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Historic Preservation > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

The methods and materials used to protect and
conserve historic buildings.

A

Preservation Technology

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2
Q

Four key steps of preservation technology

A
  1. Identification
  2. Condition Assessment
  3. Evaluating Treatment Options
  4. Recommendation
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3
Q

Preservation Technology is a
multi-disciplinary approach

A
  1. Architects
  2. Engineers
  3. Archeologists
  4. Conservators
  5. Preservationists
  6. Contractors
  7. Tradesmen
  8. Historians
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4
Q

Four Approaches (4 R’s)

A
  • Preservation
  • Rehabilitation
    (Adaptive
    Reuse)
  • Restoration
  • Reconstruction
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5
Q

The maintenance of a property without
significant alteration to its current condition

A

Preservation

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6
Q

The most flexible intervention strategy.
Generally, the changes are most radical
on the interior.

A

Rehabilitation (aka adaptive reuse)

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7
Q

Taking a place back to a particular
moment in time.
A careful decision is needed because this
approach does not allow for the natural
evolution of the building.
Should not be based on guesses (think:
Viollet-le-Duc), only evidence.

A

Restoration

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8
Q

Replicating the appearance of a specific
time in a contextual setting.
Most appropriate when a historic structure
needs to be physically in place at a larger
historic site to provide context for
interpretation.

A

Reconstruction

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9
Q

Applies careful scientific analysis to the
process of understanding the details of
specific problems and justifying
appropriate solutions.
Example: Evaluation of historic colors.

A

Conservation

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10
Q
  • Interview current and former owners.
  • Ask for old photographs, news clippings,
    plans.
  • Library and historical society archives
  • Old newspapers (Newspapers.com)
  • Old city Directories
  • Census Data (Ancestry.com)
  • Deeds/Titles (Hamilton County Register of
    Deeds)
  • Building permits
  • Research publications (in or out of print)
A

Literature/Resource
Search

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11
Q
  • Architectural changes/discontinuities
  • Blocked-in doors and windows
  • Breaks in moldings
  • Ghost outlines of former additions
    (exterior)
  • Ghost outlines of removed walls/rails
    (interior)
  • Odd window sizes/infill
  • Old door hinge/jamb locations
A

how to read a building

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12
Q
  1. Mental and written notes on key
    elements.
  2. Assess the structural condition.
  3. Modifications or additions?
  4. Sketch facades and floor plans.
  5. Measure overall footprint.
  6. Take photographs.
  7. Survey interior room conditions.
  8. Inventory structural and mechanical systems
A

the investigation process

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13
Q

identifying the physical remains of past human
activities (prehistory and history)

A

the role of archeology

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14
Q

The National Preservation Act of 1966 mandated
that no new construction project on public land
or involving public funds could proceed if it
damaged an unstudied/suspected archeological
site

A

cultural resource management

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15
Q

 Focused on the “building envelope” – roofs,
windows and walls.
 Priority #1 – keep the water OUT.
 Priority #2 – balancing heat loss/gain to
prevent unwanted moisture and air infiltration.

A

Technology of Building
Materials

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16
Q

 The roof is the first line of defense against
water and critical to maintaining structural
integrity.
 Roofing materials change – the roofing
material is considered “sacrificial” because
they must be replaced periodically.
 Inspect roofs from above and below.
 Take note of any evidence that tells you what
the original roofing was and how it has
changed over time.

A

start at the roofs

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17
Q

Some slates are more durable than others, but a
properly laid top quality slate should last 80-100
years+.
Check for:
 Broken slates
 Missing slates
 Slate flaking apart (delamination)
 Nails letting go (fastener failure)
 Slate particles collecting in valley flashing

A

inspecting slate

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18
Q

For maximum roof life, shingles and shakes
require proper air circulation underneath so they
can dry after rain. Therefore, they should be laid
on open sheathing. If you find that they are
improperly laid, you can help them dry by
providing adequate ventilation in the attic.
Check for:
 Biological attack (moss or mold, insects, birds)
 Cupping and warping
 Deep cracks and splits
 Wood has become unevenly thin from erosion

A

Inspecting: Wood
Shingles

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19
Q

Pay particular attention to shingles on the ridge,
hips, and at roof edges; they get the hardest
wear. Also watch for lumpiness that indicates a
new roof has been applied over old shingles; all
sorts of damage could be covered up.
Check for:
 Mineral granules almost totally worn off
shingles
 Mineral granules collecting in gutters and base
of downspouts
 Edges of shingles look worn
Check for:
 Nails popping up
 Roof looks new but lumpy
 Mold or moss forming on shingles
 Holes in the roof from guy cables, TV antennas
etc.
 Leading edge of roof damaged by ladders

A

Inspecting: Asphalt
Shingles

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20
Q

Check for:
 Wet spots
 Stains
 Rotten materials
 Efflorescence (salt residue)
 Mold (fungus)

A

checking under roofs

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21
Q

 Windows greatly contribute to a building’s
historical style and integrity.
 Repair is preferred over replacement.
 Replacements should match the old in design,
coloor, texture, and material.
 Consider newer materials carefully.
 Add storm windows for energy efficiency and
weather protection

A

The View on
WINDOWS

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22
Q

 Maintenance addresses both the masonry
units as well as the mortar between them.
 May be weight-bearing.
 Repair before cleaning to prevent moisture
penetration.
 Repoint eroded mortar joints.
 Replace broken or damaged masonry.
 Patch epoxies/cementitious compound
Check for:
 Cracking
 Spalling (peeling/crumbling)
 Bowing (bulges horizontally)
 Leaning
 Mortar deterioration

A

exterior masonry windows

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23
Q

 Most likely did not exist when the historic
building was first built.
 Certain features can be “grandfathered in”, or
accepted as-is under certain conditions.
 There may be “trade-off” options available.
 The International Building Code has provisions
for old buildings – but often leaves
interpretation to the local inspectors.

A

construction codes

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24
Q

 Typically, a building needs to provide two ways
of getting out from each level (egress).
 This can be impacted by the use – and
“assembly” classification may require event
more.
 Open stairs are typically not counted as an
official fire exit. These must be fire-rated with
doors and finishes that limit how quickly fire
can penetrate the space.
 Sprinkler systems can help with options.

A

two ways out

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25
Q

Are preservationists anti-development?

A

no

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26
Q

(Master Plans) guide a
community’s land use decisions over a long-time
span.
Common elements include:
* Housing
* Transportation
* Environmental Features
* Public Facilities
* Economic Development
* But rarely historic preservation

A

comprehensive plans

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27
Q

Most effective ___________ Plans exist within
the context of a comprehensive plan. Common
elements include:
* Goals of preservation in the community
* Definitions of historic character
* Past and current preservation efforts
* Survey of historic resources/assets
* Legal basis for protection
* Incentives
* Educational programming
* Goals and policies

A

Preservation Plans

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28
Q

address the relationship
between building facades and the public realm,
the form and mass of buildings in relation to one
another, and the scale and types of streets and
blocks.

A

form-based codes

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29
Q

The traditional core of a community is valuable
for many reasons:
* The existing infrastructure (streets, utilities).
* Provides community focus and a sense of
identity.
* Offers functional diversity (a mix of uses).
* Make excellent employment/business
incubators.
* Is usually home to the most dense historic
character.
* Promotes heritage tourism.
* Is centrally located.

A

downtowns matter!

30
Q

The four point approach

A

design, organization, promotion, economic restructing

31
Q

 Appearance/MaintenanAppearance/Maintenan
cece
 StorefrontsStorefronts
 Window DisplaysWindow Displays
 SignageSignage
 LandscapingLandscaping
 Way-findingWay-finding
 CleanlinessCleanliness
 Building InventoryBuilding Inventory
 Parking ManagementParking Management
 Historic DistrictsHistoric Districts

A

design

32
Q

 Image/BrandingImage/Branding
 MarketingMarketing
 Special EventsSpecial Events
 Retail PromotionsRetail Promotions
 PublicationsPublications
 Media RelationsMedia Relations
 AwardsAwards
 Ribbon-cuttingsRibbon-cuttings
 Website/Mobile App.Website/Mobile App.
 Quality EmphasisQuality Emphasis

A

promotion

33
Q

 Market AnalysisMarket Analysis
 IncentivesIncentives
 FinancingFinancing
 Business InventoryBusiness Inventory
 Small Business AssistanceSmall Business Assistance
 RetentionRetention
 RecruitmentRecruitment
 ExpansionExpansion
 New MarketsNew Markets
 IncubatorsIncubators

A

economic

34
Q

 Management
 Work Plans
Monitoring/Statistics
 Volunteers
 Partnerships
 Memberships
 Funding
 Grants
 Strategic Plans
 Training

A

organization

35
Q

No Single Focus

A

comprehensive

36
Q

Small Projects and Simple Activities

A

incremental

37
Q

Local leadership/Grassroots

A

self-help

38
Q

Public/Private/Community

A

Partnership

39
Q

Not Quantity

A

quality

40
Q

In Attitudes and Practice

A

change

41
Q

Visible Results

A

implementation

42
Q

sets standards for national
accreditation and accreditation and serves as a resource for serves as a resource for
programs.programs

A

national main street america

43
Q

is a coordinating partner
andand monitors localmonitors local programs, provide technicalprograms, provide technical
assistanceassistance and training, and encouragesand training, and encourages
downtown revitalizationdowntown revitalization strategies.strategies

A

state tennessee main street

44
Q

has an organization devoted to
downtown management with staff and meetsdowntown management with staff and meets
nationalnational accreditation standards annually.accreditation standards annually.
Levels of Main Street

A

local; the community

45
Q

Standards for Rehabilitation TOP 10:
1. A property will be used as it was
historically or adaptively reused with
minimal change.
2. Historic character is retained and
preserved. Removal of features is
discouraged.
3. Recognized as a physical record of its
time, place, and use.
4. Changes that have acquired their own
historic significance is retained.
5. Distinctive craftsmanship is preserved.
Design Guidelines
Standards for Rehabilitation TOP 10:
6. Deteriorated features will be repaired.
7. Chemical or physical treatments
undertaken with sensitivity (most gentle
method).
8. Archeaological resources will be protected
and preserved in place.
9. Any new construction will not destroy the
historic fabric.
10.New additions designed to potentially be
removed.

A

Design Guidelines

46
Q

New design/construction that is sensitive to its
surroundings. It works as part of the “ensemble”
and respects the scale, height, setback,
materials, and detailing of surrounding older
buildings.
Three options:
1. Matching the old (replication).
2. Creating a contrasting design (distinctly
different).
3. Using compatible design (matches scale,
proportions, massing, materials).

A

Contextualism

47
Q

Does Preservation
Make $ense?

A

yes

48
Q

 Historic buildings are located in areas with existing
infrastructure (streets, utilities, etc.).
 Almost 2/3 of landfills are filled with construction
debris. Think about all the energy (embodied
energy) + $ that created that building.
 Stabilizes/revitalizes neighborhoods. Improves
safety and increases property values.
 Activates heritage tourism and creates a ripple
effect on jobs, diversity, entrepreneurs, etc.
 Greater $ impact than new construction (creates 2-
5 times as many jobs as new construction and
keeps $ local).

A

property owners and
municipalities

49
Q

 Historic buildings have inherent advantages:
 Good locations
 High ceilings/flexible spaces
 Higher-quality materials
 History provides marketing opportunity/unique identity
 Quality details and craftsmanship
 Obtaining permits and approvals can be easier
than new construction.
 There can be unique financial incentives.
 Broadens tax base.
 Less environmental impact.

A

property owners and
municipalities.

50
Q

is a new term to describe an old
process - the selective dismantling or removal of
materials from buildings prior to or instead of
conventional demolition

A

deconstruction

51
Q

 Different communities use a variety of options,
including:
 Tax abatement (deferring tax increases) for a period
of time.
 Tax exemption on the increased assessed
improvements.
 Reduced property taxes.
 Limiting assessment increases

A

property tax incentives

52
Q

Federal dollars
encouraged wholesale demolition and a massive
scale. Many sites were torn down to make way for
new developments that never happened

A

urban renewal

53
Q

 Eliminated tax deduction for older building
demolition.
 Introduced a tax advantage of accelerated
depreciation for substantial rehabilitation of historic
structures.

A

1976 – Tax Reform Act

54
Q

 10% tax credit for the costs of rehabilitating
income-producing older buildings.
 A tax credit is a dollar-for-dollar direct reduction in
income taxes owed (not a deduction).
 Has to be a certified historic structure (National
Register).

A

1978 – The Rehabilitation Investment Tax
Credit was established

55
Q

 A 1979 study showed that $1.3 million in tax
credits had generated $27 million in
rehabilitation work.
 Between 1976 and 1986, nearly 70,000
projects valued at $11 billion took advantage of
this program.
 1980 – The program was expanded to include
“contributing structures”. The credit became a
20% credit with 10% available for non-certified
buildings built before 1936.
 It became clear that the primary purpose of the
RITC was adaptive reuse, opening the door for

A

ritc success

56
Q

a legal document that can
protect a building’s façade and prevent
demolition

A

easement

57
Q

Transfers of
development rights
programs are
voluntary programs
that allow the owner of
one property (the
“sending site”) to
transfer its
development rights to
the owner of a second
property (the
“receiving site”).

A

Transfer of
Development Rights
(TDR)

58
Q

PDR programs seek to
permanently protect
productive, sensitive,
or aesthetic
landscapes.
The landowner is
allowed to continue
their farming activities
as usual, and the
landowner or heirs
may sell the property.

A

Purchase of
Development Rights
(PDR)

59
Q

refers to information
communicated at educational, natural, or
recreational sites such as museums, parks, or
science centers

A

heritage interpreation

60
Q

is a mission-based communication
process that forges emotional and intellectual
connections between the interests of the
audience and the meanings inherent in the
resource.”

A

interpretation

61
Q

 If it does not relate, it is sterile.
 Information is not interpretation. (Rather, it is
revelation based upon information.)
 Interpretation is an art. (Art is teachable.)
 The chief aim is provocation (not information).
 It should present a whole (not just a part).
 It should be age appropriate (not simply a
dilution of adult material for children under 12).

A

six principles

62
Q

A.K.A. – “dark tourism”, “morbid tourism”, or
“grief tourism”. These are places typically
associated with death and tragedy or events
considered quite painful to remember

A

Thanatourism

63
Q

Evokes feelings that cannot be experienced in
any other place. You might say that it has a
“spiritual quality” that is greater than its physical
(tangible) character. Intangible heritage can be
expressed in music, dance, language, food, arts
and crafts, storytelling, and festivals. They
create a

A

sense of place

64
Q

 Top 3 reasons people travel domestically.
 80% of U.S. travelers participate in heritage
tourism.
 Typically spend over $1,000 per trip.
 Contributes $200+ billion to U.S. economy.
 Seeking authenticity.
 Influences choices (stores, restaurants,
lodging).

A

heritage tourism

65
Q

5 Steps to expand our cultural heritage:
 Save more diverse places.
 Tell the full story at existing sites.
 Move beyond buildings to recognize the
significance of our intangible heritage.
 Ensure that all voices are heard.
 Confront difficult history.

A

increasing diversity

66
Q

“The greenest building is one that is already
built.”

A

Carl Elefant

67
Q

defines a building
designed and built to significantly reduce the
damages inflicted on the health of its inhabitants
and the environment. A sustainably designed
building is important because it uses
substantially less energy and water long-term
and it’s built using fewer chemically toxic

A

Sustainable architecture

68
Q

The residual value of of energy built into old
cities is enormous, packed into streets, utilities,
and buildings.

A

embodied energy

69
Q

is an alternative to demolition. In
thinking about how to build a more sustainable
future, the preservation of our historic buildings
needs to be prioritized. But when buildings can’t
be saved, there is still room for preservation to
play a role.

A

deconstruction

70
Q

The world’s most widely used green building
rating system. LEED certification provides a
framework for healthy, highly efficient, and cost-
saving green buildings, which offer
environmental, social and governance benefits.

A

Leadership in Energy and Environmental
Design

71
Q

By bringing old buildings into the future through
reuse and retrofitting, we can prevent and
reduce harmful carbon emissions. And by
adapting our historic places to withstand
increasing climate-related impacts—from sea
level rise, storms, and floods, to drought and
wildfire—we can help historic communities
become more resilient.

A

preservation is climate action

72
Q
A

Historic Preservation (2 decks)

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