Final Flashcards
Which of the following is a characteristic of proficient kicking?
A. The kicking leg winds up and the knee extends.
B. On the forward kick, the thigh rotates forward and then the knee straightens
C. Arms move in opposition to the legs
D. b & c
E. a, b & c
D.
Very young children’s throws tend to consist of primarily what type of action?(Aa)
Arm action
Which of the following is a characteristic of proficient overarm throwing?(Dtr, Lotua)
- differentiated trunk rotation
- lag of the upper arm behind rotation of the upper trunk
Which of the following is the most advanced developmental step in the backswing component of the overarm throw? (Cdb)
Circular downward backswing
Sex differences among children and adolescents have been documented in which body components for overarm throwing? (TrAa)
- Trunk rotation
- arm action
Sex differences among older adults in overarm throwing have been associated with which of the following? (Sacyae)
Both sex and childhood and young adult experiences
Action in which of the following body components is characteristic of early kicking? (La)
Leg action
Which of the following is a characteristic of early punting attempts? (Htkb, Ttbu, Kwtt)
- holding the knee bent as the ball is kicked
- tossing the ball up rather than just dropping it
- kicking with the toes
Which of the following is a characteristic of proficient sidearm striking? (Asith, Dtr, Aebc)
- a step into the hit toward the oncoming ball
- differentiated trunk rotation
- arm extension before contact
T/F: In changing from a throw for distance to a throw for accuracy, the most likely change observed would be a transition to lower steps in the developmental sequences.
True
T/F: One problem with using the throw for distance as a gauge of throwing development is that the score reflects body size and strength as well as skill
True
T/F: Research on the tennis serve in older adults demonstrates little change in the coordination of the serve during the older adult years.
True
T/F: Research on the golf swing demonstrates that most older adults are less accurate than young adult golfers.
False
T/F: In overarm striking, the upper arm (humerus) lads behind the trunk, but the racket precedes the forearm at ball contact.
False
T/F: Assuming the sequential movements are well timed, lag in the upper arm and forearm allows momentum to be transferred from proximal body parts to successively more distal body parts, increasing the speed of movement in the more distal body parts.
True
T/F: A long Contralateral step facilitates trunk rotation.
True
T/F: Recent research has shown that children can be at the most advanced levels of upper arm and forearm action before they routinely use trunk rotation.
False
T/F: One of the differences between development of throwing and development of overarm striking is the elbow action
True
T/F:Racket lag and trunk rotation less than 90 degrees are characteristics of proficient overarm striking.
False
In a proficient overarm throw at the time the shoulder rotates to the front-facing position, the upper arm (humerus) should be swinging forwards _______ (behind, even with, or ahead of) the shoulders.
Behind
Young children often use a _______ grip to hold the implement used in a striking task, thus ending to undercut the ball.
Power
In the development of throwing, trunk rotation in which the lower trunk and upper trunk rotate together, as a unit, is called ______ rotation.
Block
What individual structural constraints that change with aging could affect striking in older adults? How would these differ between older adults who remain active and those who become sedentary?
A loss of flexibility might limit range of motion; a loss of strength might limit speed or distance; a loss of balance might hamper the timing of sequential movements and the ability to apply force
There is a validated development sequence for punting but not for kicking. These skills are mechanically similar, however. Based on the developmental sequence for punting, hypothesize a developmental sequence for arm action in kicking.
no arm action to bilateral arm action to arm movement in opposition to the legs
Both kicking and striking involve perceptual judgements not required for throwing. How can parents or teachers modify the task constraints for kicking and striking to allow young children to practice the movement without the frustration of being intercepted?
They can make the ball stationary
T/F: Longitudinal study of throws in older adults over a period of 7 years shows that the developmental level demonstrated is relatively stable.
True
T/F: An individual’s given developmental level in the sequences for overarm throwing is so stable that we can compare performance with various task constraints, such as distance and type of ball
False
T/F: A valid and a reliable way to gauge the development of throwing is to record the accuracy with which children and adolescents hit a target off a specified size from a short distance
False
T/F: In very young children, early attempts at overarm throwing, sidearm striking, and overarm striking all tend to look the same.
True
T/F: In proficient kicking, the swing (kicking), leg moves through a shortened, compact range of motion at the hip.
False
T/F: The developmental transition for trunk action in sidearm striking is (1) block rotation followed by (2) differentiated rotation.
True
T/F: The developmental transition for arm action in the punt is (1) no use of the arms, (2) arm movement in opposition to the legs, (3) bilateral arm movement.
False
T/F: In punting the developmental transition for the non punting leg is (1) a short step, (2) a long step, (3) a leap.
True
T/F: A very young child’s early attempts at sidearm striking often resembles early attempts at throwing overhand.
True
T/F: In general, research has found that older adults perform at the lower levels in the developmental sequences when executing overarm throws.
False
Which type of constraint(s) will influence the development of pretension and grasping of infants? (SFTE)
All types of constraints (structural, functional, task, environmental)
A longitudinal study by Thelen and colleagues (1993) reveals that infants transitioned from pre-reaching to reaching at ______ months of age.
3 to 4
Thelen and colleagues (1993) believed infant reaching develops due to ________. (PE)
Practice and experience
Infants begin to purposefully use objects as tools by ________ of age.
24 months
Manual performance has been studied in which of the following age groups? (I, Ma, E)
Infants, middle aged, elderly
A skilled two-handed catcher would be expected to demonstrate which component of the developmental sequence related to hand action? (Pa)
Palms adjusted
Which of the following concepts is associated with the perception-action perspective of catching? (A, Oa, Ps)
Affordance, optic array, phase shift
From an information processing perspective, individuals must _______ to become proficient catchers. (Mmpc)
Make more precise calculations
Older adults are somewhat _______ accurate and ________ variable in their performance than younger performers, and the differences are greater when the moving object moves faster and when the older adults are sedentary rather than active. (L ; M)
Less ; more
Which of the following affects the ability to intercept a moving object? (S, Bs, T, ETc)
- speed
- ball size
- trajectory
- environmental and task constraints
The kinesthetic, or proprioceptive, system gives body sense and its vital to ability to position oneself and move in the environment. Which of the following is a type of kinesthetic receptor? (Ms, Jr, Vsc)
- Muscle spindles
- Joint receptors
- Vestibular semicircular canals
Which of the following body parts do individuals develop a preference for? (H, E, E, F)
- Hands
- Eyes
- Ears
- Feet
__________ threshold is the closest that two sounds can be yet still allow the hearer to distinguish them at least 75% of the time.
Differential
__________ perception is the coordination between seen and felt properties of objects and is on type of intermodal perception. (Vpkr)
Visual presentation-kinesthetic recognition
_________ is the neural activity triggered by a stimulus that activates a sensory receptor and results in sensory nerve impulses traveling the sensory nerve pathways to the brain.
Sensation
__________ is a multistage process that takes place in the brain and includes selecting, processing, organizing, and integrating information received from the senses.
Perception
Infants vision is about at a ______ acuity level of adults and by around ______ years of age, vision reaches adult levels.
5% ; 10
Which concept is related to the perception of space? (DpRdMp)
- Depth processing
- Retinal disparity
- Motion parallax
Which of the following is the type of perception that allows us to find embedded objects? (Fag)
Figure and ground
_______________ is the perception of actual object size despite the size of its image as projected on the retina. (Sc)
Size constancy
Which of the following was among the popular theories in the mid-20th century regarding the perception-action perspective? (NoPoPm)
- Neurological organization
- Physiological optics
- Perceptual-motor
Scanning techniques that allow imaging of the brain have examined the interrelatedness of the motor and cognitive domains. Which of the following is a finding from this research?
A, b, c
BDNF is a group of brain proteins. BDNF stands for which of the following?
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
In a classic study examining the difference between active and passive locomotion, Held and Hein (1963) used which type of animals as research subjects?
Kittens
Locomotor experience facilitates which of the following? (PostasDp)
- Perception of surface texture and slope
- Depth perception
___________ is (are) the actions or behaviors for or permitted to an actor by the places, objects, and events in and of an environment.
Affordances
People demonstrate adult like postural responses by the time they are _______ years old.
7 to 10
Which of the following changes in older adults may lead to a decrease in balance? (VKrVr)
- Vision
- Kinesthetic receptors
- Vestibular receptors
Center of ________ is a common measure of balance.
Pressure
___________ is (are) the leading cause of accidental death for people over 75 years old.
Falls
Gender and Sports and Sport Participation Title IX, which required equal opportunity for girls and women in sport, was passed in ________.
1972
Which of the following is an example of a social or cultural environmental constraint? (RR)
- Race
- Religion
The ____________ process is that by which one learns a social role within groups with certain values, morals, and rules.
Socialization
____________ occurs when a parent or significant other encourages activities that are deemed gender appropriate. (Gt)
Gender typing
The best predictor of adult sport involvement is participation during childhood and adolescence. In fact, about _______ of eventual sport participants become involved in sports by age 8.
75%
Findings from research suggest that the roles of race, ethnicity, social background, and other factors in family socialization are ________ and _________ to characterize on a group basis. (C ; D)
Complex ; Difficult
Aversive socialization includes which of the following?
B & C
Which of the following is part of a four-part philosophy designed to enhance the enjoyment and benefits of children’s participation in sport? (Wie, Fdql, Sinsww)
- Winning isnt everything
- Failure doesn’t qualify losing
- Success is not synonymous with winning
________ characteristics are culturally based and relate to cultural similarities that connect groups.
Ethnic
A cultural phenomenon in the United States that may act as a constraint for girls’ motor behavior is _______. (EoT9bs)
Enforcement of Title IX by schools
Project __________ is annual event in which millions of children’s all over the globe exercise at the same time in a symbolic gesture of fitness and unity.
ACES
Self-_______ is one’s personal judgement of his or her own capability, significance, success, and worthiness; it is conveyed to others through words and actions.
Esteem
Harter and Pike (1984) developed a scale that uses _________ to measure self-perceptions of children under 8 years old.
Pictures
Children begin to compare themselves to others at the age of _____ years old.
5
Teachers and coaches should provide __________ feedback related to performance in order to attempt to raise a child’s self-esteem.
Specific
Which of the following described internal attributions? (Btiio)
Believing that individuals influence outcomes
Research suggests that children ______ years old attribute outcomes to both effort and luck more than older children.
7 to 9
Which of the following reason was cited as a reason for why children and teens continue to participate in sport? (Adthf, Adtbpoat)
- a desire to have fun
- a desire to be part of a team
A _________ is a type of instructional approach that is student centered. (Mmc)
Mastery motivational climate
The amount and intensity of physical activity tend to _______ as adults grow older, especially among ________. (D ; F)
Decrease ; females
______ proportions of lean body mass show a positive link to working capacity and ________ proportions of fat tissue show a negative link.
Higher ; higher
Which of the following techniques is used to stem irate body fat in a research or clinical context? (ScWd)
- skinfold calipers
- water displacement
Fat tissue increases rapidly during two periods: _______ and ________. (F6mab, Ea)
First 6 months after birth ; early adolescence
The Parizkova studies indicate that physical activity has a _______ influence on boys’ body composition during the growing years.
Favorable
In general, research demonstrates that children with ______ motor proficiency are _____ fit.
Less ; less
A recent study found that a relatively ______ walking program of 12 weeks for men between 63 and 72 years of age brought about a decrease of fat weight. (St)
Short-term
Which of the following is the range of normal body mass index?
18.5 to 24.9
In the United States, about ______ of children and adolescents are obese, an increase of 54% in children and 39% in adolescents over 20 years.
25%
_________ is the amount of energy needed to sustain the body’s vital functions in the walking state. (Bmr)
Basal metabolic rate
Which of the following does research suggest is a likely component of an intervention to reduce weight in children? (Ipa, Id, Fi)
- increased physical activity
- improved diet
- family involvement
Which of the following is the most important type of constraint?
Task, functional, environmental, structural
Constraints _______ interact with one another to influence movement.
Always
Which type of constraint typically requires a longer time to change?
Structural
Manipulating a constraint at any given time may produce a functional change in movement. In motor development, we are most concerned with changes in movements over time, particularly ones that become more ___________. (PS)
- Permanent
- Structural
On a day-to-day basis, which of the following type of constraints can be manipulated by educators? (TE)
- Task
- Environmental
The distance between the pitching mound and home plate is an example of what type of constraint?
Task
A movement educator lowers the height of a basketball net to make it an appropriate height for elementary school-age students to practice shooting the ball. The type of constraint manipulated was which of the following?
Task
Body scaling is a method that can be used to manipulate which of the following constraint(s)? (TE)
- Task
- Environmental
A __________ is an evaluation of how a particular task or skill is accomplished, focusing on critical components that influence movement. (Ta)
Task analysis
Strength is limbs move
Isotonic/isokinetic
Extorted against an immovable resistance
Isometric
Resistance varies, and the speed stays the same.
Isokinetic
Resistance increases or decreases through ROM
Variable resistance
Shortening of muscle
Concentric
Lengthening of muscle
Eccentric
Which type of strength test involves exerting force against an immovable resistance?
Isometric
________ strength is the exertion of force at a constant limb velocity through the range of motion at a joint.
Isokinetic
Which of the following
statements is true?
a. Muscle mass increases steadily as
children age.
b. Other factors besides muscle mass
contribute to strength levels.
c. Neural influences such as myelination
of nerve fibers and improved muscle
coordination are related to strength gains.
A, b, c
Women can typically produce __________to
of the __________force that men can exert, although most of these
differences can be attributed to differences in arm
and shoulder strength rather than in trunk or leg
strength.
60-80%
Which of the following aspect(s) of strength is (are) typically characterized by better maintenance with
aging? (Muida)
Muscles used in daily activities
Which of the following is a potential cause for losing strength with aging? (Lomnitsc, Gi)
- loss of motor neurons in the spinal cord
- general inactivity
Research has shown that boys and girls as young as ________ years old can increase their strength with a variety of resistance training methods.
6
Which of the following statements is true regarding older adults?
a. Increase in strength is partly due to an increase in muscle mass,
B. Training intensity should be over 85% to increase the rate of force development
c. Five or six training sessions per week yield the best results.
A & b
The most common test of flexibility is the __________.
Sit and reach test
Arthritis and associated joint pain affect approximately 1 out of every ________ child in the United States.
250
What is sarcopenia?
Gradual loss of skeletal muscle that occurs with age
