Midterm Flashcards
These special places,
these works of
____________, are works
of art. Like painting,
music or literature,
these buildings help us
understand our
capacities as humans
Architecture
One reason old places
matter is how they
foster _________,
from a shared sense of
place, to the
storytelling that
happens in old
neighborhoods, to the
way people meet and
gather on common
ground
Community
The positive ________ _____ of historic
preservation on the
economy has been
documented in six
broad areas: 1) jobs,
2) property values,
3) heritage tourism,
4) environmental
impact, 5) social
impact, and 6)
downtown
revitalization.
Economic Impact
PRESERVATION IS….
…a progressive art ____.
….an intellectual and design _________ of the
the very
highest level.
…_______ to the public good.
…a _______ act.
form, challenge, crucial, radical
Preservation Defined
-Typically, a grassroots movement.
-Some communities hold it in high regard, others do not.
-Can be firmly ingrained in a community’s consciousness, or
not.
-Key to success: The ability to adapt to new and
ever-changing political, economic, and cultural
climates.
-Todd’s definition: A grassroots, broad-based, multi-faceted
movement focusing on the educational, environmental,
cultural, aesthetic, social, and economic impact of historic
resources.
Preservationists- Passive
Habit, Hapenstance
Preservationists- Active
Concerted effort
Preservationists- Professional
Compensated
Applied History
The preservation of historic buildings should include not only their physical
configurations but also their histories.
Think of the building as the
“noun” in a sentence (the
object) and the history as
the “verb” (action/occurrence).
Ann Adelia Armstrong
Teaching students at her art school in
Knoxville.
Viollet-le-Duc
-The first “restoration” architect
-Church of La Madeleine at Vezelay (Burgundy), France - C. 1120-1150 A.D.
-Burgundian Romanesque style
-Restoration c. 1840-1860 A.D. (no original plans; no schools of restoration)
-New stone sculpted to match old
-Statuary based on Viollet-le-Ducs’ preferences
John Ruskin, (1819 - 1900)
English critic of art, architecture,
and society who was a gifted
painter, a distinctive prose
stylist, and an important
example of the Victorian Sage,
or Prophet
Maintain - do everything you can to keep it in a “state of
completion
Viollet-le-Duc
Don’t do anything again, ever.
Ruskin
Move it to preserve it and secure it.
Elgin Marble
Respect it as sacred for a community.
Canyon de Shelly
Leave it unpreserved in order to learn from it
Drayton Hall
Pick a point in time and restore it to that period.
Strawberry Hill
Restore, but don’t make it too perfect
Williamsburg
Modern is significant, too.
TWA
Constantly renew, as in nature.
Ise Shrine
Recreate what has been lost
Warsaw + Moscow
“First” preservation project
Independence Hall
Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association
“First” nationwide preservation group
First historic district.
Charleston, SC
In Charleston, SC, local activist _ _ _ directed the historic Charleston Foundation to create a fund to buy old homes to save them from destruction in 1957.
Frances Edmund
In Denver, an effort made by architecture conservationist, _ _ _ to save larimer square, the city’s founding neighborhood, culminated in it being named the burg’s first historic district in 1971
Dana Hudkins Crawford
In New York, former first lady _ _ _ lent the municipal arts society her celebrity and political contacts to help save Grand Central Terminal from demolition in 1979
Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis
Majorian
Emperor of Rome
457-461
Issued one of the
earliest recorded
preservation statutes in
history. He fined any
magistrate who gave
permission to strip
stone from an imperial
monument. Workmen
who carried out the
request would be
scourged and have
their hands cut off.
Private Property cannot be taken for public use without just compensation
Fifth Amendment
Entitle every citizen to due process and equal protection under the law. Ensures that government actions affecting private property are reasonable and fair and advance and legitimate public purpose
Fourteenth Amendment
_______ ______ is the right of state, local, or federal government to seize private property for public use including: transportation development, municipal buildings, public schools, and public parks
Eminent Domain
National Historic Preservation Act of 1966
-Created the National Register of Historic Places
-Defined the concept of historic districts
-Established the Advisory Council on
Historic Preservation
Section 106 Review
Area of potential effects
-Mandates a State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO)
-Mandates a state review board
-Allows Certified Local Governments
Tennessee Heritage Protection Act
The Tennessee Heritage Protection Act was initially enacted in 2013 and amended in 2016 and 2018. Generally, the Tennessee Heritage Protection Act prohibits the removal, relocation, or renaming of a memorial that is,
or is located on, public property.
A public entity exercising control of a
memorial may petition the Tennessee
Historical Commission in writing for a waiver from the prohibition. After consideration of the petition, the Tennessee Historical Commission will vote on whether to grant or
deny the waiver. On and after May 21, 2018, a historic organization may petition the Tennessee Historical Commission to transfer ownership
to the historic organization and/or relocate a memorial with the consent of the public entity exercising control of the memorial.
Berman v. Parker (1954)
The Berman v. Parker decision established the principle
that aesthetics alone sufficiently justified government
regulation of private property.
Figarsky v. HDC (1976)
Upheld a commission’s decision to deny a demolition
permit based on “vague aesthetic legislation”
Maher v. City of New Orleans (1974)
Established that a building in a historic district did not
need to have individual significance to merit protection.
National Register 4 Criteria
-Association with significant events
-Association with significant persons
-Architectural significance (construction)
-Ability to yield information (archaeology)
Historic/Architectural Integrity
-Location (place)
-Design (form, plan, space)
-Setting (environment)
-Materials (physical elements)
-Workmanship (craftsmanship)
-Feeling (aesthetic or historic sense of a particular period)
-Association (direct link with event or person)
National Heritage Areas
National Heritage Areas are places where historic, cultural, and natural
resources combine to form cohesive, nationally important landscapes.
Unlike national parks, National Heritage Areas are large lived-in
landscapes. Consequently, National Heritage Area entities collaborate
with communities to determine how to make heritage relevant to local
interests and needs.
In 1984, the first National Heritage Area, Illinois and Michigan Canal
National Heritage Area, was signed into law by President Ronald
Reagan. In his dedication speech, Reagan referred to National Heritage
Areas “a new kind of national park” that married heritage conservation,
recreation, and economic development. As of 2023, 62 National
Heritage Areas are designated.
Stretching over more than 494,000 acres, this exceptionally
beautiful park is home to more than 3,500 plant species,
including almost as many trees (130 natural species) as in all of
Europe. Many endangered animal species are also found there,
including what is probably the greatest variety of salamanders in
the world. Since the park is relatively untouched, it gives an idea
of temperate flora before the influence of humankind.
Great Smokey Mountains National Park
What is a historic district?
There are really three types of “historic districts”:
-Non-designated historic neighborhoods.
Highland Park, Orchard Knob, Glenwood
-National Register designated historic districts.
Missionary Ridge, Downtown Historic District
-Locally designated historic districts with guidelines and
historic zoning commission oversight.
Fort Wood, Ferger Place, St. Elmo, Battery Place
Top 5 reasons to establish a historic
district:
- General protection of significant historic resources.
- Protection against specific threats.
- To incentivize redevelopment.
- To stabilize neighborhoods.
- To enhance general image and social value.
The inability to
maximize a property’s economic return
is not sufficient justification
Economic Hardships
Government taking
for public benefit with fair
compensation to owner.
Eminent Domain
Creating
a (Local)
Historic
District
- Define the boundaries (follow the
National Register boundaries or create
different boundaries). Look for
cohesion, integrity, and perception. - Inventory: Compile history and
photographic evidence. Determine % of
contributing vs. non-contributing. - Develop design guidelines. What will be
governed (demolition, additions,
materials, etc.) - Conduct community meetings
(public/property owner input). - Local government votes (traditionally
wants a majority of property owners to
support the effort).
Legal
Criteria
- The ordinance creating the district
should protect and promote the welfare
of citizens (benefitting all and not a few
select property owners). - The ordinance should be rational and
easy to understand/interpret. - The provisions of the ordinance should
be fair and apply equally to everyone. - The commission should practice due
diligence and due process
“America’s most influential architect.”
Frank Lloyd Wright
1867-1959
