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Devpsych > finals > Flashcards

finals Flashcards

1
Q

also known as conception, is the process by which sperm and ovum (sex cells) combine to create a single cell called zygote, which then duplicates itself again and again by cell division.

A

Fertilization

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2
Q

fertilized egg cell that results from the union of a female gamete (egg, or ovum) with a male gamete (sperm)

A

zygote

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3
Q

rupture of mature follicle in either ovary and expulsion of its ovum which occurs every month until menopause

A

Ovulation

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4
Q

also known as Fraternal Twins. Two separate eggs being fertilized by two different sperms

A

Dizygotic Twins

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5
Q

resulted from the cleaving of one fertilized egg and are generally genetically identical (identical twins)

A

Monozygotic Twins

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6
Q

genetic transmission of heritable characteristics from parents to offspring

A

Heredity

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7
Q

long, spiraling ladder whose steps are made of pairs of chemical units called bases (Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine)

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

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8
Q

coils of DNA of smaller segments called genes

A

Chromosomes

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9
Q

cell division of non-sex cells

A

Mitosis

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10
Q

cell division of sex cells

A

Meiosis

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11
Q

mistake in copying genetic code which creates permanent alteration in genetic material

A

Mutation

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12
Q

not affiliated to sexual expression

A

Autosomes

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13
Q

23rd pair which indicates the baby’s sex (XX, female: XY, male)

A

Sex Chromosomes

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14
Q

produce alternative expressions of characteristics

A

Alleles

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15
Q

if two alleles are the same

A

Homozygous

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16
Q

if two alleles are different

A

Heterozygous

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17
Q

allele that is always expressed or shows up as a trait in that person

A

Dominant

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18
Q

usually doesn’t show unless paired with another recessive trait

A

Recessive

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19
Q

observable characteristics

A

Phenotype

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20
Q

underlying genetic makeup

A

Genotype

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21
Q

effects of similar environment conditions on genetically different individuals

A

Genotype-Environment Interaction

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22
Q

environment often reinforces genetic differences

A

Genotype-Environment Correlation

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23
Q

parents tend to provide environment that encourages the development of that trait

A

Passive Correlations

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24
Q

children with differing genetic makeups evoke different reactions from others, other people react to the children’s genetic makeup

A

Reactive or Evocative

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25
Q

actively selects or create experiences consistent with their genetic tendencies

A

Active

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26
Q

tendency to seek out environments compatible with one’s genotype

A

Niche-Picking

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27
Q

result from the unique environment in which each child in a family grows up

A

Nonshared Environmental Effects

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28
Q

inability to conceive a child

A

Infertility

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29
Q

eggs and sperm are combined in a laboratory dish

A

In Vitro Fertilization

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30
Q

high frequency sound waves are directed into the pregnant woman’s abdomen. Detect abnormalities, no. of fetuses, and sex

A

Ultrasound Sonography

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31
Q

uses powerful magnet and radio images to generate detailed images of the body’s organs and structures

A

Fetal MRI

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32
Q

small sample of placenta is removed. Small risk of limb deformity

A

Chorionic Villus Sampling

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33
Q

sample of amniotic fluid is withdrawn and tested for chromosomal and metabolic disorders

A

Amniocentesis

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34
Q

identifies pregnancies that have an elevated risk for birth defects

A

Maternal Blood Screening

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35
Q

A period between conception and birth. Between 37 and 41 weeks

A

Gestation

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36
Q

dated from the first day of an expectant mother’s last menstrual cycle

A

Gestational Age

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37
Q

development proceeds from head to the lower extremities

A

Cephalocaudal Principle

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38
Q

development proceeds from the center to outer parts of the body

A

Proximodistal

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39
Q

From fertilization to about 2 weeks of gestational age. Zygote enters into cell division (mitosis) while making its way to the fallopian tube

A

Germinal Stage

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40
Q

fluid-filled sphere which floats freely in the uterus until 6th day after fertilization then it implants itself in the uterine wall

A

Blastocyst

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41
Q

outer layer of cells that later provides nutrition and support for the embryo

A

Trophoblast

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42
Q

outer layer (becomes outer layers of skin, nails, hair, teeth, sensory organs, and the nervous system)

A

Ectoderm

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43
Q

inner layer (becomes digestive system)

A

Endoderm

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44
Q

middle layer (becomes inner layers of skin, muscles, skeleton, and excretory and circulatory systems)

A

Mesoderm

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45
Q

encloses the developing embryo, protecting it and giving it a room and grow

A

Amniotic Sacs

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46
Q

allows oxygen, nourishment, and wastes to pass between mother and embryo

A

Placenta

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47
Q

connects the embryo to the placenta

A

Umbilical Cord

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48
Q

From 2 to 8 weeks (First 2 monts)
Major body systems (respiratory, digestive, and nervous system) develop known as Organogenesis

A

Embryonic Period

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49
Q

most vulnerable to destructive influences

A

Critical Period

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50
Q

expulsion from the uterus of an embryo that is unable to survive outside the womb

A

Spontaneous Abortion (Miscarriage)

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51
Q

miscarriage occurred after 20 weeks of gestation

A

Stillbirth

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52
Q

From 8 weeks to Birth. Appearance of the first bone cells. Final stage of gestation

A

Fetal Period

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53
Q

environmental agent that can interfere with normal prenatal development

A

Teratogen

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54
Q

field of study that investigates the causes of birth defects

A

Teratology

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55
Q

sleep disturbance, tremors, difficulty regulating the body, irritability, crying and etc.

A

Neonate Abstinence Syndrome

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56
Q

characterized by a combination of retarded growth, face and body malformations, and disorders of the central nervous system

A

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

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57
Q

process of giving birth

A

Labor

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58
Q

series of uterine, cervical, and other changes which begins 2 weeks before the delivery

A

Parturition

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59
Q

false contractions

A

Braxton-Hicks Contractions

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60
Q

profession that provides health care to women during pregnancy, birth, and even postpartum period

A

Midwifery

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61
Q

caregiver who provides continuous physical, emotional, and educational support for the mother before, during, and after childbirth

A

Doula

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62
Q

used to track the fetus’ heartbeat during labor and delivery and to indicate how the fetal heart is responding to the stress of uterine contractions

A

Electronic Fetal Monitoring

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63
Q

used in the late first stage labor and during delivery to block sensation in an area of the body or to block consciousness

A

Anesthesia

64
Q

regional anesthesia that blocks the lower part of the body

A

Epidural Block

65
Q

vaginal anesthesia

A

Pudendal Block

66
Q

method that aims to reduce the mother’s pain by decreasing her fear by providing information about childbirth and teaching her and her partner to use breathing methods and relaxation techniques during delivery

A

Natural Childbirth

67
Q

husbands as coaches, relation for easier birth and prenatal nutrition and exercise

A

Bradley Method

68
Q

special breathing technique to control pushing in the final stages of labor

A

Prepared Childbirth or Lamaze method

69
Q

usual childbirth

A

Vaginal Delivery

70
Q

baby is removed from the mother’s uterus through an incision made in her abdomen. Performed if the baby is lying crosswise, if the baby’s head is too large, complications, or if the mother is bleeding internally

A

Cesarean Delivery

71
Q

baby’s buttocks are the first part to emerge from the vagina which can cause respiratory problems

A

Breech Position

72
Q

widely used to assess the health of newborns at 1-5 mins after birth

A

APGAR Scale

73
Q

performed within 24-36 hrs after birth to assess neurological development, reflexes, and reactions

A

Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale

74
Q

assessment of the newborn’s behavior, neurological and stress response, and regulatory capacities

A

Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale

75
Q

where the bones of the skull don’t meet

A

Fontanels

76
Q

fuzzy prenatal hair

A

Lanugo

77
Q

oily protection against infection that dries within the first few days

A

Vernix Caseosa

78
Q

lack of oxygen

A

Anoxia

79
Q

reduced oxygen supply

A

Hypoxia

80
Q

skin and eyeballs look yellow caused by immaturity of the liver

A

Neonatal Jaundice

81
Q

born three weeks or more before pregnancy reach full term (before the completion of 37 weeks of gestation)

A

Pre-term Infants

82
Q

involves skin-to-skin contact in which the baby, wearing only diaper, is held upright against the parent’s bare chest to help stabilize the preterm’s heartbeat, temp, and breathing

A

Kangaroo Care

83
Q

wherein there is a lack of surfactant (lung-coating substance) that keeps air sacs from collapsing

A

Respiratory Distress Syndrome

84
Q

crib death; sudden death of an infant under age 1 which cause of death remains unexplained. infants stop breathing, usually during the
night, and die suddenly without an
apparent cause.

A

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

85
Q

Period after childbirth. Lasts for about 6 weeks or until the mother’s body has completed the adjustment and returned to nearly prepregnant state

A

Postpartum Period

86
Q

2-3 days after birth they feel depressed, anxious, and upset

A

Postpartum Blues

87
Q

involves a major depressive episode that typically occurs about four weeks after delivery or at least a two-week period of having trouble coping with their daily task

A

Postpartum Depression

88
Q

Formation of connection, especially a physical bond between parents and the newborn in the period shortly after birth

A

Bonding

89
Q

specialization of the hemispheres

A

Lateralization

90
Q

concerned with language and logical thinking

A

Left Hemisphere

91
Q

oncerned with visual and spatial functions

A

Right Hemisphere

92
Q

tough band of tissue that joins the two hemisphere which allows them to share info and coordinate commands

A

Corpus Callosum

93
Q

smallest; concerned with visual processing

A

Occipital

94
Q

involved with integrating sensory info from the body; movement and manipulation of objects

A

Parietal

95
Q

interpret smells and sounds and involved in memory

A

Temporal

96
Q

involved in high-order processes such as reasoning and problem solving.

A

Frontal Lobe

97
Q

outer surface of the cerebrum; grows rapidly in the first few months and are mature by age 6 months

A

Cerebral Cortex

98
Q

send and receive info in the brain

A

Neurons

99
Q

nourish and protect the neurons

A

Glia or Glial Cells

100
Q

seeks to explain how motor behaviors are asses
bled for perceiving and acting. According to this theory, motor skills are the result of many converging factors,
such as the development of the nervous system, the body’s physical properties and
its movement possibilities, the goal the child is motivated to reach, and
environmental support for the skill.

A

Esther Thelen’s dynamic systems theory

101
Q

—automatic movements—govern the newborn’s behavior.

A

Reflexes

102
Q

sends signals to other neurons

A

Axon

103
Q

receive incoming messages

A

Dendrites

104
Q

tiny gaps which are bridged with the help of chemicals

A

Synapses

105
Q

neurons that control various groups of muscle coordinate their activities

A

Integration

106
Q

enables signals to travel faster and more smoothly by coating the neural pathways with myelin

A

Myelination

107
Q

skills involve large-muscle activities. Key skills developed during
infancy include control of posture and walking.

A

Gross motor

108
Q

occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors.

A

Sensation

109
Q

is the interpretation of sensation.

A

Perception

110
Q

This stage marks the physical growth during the first two years. It is also
considered as one of the most remarkable and busiest times of
Development. Rapid changes in the infant’s body and brain support learning,
motor skills, and perpetual capacities.

A

infancy

111
Q

which includes brain swelling and hemorrhaging, affects hundreds of babies.

A

Shaken baby syndrome

112
Q

is a wasted condition of the body usually appearing in the first year of life that is caused by a diet low in all essential nutrients.

A

Marasmus

113
Q

a disease usually appearing between I and 3 years of age that is caused by a diet low in protein.

A

Kwashiorkor

114
Q

According to Erikson, this extended
period results in the first stage of
psychosocial development being centered on forming a sense of TRUST.

A

DEVELOPING TRUST

115
Q

Trust vs. Mistrust

A

Infancy (0-18 months)

116
Q

Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt

A

Toddler (18 months – 36 months)

117
Q

biological process and environmental conditions influences development, the brain is plastic, and the child’s cognitive development is closed linked to development of the brain

A

Neuroconstructivist View

118
Q

automatic, innate response to stimulation which are controlled by the lower brain centers that govern involuntary processes

A

Reflex Behavior `

119
Q

includes sucking, rooting, and the Moro reflex are related to instinctive needs for survival and protection or may support the early connection to the caregiver

A

Primitive reflexes

120
Q

reactions to changes in position or balance

A

Postural Reflexes

121
Q

resemble voluntary movements that do not appear until months after the reflexes have disappeared

A

Locomotor Reflex

122
Q

used to chart progress between ages 1 month and 6 years and to identify children who are not developing normally

A

Denver Developmental Screening Test

123
Q

enable infants to learn about themselves and their environment so they can make better judgements about how to navigate in it

A

Sensory Perception

124
Q

a person learns to make a reflex, or involuntary, response to a stimulus that originally did not bring about the response

A

Classical Conditioning

125
Q

if the conditioned learning is not reinforced by repeated association

A

Extinction

126
Q

focuses on the consequences of behaviors and how they affect the likelihood of the behavior occurring again

A

Operant Conditioning

127
Q

consists of questions or tasks that are supposed to show how much of the measured abilities a person has by comparing that person’s performance with norms

A

IQ Tests

128
Q

– developmental test designed to assess children from 1 month to 3 ½ years

A

Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development

129
Q

The first stage of Jean Piaget’s cognitive development. Approx. from birth to 2 years old

A

Sensorimotor Stage

130
Q

actions or mental representations that can be performed on objects

A

Schemes

131
Q

occurs when children use their existing schemes to deal with new information

A

Assimilation

132
Q

occurs when children adjust their schemes to take new information and experiences into account

A

Accommodation

133
Q

grouping of isolated behaviors and thoughts into higher-order system

A

Organization

134
Q

the ability to mentally represent objects and actions in memory, largely through symbols such as words, numbers, and mental picture

A

Representational Ability

135
Q

the realization that something continues to exist when out of sight

A

Object Permanence

136
Q

a type of learning in which repeated or continuous exposure to a stimulus, reduces attention to that stimulus

A

Habituation

137
Q

if a new sight or sound is presented, the baby’s attention is generally captured once again, and the baby will reorient toward the interesting stimulus and once again sucking slows

A

Dishabituation

138
Q

tendency to spend more time looking at one sight rather than another

A

Visual Preference

139
Q

ability that depends on the capacity to form and refer to mental representations

A

Visual Recognition Memory

140
Q

refers to remembering that occurs without effort or even conscious awareness

A

Implicit Memory

141
Q

declarative memory; conscious intentional recollection, usually of facts, names, events, or other things that can be stated or declared

A

Explicit Memory

142
Q

communication system based on words and grammar

A

Language

143
Q

newborn’s first means of communication

A

Crying

144
Q

sound system of a language

A

Phonology

145
Q

system of meaningful units involved in word formation

A

Morphology

146
Q

the system that involves the way words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences

A

Syntax

147
Q

– the system that involves the meaning of words and sentences

A

Semantics

148
Q

the relatively consistent blend of emotions, temperament, thought, and behavior that makes each person unique

A

Personality

149
Q

underlie empathy and altruism

A

Mirror Neurons

150
Q

study of death and dying

A

Thanatology

151
Q

personal, patient- and family-centered, compassionate care for the terminally ill

A

Hospice Care

152
Q

specifically to a widely observed decline in cognitive abilities shortly before death

A

Terminal Drop or Terminal Decline

153
Q

often involving a sense of being out of the body or sucked into a tunnel and visions of bright lights or mystical encounters

A

Near-Death Experience

153
Q
A
154
Q
A

Devpsych (2 decks)

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