Midterm Flashcards
Which of the following is a rate limiter for walking?
A. Strength
B. Balance
C. Body proportions or size
D. A & b
E. A, b, c
T/F: Genetic abnormalities are always inherited
False
An increase in weight is an example of?
Physical growth
What is the primary rate limiter for galloping
Coordination
Movements that are performed by infants without any apparent stimulation include which type(s) of movements?
Spontaneous
What is the research study design in which researchers measure individuals or groups at selected ages and observe them all within a relatively short time?
Cross sectional
The perception-action approach uses which of the following terms?
Body scaling & affordance
What is the primary rate limiter for running?
Strength
Infants may use a variety of types of locomotion. For example, _______ is defined as infants moving on hands and knees.
Creeping
The ecological perspective, emphasizes the _______ between the individual, the environment, and the task.
- Interaction
- interrelatedness
- interrelationships
T/F: Extension of the limb, increase of the limb length, and an increase in rotational velocity all contribute to optimal performance of throwing a baseball.
True
Muscle mass increases rapidly in boys up to about age 17 and ultimately accounts for _____% of mens body weight.
56
_____ occurs when individuals propel themselves on one foot and land on the other foot
Leaping
Which of the following terms is associated with Newton second law of motion? (FAM)
- force production
- acceleration
- mass
T/F: Environmental constraints are changed when an individuals body grows and matures, leading to further development of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems.
False
T/F: Skilled athletes always extend their limbs as much as possible during movement in order to achieve the greatest velocity.
False
T/F: Girls begin their adolescent growth spurt approximately 2 years before boys begin their adolescent growth spurt on the average.
True
Which type of reflex is exhibited by newborns but loses strength over time until disappearing around the fourth month?
Primitive
T/F: Newton’s first law of motion states that an object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion until acted on by a force.
True
What are the two branches of ecological perspective?
- dynamic systems
- perception-action
The ________ system exerts its control over specific cellular functions through chemical substances called hormones.
Endocrine
T/F: Changes in body size during adulthood are more and more variable among individuals as we consider increasingly older age groups.
True
What is a component of the definition of development?
- Development is a continuous process
- Development is related to (but not dependent on age)
________ refers to an increase in size or body mass resulting from an increase in complete, already-formed body part/
Physical growth
A constraint ________. (Come back and edit)
- limits or permits movement
- ## discourages or encourages movement
The temperature is an example of this type of constraint.
Environmental
Recent researchers has shown that infants with motor impairments are able to ______.
Drive robots
Newtons ______ law of motion states that the acceleration of a person or object is proportional to the force applied to it and inversely proportional to its mass.
Second
T/F: Peak height velocity and peak weight velocity occur at the same age in both body and girls.
False
Which type(s) of constraint is (are) external to the body?
- task
- environmental
Adult men and adult women tend to have different shoulder-to-hip breadth proportions. Why does this occur?
Boys increase in shoulder and hip breadth during the growth spurt
Primitive, postural, and locomotor are all types of infantile ______ movements.
Reflex
A rate limiter of jumping includes that a person must ________.
Be able to develop enough force to bring the body into the air from a still position
______ occurs when a person propels himself on one foot and lands on the other foot.
Leap
Functional constraints relate to behavioral function. Which of the following is an example of a functional constraint?
Attentional focus
A loss of 1% of bone mass occurs each year starting as early as the mid-_______.
20s
Which is required for infants to begin creeping or crawling to explore the environment? (ECS)
- enough strength to support and move oneself
- coordination to uncouple the limbs
- surface has several characteristics, including a continuous path to support the body
The terms soft assembly, rate limiters, and controllers are related to which perspective of development?
Dynamic systems
The information processing perspective holds that the human brain acts like a ______.
Computer
T/F: Motor development uses research designs in which several age groups are observed repetitively over a shorter time span, permitting observation of an age span that is longer than the observation period.
True
Walking patterns in adulthood tend to change mainly as a result of which type of constraint?
Individual
The maturational perspective explains developmental change as a function of maturational processes, in particular through the development of the ______.
Central nervous system
T/F: The loss of weight in older adulthood results mainly from loss of muscle tissue.
False
What is the primary rate limiter for skipping?
Coordination
A longitudinal research study involves observing the same individual or group _________.
On numerous occasions over a long period
In young adulthood over a long period of lean body weight often _______ as a result of ______ in fat weight.
Decreases; increases
____ movements are involuntary movements that an individual makes in response to specific stimuli.
Reflexive
T/F: The study of motor behavior in terms of relatively permanent gains in motor skill capability as a result of practice or experience is called motor learning.
True
T/F: The change process occurring with the passage of time and leading to a loss of adaptability or full function is called aging.
True
T/F: The maturational perspective of motor development contends that genetics and heredity have the greatest influence on motor development, and the environment plays a limited role.
True
T/F: The study of motor behavior changes as a continuous age-related process is called motor learning
False
T/F: Principles of motion and stability act on all movements and movers. As movers become more proficient at skills, they often use these principles to their advantage.
True
T/F: Environmental constraints are changed when an individuals body grows and matures, leading to further development of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems.
False
T/F: Newton’s first law of motion states that an object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion until acted on by a force.
True
T/F: Extension of the limb, an increase of limb length, and an increase in rotation velocity all contribute to the optimal performance of throwing a baseball
True
T/F: Is the difference between stability and balance below correct?
Stability is concerned with the ability of an object or person to maintain equilibrium. Balance is concerned with the state or ability of an object or person to resist movement
False
T/F: Peak height velocity and peak weight velocity occur at the same age in both boys and girls.
False
T/F: Genetic abnormalities are always inherited.
False
T/F: After the age of 3 years, individuals tend to maintain their percentile position in comparison with group norms (i.e, if they are the 40th percentile for height at age 3, they tend to remain around the 40th percentile throughout childhood and adolescence.
True
T/F: Girls begin their adolescent growth spurt approximately 2 years before boys begin their adolescent growth.
True
T/F: Maturity can accurately be inferred from age and size.
False
T/F: Growth in the fetal stage is by hyperplasia (an increase in the absolute number of cells) and by hypertrophy (an increase in the relative size of an individual cell).
True
T/F: Active older adults add less fat weight than their sedentary peers with aging.
True
T/F: Body fat redistributes with aging, and both men and women typically have an increase in internal fat as they move through middle adulthood and into older adulthood.
True
T/F: Bone composition changes over the life span, becoming more inorganic in composition and therefore more brittle in older adulthood
True
T/F: The ossification of the skeleton begins postnatally.
False
T/F: After age 50 years, both the number of and diameter of muscle fibers decrease in the average older adult
True
T/F: If you stimulate an infantile reflex enough times, the infant will learn to inhibit it
False
T/F: Traction epiphyses are located where tendons, muscles attach to the bones.
True
T/F: Adults sometime use a light touch of a surface to aid balance. Infants do the same but only after they have acquired some walking experience.
True
T/F: The approximate age at which the parachute response appears is about 4 months.
True?
T/F: Labyrinthine righting reflex is the postural reaction that has this stimulus; supported, tilt infant upright
True
