Midterm Flashcards
Modern subjects drawn from the everyday lives of the working class, depicted in a way that rejects the academic conventions of art, a rejection of exoticism and classism
Realism
Happened around the same time period as romanticism but has vastly different tones. Dignity and simplicity of classical style, defined as an aesthetic based upon Greek and Roman art that invokes harmony, clarity, restraint and idealism
Neoclassicism Art
First defined as an aesthetic in literary criticism around 1800, gained momentum as an artistic movement in France and Britain in the early decades of the nineteenth century and flourished until mid-century with its emphasis on the imagination and emotion
Romanticism Art
To increase power, influence and reputation
Aggrandize
In size (grand manner), can also be applied to subject (subject matter)
Monumentality
Somber, even, clear for the period
Lighting in the French state
Precise and clear, no evidence of brushwork
Brushwork in the French state
Rich, saturated, primaries for structure and unity, leads the eye through the composition through repetition
Colour neoclassicism and romanticism
Sharp and precise highlights and shadows creating clear definition in form and contours of figures
Chiaroscuro Neoclassicism and romanticism
Built through colour but look sculptural
Contours neoclassicism and romanticism
Balanced, based on verticals and horizontals
Composition
Figures create a pyramid that underscores the balance and rational reading of composition
Pyramid composition
An artistic movement that sought to capture a momentary feel, or impression, of the piece they were drawing or creating
Impressionism
One of the best known realist artists. Grew up in rural France and studied art 1839 and was rejected by the salon. Big ego
Courbet
Was a part of the realist movement in the 19th century. Most famous for his works of peasant or working class people
Jean-Francois Millet
Often credited for bridging the gap between realism and Impressionism in the 19th century. Would often challenge convention and mocked the masters
Eduardo Manet
- History, mythology, bible narratives
- Portraiture (being able to have a portrait was a sign of wealth and power)
- Genre scenes (social classes, dally life)
- Landscape
- Still life
Hierarchy of themes (French academy)
Associated with the Impressionism movement in the 1870’s. Favouring scenes of contemporary life
Mary Cassatt
An important figure in the founding of the Impressionism movement- much like Cassatt she depicted contemporary life
Berthe Morisot
Places in the world where colonization not only happened, but also replaced the original population of indigenous communities
Settler state
An ongoing system that perpetuates repression and racism, most notable in its eradication of indigenous peoples and their cultures in the name of Eurocentric ideals
Settler colonialism
All encompassing system of power
Hegemonic
A painting or other piece of out that is based upon real imagery of the land of nature
Landscape
Landscape paintings painted to create an image that was influenced by fantasy and bias
Dreamscapes
A settler colonialist trade regarding the travels of settlers and the things that they experienced, in which European settlers came across a body of a victim of an epidemics whist lost in the woods
Haunting
Opposed modern mass production and embraced natural forms, William Morris was a major force. Began in England as a way to advocate for reunification between art and labour. The attempt to counter the degradation of the work caused by the Industrial Revolution
Arts and crafts movement
Founder of the arts and crafts movement. This movement rejected mass production of products and sought to revitalize careful hand production of goods
William Morris
Toynbee hall at Oxford. Founded by Charles Robert ashbee, who was influenced by morris, Ruskin and socialism, the school was influential to the groups who attended and learned self-sufficent craft.
The guild and school of handicraft
Evolved from an elaborate biomorphic style onto a geometric one. Combination of Art nouveau, symbolism, functionalism and individualism
Glasgow style and school
An international style of art, architecture and applied art, especially the decorative arts, that was most popular between 1890 and 1910. Inspired by organic forms
Art nouveau
Born in Germany, moved to France while still quite young to help direct his family’s manufacturing business. He was influenced by Morris, but criticized him as he did not think about making work in the spirt of their own age
Siegfried Bing
In 1897, broke away from traditional artistic society, founder by Josef Hoffman and koloman moser wiener worker state
Vienna secession
Ornament is a crime and all ornamentation must be rejected. Rejecting the art nouveau movement
Adolf loos
The interest in creating document of the world, but doing so in a way that is beautiful or aesthetically pleasing, like the original photoshop
Pictorialism
That something exists or did exist, evidence of an event happening. Photographs are often considered to be a tangible from
Index
About redefining an image, an opposing kind of image identity, also see junta position towards known imagery surrounding identity
Counterimage
Not as reliant upon index, but instead relies upon photography as a mode of making a composition. Similarly no one style marks this movement, but it often includes “angles, curves, and a tendency to abstraction”
Modernist photography
The practice of artists using pre existing objects or images in their art with little transformation of the original.
Appropriation
An aid to the memory, especially book or document.in the context of photographic art history, photographs
Aide-memoire
Of or concerning the part of the mind of which one is not fully aware but which influences one’s actions and feelings
Subconcious/unconscious
A person place or thing which has a meaning in itself but suggest other meanings as well
Symbolism
The characteristic style in neo-impressionist painting defined by the separation of colours into individual dats or patches s which interacted optically
Divinsionsm
New styles and attitudes with in the Impressionism movement, specific moves away from the Royal academy and rise in contemporary subject matter, does not refer to specific visual arts but more a generic phrase for artists working in the time period
Post Impressionism
An early 20th - century style and movement in art especially painting in which perspective with a single viewpoint was abandoned and use was made of simple geometric shapes, interlocking planes, and later, collage. Influenced by jigsaw puzzles
Cubism
Comes after cubism, marked a significant change to conventional art and society
Dada
Creates a gateway for cubism by challenging the traditional trains of thought and paintings, l.e. How we see perspective
Paul cezzane
An artistic and social movement originating in Italy in 1909, passionately in favour of everything modern. They were racist, homophobic, misogynistic and xenophobic
Futurism/futurist
Emerging in the 1920s. has many connections to Dada. Some artists were affiliated with both movements. artists valued the dream state, and wanted to try and access the unconscious.
Surrealism
- Make a picture of what the subconscious “sees”
- Represent the action of the subconscious
Two main approaches to surrealism
An object, place, or person that holds familiarity while still being completely foreign
Uncanny
An example of a surrealist artist who used self portraits to explore gender and the dream state. They were categorized as a gender radicalism
Claude cahun
An object of unreasonable obsessive reverence or attention
Fetish
A Psychotherapist that was a major influence on surrealism. The ideology surrounded two key points
1. The manny
2. The fetish
Freudian
Johann winckelmann Noble, austere, neutral (does not have sentimentality) intellectual and rational
High form
Sensual, appears to the emotions, intended to convey through beauty of the human form
The beautiful
Used to refer to the distinguishing characteristics of western culture from the mid 19th century.
Modernism
The belief that there is a purer, more universal form of reality that can be revealed by stripping non essential aspects from an image
Essentialism
Related to the idea of modernism and modern art. The constant innovation of this art style is seen as detatching itself from the concerns of social political life towards the primacy of the aesthetic experience
Avant-garde
An experiment style of the mid 20th century modern art exemplified by Jackson pollocks spontaneous “action paintings” created by flinging paint on canvases stretched across the studio floor.
Abstract expressionism
American painter and major figure in the abstract expressionist movement. Was well known for his unique style of drip painting
Jackson pollock
Saw themselves as metaphorically homeless within the culture of the rapidly changing society, originally referred to as vagabondage
Bohemianism
A problematic term surrounding the colonialist attitudes and practices the artwork produced often used stereotypes that perpetuated the eastern culture as seductive amd mysterious
Orientalism
A popular subject for Ingres to depict. The figure represented a mortal woman rather than a goddess of nymph whilst being nude (taboo)
Odalisque
Clear and defined recession into space with clear and even lighting
Linear and sculptural brushwork
Objects lose definition as the recede using atmospheric effects to create mood and atmosphere
Painterly brushstrokes (romanticism)
