MIDTERM Flashcards
Branch of optometry that broadly considers the relationship of people’s eye and vision to all aspects of environment
Environmental optometry
Branch of environmental optometry that considers all aspects of the relationship between work and vision
Occupational optometry
Occupational optometry includes:
Worker’s eye and visual system
Worker and the workplace environment
Important concern of occupational optometrist
Disease prevention
Health promotion
Goals of primary care and occupational optometry
To incorporate environmental optometry into private practice
To assess the impact of work and the work environment on the performance of the worker on the job
To understand the relationship between health and work
Minimum standard of care
Complete an occupational history on each adult patient, including assessment and interpretation of it
Identifying and diagnose conditions that may be occupationally induced
Assess their patient’s visual needs and provide treatment
Initiative preventive measures for patients with the same eye and vision risk
Optometrist key role in preventing eye injuries
Prescribe eye protection designed for specific job, usually in form of safety spectacle
Make certain that a person has a good visual skills for his or her job
Trends affecting optometrists
Growing awareness that exposure to hazardous substance in workplace may contribute to the origin of disease
An increasing awareness of the effects of the visual environment (lighting, contrast, glare and exposure to UV) on vision.
An increasing concern regarding the economic and social costs of premature mortality and preventable disability
An aging of the work force
An increasing interest by employers, insurance carriers and public in health promotion and dse. Prevention
Occupational case histories:
That assess work related task
Vision requirements
Determining the need for vision and eye protection
Risk from environmental hazards
Impact of current eye dse. And vision disorder on job performance
Diagnose work-related occupational disease
Is fundamental to the assessment of the work-relatedness of health problems and should become a routine component of any comprehensive health history
Occupational health history
Two components of occupational health history:
The survey or basic occupational history
Task analysis
Survey (Basic) Occupational History
Description of current and past jobs and occupations
Employment status
Exposure to hazards
Assessment of work-relatedness of the chief diagnosis
Classification of hazards:
Physical
Chemical
Biological
Psychologic
Ergonomic
Examples of physical hazards:
Radiation
Noise
Heavy lighting
Extreme temperatures
Examples of chemical hazards
Lead
Mercury
Dust
Gases
Fumes
Examples of biological hazards:
Viruses, bacteria, parasites, fungi
Examples of psychologic hazards:
Boredom
Work shift fatigue
Repetition
Risk of falling
Examples of ergonomic hazards:
Unnecessary lifting
Poor vision condition
Improper tool
Used when the survey occupational history increases the optometrist’s suspicion
Diagnostic occupational history
4 key steps in taking occupational history:
Listing of all jobs
Identification of all places of employment
Description of all operations
Assessment of illness in other workers similar to those of the patient
A detailed assessment of patient’s work related task
Task analysis
The assessment is done to maximize vision performance
Task analysis
Done to minimize or eliminate eye and vision hazards
Task analysis
Task analysis requires the assessment of:
- Job description
- Distance from the worker’s eyes to the work areas
- Work environment
- Work area size, centrally and peripherally
- Visual attention requirements
- Work and surround area illumination
- Color discrimination requirements
- Stereoacuity
- Position of work surface
- Eye and vision hazards
- Size of task details
- Peripheral vision requirement
A type of general confined space hazard that exist when electrical or mechanical equipment may be accidentally activated
Mechanical hazards
Mechanical agents are normally described as:
Large or small
Blunt or sharp
Fast moving or slow moving
Stationary
Combination
Mechanical hazards are agents that are likely to cause:
Penetrating laceration
Non-penetrating laceration
Abrasion
Contusion
Damage from pressure exerted by the material
Contusion
Scratch/scrape
Abrasion
Puncture
Penetrating laceration
Non-Penetrating laceration
Cut
Common mechanical injury
Hammering
Woodworking
Grinding
Nailing
Drill and lathe use
Automobile accidents
Explosives
The science concerned with poisons and how they affect the body
Toxicology
Factors which determine the toxicity of a substance:
Composition of chemicals
Physical state
Amount
Concentration
Particular size
Route of absoprtion
Duration of exposure in chemical hazard:
Acute
Sub-acute
Chronic
Exposure is very short
Acute
Longer than and up to 90 days
Sub-acute
Exposure for many days or over a month or years
Chronic
Biological hazards:
People who work in health related field
Doctors, nurses, and dentist
Hep B virus
HIV
COVID 19
Study of the engineering aspects of the relationship between human workers and their working environment
Ergonomic hazards
Psychosocial hazards:
Stress
Communication breakdown
Job overload
Boredom
Job uncertainty
An equipment worn to minimize exposure to hazards that cause serious workplace injuries and illness
Personal protective equipment
Ability to protect against specific hazards
Personal protective equipment
Have safety frames constructed of metal or plastic and impact-resistant lenses
Safety glasses
Tight fitting eye protection that completely covers the eyes
Chemical splash goggles
Provides protection from impact, dust and splashes
Chemical splash goggles
Sometimes called “direct ventilated goggles”
Dust goggles
Are tight fitting eye protection designed to resist the passage of large particles
Dust goggles
The shield is fluid resistant and provide splash protection
Fluid resistant shield
The shield extend from the eyebrows to below the chin
Face shield
Protect against potential splashes or sprays of hazardous liquids
Face shield
Protective eyewear is required for class 3 and 4 laser use where radiation of the eye is possible
Laser eyewear
Device worn before the eyes and portion or all of the face
Face mask
Hand rigid device which completely covers the head
Hood
A rigid device worn by the operator which shield the eyes, face, neck
Helmet
ANSI
American National Standards Institute
Examples of ergonomic hazards
Good posture
Poor lifting technique
Poor fitting of progressives
Neck ache
Poor posture
