about teleological causes. We should search for efficient causes.

46
Q

Why can’t error/evil/mistakes be real?

A

Because if they were real, they would be true/good.
These things lack reality; they are forms of privation.

47
Q

What is the difference between God’s responsibility and cooperation when it comes to bad things?

A

God is not responsible for bad things, since God is perfect. However, God cooperates when bad things happen.

48
Q

Why didn’t God make us perfect?

A

For the sake of greater perfection, there needs to be imperfect things about the universe.

49
Q

What is the difference between essence and existence?

A

Essence = Definition/Idea/Concept
Existence is not a necessary feature of most essences.
You can have the essence of a triangle, but that doesn’t mean triangles exist

50
Q

Does a clear and distinct idea necessarily have to exist? Give an example.

A

No, triangles

51
Q

How is God not like other clear and distinct ideas?

A

Because God’s essence necessitates God’s existence

52
Q

What is the mountain/valley example?

A

You can’t have a valley w/o a mountain any more than you can have God w/o existence.

53
Q

What is the faculty of imagination?

A

What perceives bodies.

54
Q

How do we know about bodies, including our own?

A

Through the imagination, we know that there is a world beyond our mind. It would be absurd to just sense our senses or perceive our perceptions.

55
Q

What can the imagination do? What can’t it do?

A

can perceive bodies; can’t perceive clear & distinct ideas

56
Q

What is the relationship between the imagination and the intellect?

A

You can have an intellect w/o the imagination; you cannot have the imagination w/o the intellect

57
Q

Why don’t we have to doubt everything all over again?

A
  1. We know God exists
  2. We know you’re a thinking thing
  3. We know your imagination perceives bodies that are external to your mind
58
Q

What is the difference between your mind and your body?

A

Mind: Immaterial substance; it is indivisible & cannot be destroyed
Body: Material substance; it is divisible & can be destroyed

59
Q

How do the mind and the body interact for Descartes? What gland connects them?

A

Through the pineal gland

60
Q

What are the two reasons you’re not dreaming right now?

A

Continuity
Intensity

61
Q

What are some other names for the imagination?

A

Sensation; sense-perception

62
Q

What are some other names for the intellect?

A

Faculty of knowing; faculty of understanding

63
Q

What are some other names for the will?

A

Belief; judgment

64
Q

Why are you not primarily your imagination?

A

Your imagination is directed outwardly to bodies. & you are not a body

65
Q

What kind of substance is the thinking thing?

A

Immaterial substance (cannot be divided or destroyed)

66
Q

Why does nature deceive us from time to time?

A

Because we are not one w/ our body & God doesn’t prevent nature from deceiving us from time to time

67
Q

Why does Descartes call senses like pain confused ideas?

A

Bc they are not clear & distinct ideas

68
Q

What was Princess Elizabeth’s criticism of Descartes’ dualism?

A

How can Descartes say mind & body interact if they are totally different substances?

69
Q

How does the imagination tell you there is a world independent of your own thinking?

A

The imagination does not perceive its own perceptions. Imagination is a passive faculty. Nature is the active faculty.

70
Q

Why is it easier to picture a triangle than a 10,000-sided shape?

A

Bc the imagination is not used to understand. It pictures things.

philosophy (4 decks)

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