Midterm Flashcards
The pattern of change that begins at conception and continues through the lifespan. Most development involves growth, although it also includes decline brought on by aging and dying.
development
produce changes in an individual’s physical nature.
BIOLOGICAL PROCESS
refer to changes in the individual’ s thought, intelligence, and language.
COGNITIVE PROCESS
involve changes in the individual’s relationships with other people, changes in emotions, and changes in personality.
SOCIOEMOTIONAL PROCESS
the number of years that have elapsed since birth.
Chronological Age
a person’s age in terms of biological health.
Biological Age
an individual’s adaptive capacities compared with those of other individuals of the same chronological age.
Psychological Age
refers to social roles and expectations related to a person’s age.
Social Age
focuses on the scientific study of the systematic processes of change and stability in people.
Human Development
Scientific study of processes of change and stability throughout the human lifespan.
Human Development
is considered to be from “womb to tomb,” comprising the entire human life span from conception to death.
Life-span Development
Concept of human development as a lifelong process, which can be studied scientifically.
Life-span Development
Growth of body and brain, including patterns of change in sensory capacities, motor skills, and health.
Physical development
Pattern of change in mental abilities, such as learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity.
Cognitive development
- A concept or practice that may appear natural and obvious to those who accept it but that in reality is an invention of a particular culture or society.
- Division of the life span into periods.
Social construction
Pattern of change in emotions, personality, and social relationships.
Psychosocial development
Differences in characteristics, influences, or developmental outcomes.
Individual differences
can be conceptualized as the genetic roll of the dice.
Heredity
Inborn traits or characteristics inherited from the biological parents.
Heredity
Totality of nonhereditary, or experiential, influences on development.
Environment
Unfolding of a natural sequence of physical and behavioral changes.
Maturation
a household unit consisting of one or two parents and their children, whether biological, adopted, or stepchildren.
Nuclear family
a multigenerational network of grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, and more distant relatives.
Extended family
a family structure in which one parent (most commonly the father) is married to multiple spouses, is even more unusual
Polygamy
based on family income and the educational and occupational levels of the adults in the household.
Socioeconomic status (SES)
Combination of economic and social factors describing an individual or family, including income, education, and occupation.
Socioeconomic status (SES)
A novel coronavirus disease causing fatigue, loss of sense of smell, fever, and respiratory distress; the source of the 2019 pandemic.
COVID-19
refers to a society’s or group’s total way of life, including its customs, traditions, laws, knowledge, beliefs, values, language, and physical products, from tools to artworks. All of the behavior and attitudes that are learned, shared, and transmitted among members of a social group.
Culture
A culture in which people tend to prioritize personal goals ahead of collective goals and to view themselves as distinct individuals.
Individualistic cultures
A culture in which people tend to prioritize collaborative social goals ahead of individual goals and to view themselves in the context of their social relationships.
Collectivistic culture
consists of people united by a distinctive culture, ancestry, religion, language, or national origin, all of which contribute to a sense of shared identity and shared attitudes, beliefs, and values.
Ethnic group
Ethnic groups with national or cultural traditions different from the majority of the population.
Ethnic minorities
An analytic framework focused on how a person’s multiple identities combine to create differences in privilege or discrimination.
Intersectionality
A grouping of humans distinguished by their outward physical characteristics or social qualities from other groups. Not a biological construct.
Race
A group of people strongly influenced by a major historical event during their formative period.
Historical generation
A group of people born at about the same time.
Cohort
Instinctive form of learning in which, during a critical period in early development, a young animal forms an attachment to the first moving object it sees, usually the mother.
Imprinting
Specific time when a given event or its absence has a specific.
Critical period
The perspective that development is lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, multidisciplinary, and contextual; involves growth, maintenance, and regulation; and is constructed through biological, sociocultural, and individual factors working together
LIFE-SPAN PERSPECTIVE
Children grasp experiences and this input molds them over time. (external)
Reactive development
People create experiences and are motivated to learn
about the world around them. (internal)
Active development
early adulthood is not the endpoint of development; rather, no age period dominates development.
Development is Lifelong
Development consists of biological, cognitive, and socioemotional dimensions. Even within a dimension, there are many components.
Development is Multidimensional
Throughout life, some dimensions or components of a dimension expand and others shrink.
Development is Multidirectional
(people smart)
- Plasticity means the capacity for change.
Development is Plastic
Psychologists, sociologists, anthropologists, neuroscientists, and medical researchers all share an interest in unlocking the mysteries of development through the lifespan
Developmental Science is Multidisciplinary
All development occurs within a context, or setting. Contexts include families, schools, peer groups, churches, cities, neighborhoods, university laboratories, countries, and so on.
Development is Contextual
These influences include biological processes such as puberty and menopause.
Normative age-graded influences
are common to people of a particular generation because of historical circumstances.
Normative history-graded influences
are unusual occurrences that have a major impact on the individual’s life.
Nonnormative Life events
the mastery of life often involves conflicts and competition among three goals of human development.
Development involves Growth, Maintenance, and Regulation of Loss -
a set of logically related concepts or statements that seek to describe and explain development and to predict the kinds of behavior that might occur under certain conditions.
Theory
Possible explanations for phenomena, used to predict the outcome of research.
Hypotheses
views human development as a series of predictable responses to stimuli.
MECHANISTIC MODEL
sees people as active, growing organisms who set their own development in motion.
ORGANISMIC MODEL
Change in number or amount, such as in height, weight, size of vocabulary.
Quantitative change
is discontinuous and marked by the emergence of new phenomena that could not be easily predicted on the basis of past functioning.
Qualitative change
View of human development as shaped by unconscious forces that motivate human behavior.
Psychoanalytic perspective
In Freudian theory, an unvarying sequence of stages of childhood personality development in which gratification shifts from the mouth to the anus and then to the genitals.
Psychosexual development
argued that development was the result of learning, a relatively long-lasting change based on experience or adaptation to the environment.
Learning perspective
is a mechanistic theory that describes observed behavior as a predictable response to experience. Behaviorists consider development as reactive and continuous.
BEHAVIORISM
a type of learning in which a response (salivation) to a stimulus (a bell) is elicited after repeated association with a stimulus that normally elicits the response (food).
Classical conditioning
- Learning based on association of behavior with its consequences.
- Learning based on reinforcement or punishment.
Operant conditioning
the person acts on the world as the world acts on the person.
Reciprocal determinism
Updated version of social learning theory
Social Cognitive theory
This perspective encompasses both organismic and mechanistically influenced theories
Cognitive perspective
Jean Piaget developed the cognitive stage theory that reintroduced the concept of scientific inquiry into mental states.
Piagetian Approach
create categories, such as birds, by observing the characteristics that individual members of a category, such as sparrows and cardinals, have in common.
Organization
Piaget’s term for organized patterns of thought and behavior used in particular situations.
Schemes
Piaget’s term for how children handle new information in light of what they already know.
Adaptation
taking in new information and incorporating it into existing cognitive structures.
Assimilation
adjusting one’s cognitive structures to fit the new information.
Accommodation
a constant striving for a stable balance motivates the shift between assimilation and accommodation.
Equilibration
focused on the social and cultural processes that guide children’s cognitive development
Lev Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
seeks to explain cognitive development by analyzing the processes involved in making sense of incoming information and performing tasks effectively.
Information-Processing Approach
development can be understood only in its social context.
Contextual perspective
focuses on evolutionary and biological bases of behavior. Influenced by Darwin’s theory of evolution, it draws on findings of anthropology, ecology, genetics, ethology, and evolutionary psychology to explain the adaptive, or survival, value of behavior for an individual or species.
EVOLUTIONARY / SOCIOBIOLOGICAL
is the study of the adaptive behaviors of animal species in natural contexts.
Ethology
The process by which a behavior is strengthened, increasing the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated.
Reinforcement
—The process by which a behavior is weakened, decreasing the likelihood of the repetition.
Punishment
Theory that behaviors are learned by observing and imitating models.
Social Learning Theory
—Bandura’s term for bidirectional forces that
affect development.
Reciprocal Determinism
—Learning through watching the behavior of
others.
Observational Learning
—Sense of one’s capability to master
challenges and achieve goals.
Self-efficacy
—Temporary support to help a child master a
task.
Scaffolding
—Vygotsky’s term for the difference between what a child can do alone and what the child can do with help.
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
—Bronfenbrenner’s approach to under- standing processes and contexts of hu-man development that identifies five levels of environmental influence.
Bioecological Theory
—Application of Darwinian principles of natural selection and survival of the fit test to individual behavior.
Evolutionary Psychology
—Research that deals with objectively measurable data that can answer ‘’ how much?’’ ‘‘how many?’’ and that are amenable to statistical analysis
Quantitative Research
—System of established principles and processes of scientific inquiry, which includes identifying a problem to be studied, formulating a hypothesis to be tested by research, collecting data, analyzing the data, forming tentative conclusions, and disseminating findings.
Scientific Method
—Research that focuses on non-numerical data, such as subjective experiences, feelings, or beliefs.
- how and why of the behavior
Qualitative Research
- a group to whom the findings may apply)
- The entire pool of individuals under study from which a sample is drawn and to which findings may apply.
Population
- a smaller group within the population.
- Group of participants chosen to represent the entire population under study.
Sample
- each person in a population has an equal and independent chance of being chosen.
- Selection of a sample in such a way that each person in a population has an equal and independent chance of being chosen.
Random selection
- The result of random selection.
- A sample of individuals chosen in such a way that every individual in the population has an equal and independent chance of being chosen.
Random sample
- The simplest form of self-report is a diary or log.
- Participants are asked about some aspect of their lives; questioning may be highly structured or more flexible; self-report may be verbal or visual.
Self-Reports
for the type of societies from which research samples are typically drawn.
WEIRD (Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic)
- researchers look at people in real-life settings.
- Research method in which behavior is studied in natural settings without intervention or manipulation.
Naturalistic observation
- researchers observe and record behavior in a controlled environment, such as a laboratory.
- Research method in which all participants are observed under the same controlled conditions.
Laboratory observation
- the researcher’s tendency to interpret data to fit expectations or to emphasize some aspects and minimize others.
- Any expectations, beliefs, or personal preferences of a researcher that unintentionally influence their findings.
Observer bias
can indicate whether certain aspects of development are universal or culturally influenced.
Cross-cultural research
is a study of an individual
Case Studies
seeks to describe the pattern of relationships, customs, beliefs, technology, arts, and traditions that make up a society’s way of life.
Ethnographic Studies
- a form of naturalistic observation in which researchers live or participate in the societies or smaller groups they observe.
- research method in which the observer lives with the people or participates in the activity being observed.
Participant observation
- seeks to determine whether a correlation, or statistical relationship, exists between variables, phenomena that change or vary among people or can be varied for purposes of research.
- Research design intended to discover whether a statistical relationship be- tween variables exists.
Correlational study
- is a controlled procedure in which the experimenter manipulates variables to learn how one affects another.
- In an experiment, the group receiving the treatment under study.
Experiment
- consists of people who are similar to the experimental group but do not receive the experimental treatment or may receive a different treatment.
- a group of people, similar to those in the experimental group, who do not receive the treatment under study.
Control group
- the researcher directly manipulates to see if it has an effect on another variable.
Independent variable
that may or may not change as a result of changes in the independent variable. It depends on the independent variable.
Dependent variable
a definition stated solely in terms of the operations used to measure a phenomenon
Operational definition
assigning the participants to groups in such a way that each person has an equal chance of being placed in any group.
Random assignment
best for determining cause and effect; it generally consists of asking participants to visit a laboratory where they are subject to conditions manipulated by the experimenter.
Laboratory experiment
a controlled study conducted in an everyday setting, such as a home or school.
Field experiment
a correlational study because controlled manipulation of variables and random assignment to treatment groups are not possible.
Natural experiment
- illustrates similarities or differences among people of different ages.
Cross-sectional study
tracks people over time and focuses on individual change with age. Both designs have pros and cons.
Longitudinal study
Study design that combines cross- sectional and longitudinal techniques.
Sequential study
can include race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, age, religion, disability, socioeconomic status, political orientation, and so forth.
Diversity
Conception is the process by which sperm and the male and female gametes, or sex cells combine to create a single cell called a zygote, which then duplicates itself repeatedly by cell division to produce all the cells that make up a baby.
Fertilization
the time conception is possible is highly unpredictable.
“fertile window”
conception through artificial means provides couples having difficulty conceiving naturally with a means to augment their fertility.
Assisted Reproductive Technology
are the result of two separate eggs being fertilized by two different sperm to form two unique individuals. Genetically, they are like siblings who inhabit the same womb at the same time, and they can be the same or different sex.
Dizygotic Twins/Fraternal Twins
are the result of a far different process. They result from the cleaving of one fertilized egg and are generally genetically identical. They can still differ outwardly, however, because people are the result of the interaction between genes and environmental influences.
Monozygotic Twins / identical twins
Chemical that carries inherited instructions for the development of all cellular forms of life.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
The sequence of bases within the DNA molecule; governs the formation of proteins that determine the structure and functions of living cells.
The Genetic Code
are coils of DNA that consist of smaller segments called genes.
Chromosomes
Two or more alternative forms of a gene that occupy the same position on paired chromosomes and affect the same trait.
Alleles
Small segments of DNA located in definite positions on particular chromosomes: functional units or heredity.
Genes
A complete sequence of genes in the human body.
Human Genome
Permanent alterations in genes or chromosomes may produce harmful characteristics
Mutations
Possessing two identical alleles for a trait.
Homozygous
Possessing differing alleles for a trait.
Heterozygous
Pattern of inheritance in which, when a child receives different alleles, only the dominant one is expressed.
Dominant Inheritance
Pattern of inheritance in which a child receives identical recessive alleles, resulting in the expression of a nondominant trait.
Recessive Inheritance
Pattern of inheritance in which multiple genes at different sites on chromosomes affect a complex trait.
Polygenic Inheritance
Pair of chromosomes that determines sex: XX in the normal human female, XY in the normal human male.
Sex chromosomes
Twenty-two pairs of our 23 pairs of chromosomes
autosomes
is the 23rd pair — one from the father and one from the mother—that govern the baby’s sex.
sex chromosomes
Observable characteristics of a person.
- how you actually turn out.
Phenotype
Genetic makeup of a person, containing both expressed and unexpressed characteristics.
- the recipe for making you.
Genotype
Combination of genetic and environmental factors to produce certain complex traits. Multifactorial transmission illustrates the interaction of nature and nurture and how they affect outcomes.
Multifactorial Transmission
Mechanism that turns genes on or off and determines functions of body cells.
- works via chemical molecules, or “tags,” attached to a gene that affect the way a cell “reads” the gene’s DNA.
Epigenesis or Epigenetics
Pattern of inheritance in which a child receives two different alleles, resulting in partial expression of a trait.
Incomplete Dominance
Pattern of inheritance in which certain characteristics carried on the X chromosome inherited from the mother are transmitted differently to her male and female offspring.
Sex-linked Inheritance
typically occur because of errors in cell division, resulting in an extra or missing chromosome.
Chromosomal Abnormalities
Chromosomal disorder characterized by moderate-to-severe intellectual disability and by such physical signs as a downward- sloping skin fold at the inner corners of the eyes.
Also called trisomy-21
Down Syndrome
Clinical service that advises prospective parents of their probable risk of having children with hereditary defects
Genetic Counseling
Quantitative study of relative hereditary and environmental influences on behavior.
Behavioral Genetics
Statistical estimate of contribution of heredity to individual differences in a specific trait within a given population. Heritability cannot be measured directly.
Heritability
Term describing tendency of twins to share the same trait or disorder.
Concordant
refers to a range of potential expressions of a hereditary trait.
Reaction Range
- Limitation on variance of expression of certain inherited characteristics.
- Illustrates how heredity restricts the range of development for some traits.
Canalization
Refers to the effects of similar environmental conditions on genetically different individuals, and a discussion of these interactions is a way to conceptualize and talk about the different ways nature and nurture interact.
Genotype-Environment Interaction
Tendency of certain genetic and environmental influences to reinforce each other; may be passive, reactive (evocative), or active.
- Also called genotype-environment covariance.
Genotype-Environment Correlation
You not only inherit genes from your biological parents, you also inherit environments.
Passive Correlations
Children with differing genetic makeups evoke different reactions from others.
Reactive, or evocative correlations
As children get older and have more freedom to choose their own activities and environments, they actively select or create experiences consistent with their genetic tendencies
Active Correlations
Tendency of a person, especially after early childhood, to seek out environments compatible with his or her genotype.
Niche-Picking
The unique environment in which each child grows up, consisting of distinctive influences or influences that affect one child differently than another.
Nonshared Environmental Influences
Extreme overweight in relation to age, sex, height, and body type as defined by having a body mass index at or above the 95th percentile
Obesity
Mental disorder marked by loss of contact with reality; symptoms include hallucinations and delusions.
Schizophrenia
Characteristic disposition, or style of approaching and reacting to situations.`
Temperament
Period of development between conception and birth.
Gestation
Age of an unborn baby, usually dated from the first day of an expectant mother’s last menstrual cycle.
Gestational Age
from Latin, meaning “head to tail,” dictates that development proceeds from the head to the lower part of the trunk.
Cephalocaudal Principle
from Latin, meaning “near to far,” development proceeds from parts near the center of the body to outer ones.
Proximodistal Principle
the zygote divides, becomes more complex, and is implanted in the wall of the uterus.
Germinal Stage (Fertilization to 2 Weeks)
The attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine wall, occurring at about day 6.
Implantation
Second stage of gestation, characterized by rapid growth and development of major body systems and organs.
Embryonic Stage (2 to 8 Weeks)
the organs and major body systems (respiratory, digestive, and nervous) develop rapidly.
Organogenesis
commonly called a miscarriage, is the expulsion from the uterus of an embryo or fetus that is unable to survive outside the womb.
Spontaneous Abortion
Final stage of gestation. During this period, the fetus grows rapidly to about 20 times its previous length, and organs and body systems become more complex.
Fetal Stage (8 Weeks to Birth)
Prenatal medical procedure using high frequency sound waves to detect the outline of a fetus and its movements, so as to determine whether a pregnancy is progressing normally.
Ultrasound
Nerve cells.
Neurons
Environmental agent, such as a virus, a drug, or radiation, that can interfere with normal prenatal development and cause developmental abnormalities.
Teratogen
global problem driven by factors such as poverty, conflict, and climate change, and more recently, by the COVID-19 pandemic.
Malnutrition
Combination of mental, motor, and developmental abnormalities affecting the offspring of some women who drink heavily during pregnancy
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
a disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus.
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
is characterized by a combination of retarded growth, face and body malformations, and disorders of the central nervous system.
Fetal alcohol syndrome
is the most commonly used recreational drug during pregnancy,
Marijuana
is the second most commonly used illegal drug globally
Methamphetamine
An epidemic or disease spread across multiple countries or continents.
pandemic
is an apt term for the process of giving birth. Birth is hard work for both mother and baby.
Labor
is the act or process of giving birth, and it typically begins about 2 weeks before delivery.
Parturition
A woman may have felt false contractions at times during the final months of pregnancy or even as early as the second trimester, when the muscles of the uterus tighten for up to 2 minutes.
Braxton-Hicks contractions
Mechanical monitoring of fetal heartbeat during labor and delivery.
ELECTRONIC FETAL MONITORING
- is a natural childbirth method where the baby is born through the mother’s vagina.
Vaginal Delivery
- Delivery of a baby by surgical removal from the uterus
Cesarean Delivery
Method of childbirth that seeks to prevent pain by eliminating the mother’s fear through education about the physiology of reproduction and training in breathing and relaxation during delivery.
Natural Childbirth
- Method of childbirth that uses instruction, breathing exercises, and social support to induce controlled physical responses to uterine contractions and reduce fear and pain.
Prepared Childbirth
- An experienced mentor who furnishes. emotional support and information, for a woman during labor.
Doula
-First 4 weeks of life, a time of transition from intrauterine dependency to independent existence
Neonatal Period
-Newborn baby, up to 4 weeks old. -20 inch long and weighs 7’l½ pounds
Neonate
- Lack of oxygen, which may cause brain damage.
Anoxia
- Condition, in many newborn babies, caused by immaturity of liver and evidenced by yellowish appearance
Neonatal Jaundice
- Method of skin-to-skin contact in which a newborn is laid face down between the mother’s breasts for an hour or so at a time after birth.
Kangaroo Care
- Infants born before completing the 37th week of gestation.
Preterm (Premature) Infants
- Principle that development proceeds from within to without; that is, parts of the body near the center develop before the extremities.
Proximodistal Principle
- Principle that development proceeds in a head-to-tail direction; that is, upper parts of the body develop before lower parts of the trunk.
Cephalocaudal Principle
- Brain and spinal cord.
Central Nervous System
- Tendency of each of the brain’s hemispheres to have specialized functions.
Lateralization
- Process by which neurons coordinate the activities of muscle groups
Integration
- Process by which cells acquire specialized structures and functions.
Differentiation
- Process of coating neural pathways with a fatty substance called myelin, which enables faster communication between cells
Myelination
Range of modifiability of performances.
-Modifiability, or “molding,” of the brain through experiences.
Plasticity
- Automatic, involuntary, innate responses to stimulation.
Reflex Behaviors
Neurological and behavioral test to measure neonate’s responses to the environment.
The Brazelton Scale
Death of a fetus at or after the 20th week of gestation.
STILLBIRTH
Proportion of babies born alive who die within the 1st year.
infant mortality rate
Sudden and unexplained death of an apparently healthy infant.
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
the part of the brain that maintains balance and motor coordination)
cerebellum
the largest part of the brain, is divided into right and left halves, or hemispheres, each with specialized functions.
cerebrum
is the smallest of the four lobes and is primarily concerned with visual processing.
occipital lobe
is involved with integrating sensory information from the body. It helps us move our bodies through space and manipulate objects in our world.
parietal lobe
helps us interpret smells and sounds and is involved in memory.
temporal lobe
the newest region of the brain, are involved with a variety of higher-order processes, such as goal setting, inhibition, reasoning, planning, and problem solving.
frontal lobes
Process by which cells acquire specialized structures and functions.
differentiation
Physical skills that involve the large muscles.
gross motor skills
Physical skills that involve the small muscles and eye–hand coordination.
fine motor skills
Ability to perceive objects and surfaces three-dimensionally.
depth perception
measures quantitative differences in abilities that make up intelligence by using tests that indicate or predict these abilities.
psychometric approach
seeks to identify what brain structures are involved in specific aspects of cognition.
cognitive neuroscience approach
examines the effects of environmental aspects of the learning process, particularly the role of parents and other caregivers.
social-contextual approach
- Type of learning in which familiarity with a stimulus reduces, slows, or stops a response.
Habituation
- Increase in responsiveness after presentation of a new stimulus.
Dishabituation
Tendency of infants to spend more time looking at one sight than another.
Visual Preference
- Ability to use information gained by one sense guide another.
Cross-Modal Transfer
- A shared attentional focus, typically initiated with eye gaze or pointing.
Joint Attention
Ability to distinguish a familiar visual stimulus from an unfamiliar one when shown both at the same time.
Visual Recognition Memory
Research method in which dishabituation to a stimulus that conflicts with experience is taken as evidence that an infant recognizes the new stimulus as surprising.
Violation-of-expectations
- Unconscious recall, generally of habits and skills; sometimes called procedural memory. -for example, knowing how to tie your shoe or throw a ball. It most commonly pertains to habits and skills.
Implicit Memory
- Intentional and conscious memory, generally of facts, names, and events.
- Explicit memory involves a conscious and deliberative process and thus is subject to cultural influences
Explicit Memory
- Adult’s participation in a child’s activity that helps to structure it and bring the child’s understanding of it closer to the adult’s
Guided Participation
- a communication system based on words and grammar.
Language
-Theory that human beings have an inborn capacity for language acquisition.
Nativism
- Verbal expression designed to convey meaning.
Linguistic Speech
- Early form of sentence use consisting of only a few essential words.
Telegraphic Speech
Single word that conveys a complete thought.
Holophrase
- Use of elements of two languages, sometimes in the same utterance, by young children in households where both languages are spoken.
Code Mixing
- Rules for forming sentences in a particular language.
Syntax
- Changing one’s speech to match the situation, as in people who are bilingual.
Code Switching
- Form of speech often used in talking to babies or toddlers; includes slow, simplified speech, a high-pitched tone, exaggerated vowel sounds, short words and sentences, and much repetition; also called parentese or motherese.
Child-Directed Speech
- Subjective reactions to experience that are associated with physiological and behavioral changes.
Emotions
- The relatively consistent blend of emotions, temperament, thought, and behavior that makes a person unique.
Personality
- Beginning in the 2nd month, newborn infants gaze at their parents and smile at them, signaling positive participation in the relationship.
Social Smiling
- Infant smiles at an object and then gazes at an adult while still smiling.
Anticipatory Smiling
- Emotions, such as embarrassment, empathy, and envy, that depend on self-awareness
Self-Conscious Emotions
- Realization that one’s existence and functioning are separate from those of other people and things.
Self-Awareness
- Emotions, such as pride, shame, and guilt, that depend on both self-awareness and knowledge of socially accepted standards of behavior.
Self-Evaluate Emotions
- Activity intended to help another person with no expectation of reward. - For example, infants at 1, 3, 6, and 9 months of age respond to the cries of other infants with cries of their own and facial expressions of distress
Altruistic Behavior
