finals Flashcards
also known as conception, is the process by which sperm and ovum (sex cells) combine to create a single cell called zygote, which then duplicates itself again and again by cell division.
Fertilization
fertilized egg cell that results from the union of a female gamete (egg, or ovum) with a male gamete (sperm)
zygote
rupture of mature follicle in either ovary and expulsion of its ovum which occurs every month until menopause
Ovulation
also known as Fraternal Twins. Two separate eggs being fertilized by two different sperms
Dizygotic Twins
resulted from the cleaving of one fertilized egg and are generally genetically identical (identical twins)
Monozygotic Twins
genetic transmission of heritable characteristics from parents to offspring
Heredity
long, spiraling ladder whose steps are made of pairs of chemical units called bases (Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine)
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
coils of DNA of smaller segments called genes
Chromosomes
cell division of non-sex cells
Mitosis
cell division of sex cells
Meiosis
mistake in copying genetic code which creates permanent alteration in genetic material
Mutation
not affiliated to sexual expression
Autosomes
23rd pair which indicates the baby’s sex (XX, female: XY, male)
Sex Chromosomes
produce alternative expressions of characteristics
Alleles
if two alleles are the same
Homozygous
if two alleles are different
Heterozygous
allele that is always expressed or shows up as a trait in that person
Dominant
usually doesn’t show unless paired with another recessive trait
Recessive
observable characteristics
Phenotype
underlying genetic makeup
Genotype
effects of similar environment conditions on genetically different individuals
Genotype-Environment Interaction
environment often reinforces genetic differences
Genotype-Environment Correlation
parents tend to provide environment that encourages the development of that trait
Passive Correlations
children with differing genetic makeups evoke different reactions from others, other people react to the children’s genetic makeup
Reactive or Evocative
actively selects or create experiences consistent with their genetic tendencies
Active
tendency to seek out environments compatible with one’s genotype
Niche-Picking
result from the unique environment in which each child in a family grows up
Nonshared Environmental Effects
inability to conceive a child
Infertility
eggs and sperm are combined in a laboratory dish
In Vitro Fertilization
high frequency sound waves are directed into the pregnant woman’s abdomen. Detect abnormalities, no. of fetuses, and sex
Ultrasound Sonography
uses powerful magnet and radio images to generate detailed images of the body’s organs and structures
Fetal MRI
small sample of placenta is removed. Small risk of limb deformity
Chorionic Villus Sampling
sample of amniotic fluid is withdrawn and tested for chromosomal and metabolic disorders
Amniocentesis
identifies pregnancies that have an elevated risk for birth defects
Maternal Blood Screening
A period between conception and birth. Between 37 and 41 weeks
Gestation
dated from the first day of an expectant mother’s last menstrual cycle
Gestational Age
development proceeds from head to the lower extremities
Cephalocaudal Principle
development proceeds from the center to outer parts of the body
Proximodistal
From fertilization to about 2 weeks of gestational age. Zygote enters into cell division (mitosis) while making its way to the fallopian tube
Germinal Stage
fluid-filled sphere which floats freely in the uterus until 6th day after fertilization then it implants itself in the uterine wall
Blastocyst
outer layer of cells that later provides nutrition and support for the embryo
Trophoblast
outer layer (becomes outer layers of skin, nails, hair, teeth, sensory organs, and the nervous system)
Ectoderm
inner layer (becomes digestive system)
Endoderm
middle layer (becomes inner layers of skin, muscles, skeleton, and excretory and circulatory systems)
Mesoderm
encloses the developing embryo, protecting it and giving it a room and grow
Amniotic Sacs
allows oxygen, nourishment, and wastes to pass between mother and embryo
Placenta
connects the embryo to the placenta
Umbilical Cord
From 2 to 8 weeks (First 2 monts)
Major body systems (respiratory, digestive, and nervous system) develop known as Organogenesis
Embryonic Period
most vulnerable to destructive influences
Critical Period
expulsion from the uterus of an embryo that is unable to survive outside the womb
Spontaneous Abortion (Miscarriage)
miscarriage occurred after 20 weeks of gestation
Stillbirth
From 8 weeks to Birth. Appearance of the first bone cells. Final stage of gestation
Fetal Period
environmental agent that can interfere with normal prenatal development
Teratogen
field of study that investigates the causes of birth defects
Teratology
sleep disturbance, tremors, difficulty regulating the body, irritability, crying and etc.
Neonate Abstinence Syndrome
characterized by a combination of retarded growth, face and body malformations, and disorders of the central nervous system
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
process of giving birth
Labor
series of uterine, cervical, and other changes which begins 2 weeks before the delivery
Parturition
false contractions
Braxton-Hicks Contractions
profession that provides health care to women during pregnancy, birth, and even postpartum period
Midwifery
caregiver who provides continuous physical, emotional, and educational support for the mother before, during, and after childbirth
Doula
used to track the fetus’ heartbeat during labor and delivery and to indicate how the fetal heart is responding to the stress of uterine contractions
Electronic Fetal Monitoring
used in the late first stage labor and during delivery to block sensation in an area of the body or to block consciousness
Anesthesia
regional anesthesia that blocks the lower part of the body
Epidural Block
vaginal anesthesia
Pudendal Block
method that aims to reduce the mother’s pain by decreasing her fear by providing information about childbirth and teaching her and her partner to use breathing methods and relaxation techniques during delivery
Natural Childbirth
husbands as coaches, relation for easier birth and prenatal nutrition and exercise
Bradley Method
special breathing technique to control pushing in the final stages of labor
Prepared Childbirth or Lamaze method
usual childbirth
Vaginal Delivery
baby is removed from the mother’s uterus through an incision made in her abdomen. Performed if the baby is lying crosswise, if the baby’s head is too large, complications, or if the mother is bleeding internally
Cesarean Delivery
baby’s buttocks are the first part to emerge from the vagina which can cause respiratory problems
Breech Position
widely used to assess the health of newborns at 1-5 mins after birth
APGAR Scale
performed within 24-36 hrs after birth to assess neurological development, reflexes, and reactions
Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale
assessment of the newborn’s behavior, neurological and stress response, and regulatory capacities
Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale
where the bones of the skull don’t meet
Fontanels
fuzzy prenatal hair
Lanugo
oily protection against infection that dries within the first few days
Vernix Caseosa
lack of oxygen
Anoxia
reduced oxygen supply
Hypoxia
skin and eyeballs look yellow caused by immaturity of the liver
Neonatal Jaundice
born three weeks or more before pregnancy reach full term (before the completion of 37 weeks of gestation)
Pre-term Infants
involves skin-to-skin contact in which the baby, wearing only diaper, is held upright against the parent’s bare chest to help stabilize the preterm’s heartbeat, temp, and breathing
Kangaroo Care
wherein there is a lack of surfactant (lung-coating substance) that keeps air sacs from collapsing
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
crib death; sudden death of an infant under age 1 which cause of death remains unexplained. infants stop breathing, usually during the
night, and die suddenly without an
apparent cause.
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Period after childbirth. Lasts for about 6 weeks or until the mother’s body has completed the adjustment and returned to nearly prepregnant state
Postpartum Period
2-3 days after birth they feel depressed, anxious, and upset
Postpartum Blues
involves a major depressive episode that typically occurs about four weeks after delivery or at least a two-week period of having trouble coping with their daily task
Postpartum Depression
Formation of connection, especially a physical bond between parents and the newborn in the period shortly after birth
Bonding
specialization of the hemispheres
Lateralization
concerned with language and logical thinking
Left Hemisphere
oncerned with visual and spatial functions
Right Hemisphere
tough band of tissue that joins the two hemisphere which allows them to share info and coordinate commands
Corpus Callosum
smallest; concerned with visual processing
Occipital
involved with integrating sensory info from the body; movement and manipulation of objects
Parietal
interpret smells and sounds and involved in memory
Temporal
involved in high-order processes such as reasoning and problem solving.
Frontal Lobe
outer surface of the cerebrum; grows rapidly in the first few months and are mature by age 6 months
Cerebral Cortex
send and receive info in the brain
Neurons
nourish and protect the neurons
Glia or Glial Cells
seeks to explain how motor behaviors are asses
bled for perceiving and acting. According to this theory, motor skills are the result of many converging factors,
such as the development of the nervous system, the body’s physical properties and
its movement possibilities, the goal the child is motivated to reach, and
environmental support for the skill.
Esther Thelen’s dynamic systems theory
—automatic movements—govern the newborn’s behavior.
Reflexes
sends signals to other neurons
Axon
receive incoming messages
Dendrites
tiny gaps which are bridged with the help of chemicals
Synapses
neurons that control various groups of muscle coordinate their activities
Integration
enables signals to travel faster and more smoothly by coating the neural pathways with myelin
Myelination
skills involve large-muscle activities. Key skills developed during
infancy include control of posture and walking.
Gross motor
occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors.
Sensation
is the interpretation of sensation.
Perception
This stage marks the physical growth during the first two years. It is also
considered as one of the most remarkable and busiest times of
Development. Rapid changes in the infant’s body and brain support learning,
motor skills, and perpetual capacities.
infancy
which includes brain swelling and hemorrhaging, affects hundreds of babies.
Shaken baby syndrome
is a wasted condition of the body usually appearing in the first year of life that is caused by a diet low in all essential nutrients.
Marasmus
a disease usually appearing between I and 3 years of age that is caused by a diet low in protein.
Kwashiorkor
According to Erikson, this extended
period results in the first stage of
psychosocial development being centered on forming a sense of TRUST.
DEVELOPING TRUST
Trust vs. Mistrust
Infancy (0-18 months)
Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt
Toddler (18 months – 36 months)
biological process and environmental conditions influences development, the brain is plastic, and the child’s cognitive development is closed linked to development of the brain
Neuroconstructivist View
automatic, innate response to stimulation which are controlled by the lower brain centers that govern involuntary processes
Reflex Behavior `
includes sucking, rooting, and the Moro reflex are related to instinctive needs for survival and protection or may support the early connection to the caregiver
Primitive reflexes
reactions to changes in position or balance
Postural Reflexes
resemble voluntary movements that do not appear until months after the reflexes have disappeared
Locomotor Reflex
used to chart progress between ages 1 month and 6 years and to identify children who are not developing normally
Denver Developmental Screening Test
enable infants to learn about themselves and their environment so they can make better judgements about how to navigate in it
Sensory Perception
a person learns to make a reflex, or involuntary, response to a stimulus that originally did not bring about the response
Classical Conditioning
if the conditioned learning is not reinforced by repeated association
Extinction
focuses on the consequences of behaviors and how they affect the likelihood of the behavior occurring again
Operant Conditioning
consists of questions or tasks that are supposed to show how much of the measured abilities a person has by comparing that person’s performance with norms
IQ Tests
– developmental test designed to assess children from 1 month to 3 ½ years
Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development
The first stage of Jean Piaget’s cognitive development. Approx. from birth to 2 years old
Sensorimotor Stage
actions or mental representations that can be performed on objects
Schemes
occurs when children use their existing schemes to deal with new information
Assimilation
occurs when children adjust their schemes to take new information and experiences into account
Accommodation
grouping of isolated behaviors and thoughts into higher-order system
Organization
the ability to mentally represent objects and actions in memory, largely through symbols such as words, numbers, and mental picture
Representational Ability
the realization that something continues to exist when out of sight
Object Permanence
a type of learning in which repeated or continuous exposure to a stimulus, reduces attention to that stimulus
Habituation
if a new sight or sound is presented, the baby’s attention is generally captured once again, and the baby will reorient toward the interesting stimulus and once again sucking slows
Dishabituation
tendency to spend more time looking at one sight rather than another
Visual Preference
ability that depends on the capacity to form and refer to mental representations
Visual Recognition Memory
refers to remembering that occurs without effort or even conscious awareness
Implicit Memory
declarative memory; conscious intentional recollection, usually of facts, names, events, or other things that can be stated or declared
Explicit Memory
communication system based on words and grammar
Language
newborn’s first means of communication
Crying
sound system of a language
Phonology
system of meaningful units involved in word formation
Morphology
the system that involves the way words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences
Syntax
– the system that involves the meaning of words and sentences
Semantics
the relatively consistent blend of emotions, temperament, thought, and behavior that makes each person unique
Personality
underlie empathy and altruism
Mirror Neurons
study of death and dying
Thanatology
personal, patient- and family-centered, compassionate care for the terminally ill
Hospice Care
specifically to a widely observed decline in cognitive abilities shortly before death
Terminal Drop or Terminal Decline
often involving a sense of being out of the body or sucked into a tunnel and visions of bright lights or mystical encounters
Near-Death Experience
