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psych 1100 > midterm > Flashcards

midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

William James headed to what is now Germany, where he learned about the new field of psychology in:

A

1860

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2
Q

The structuralist approach to psychology gradually faded, mostly because of the subjective nature of

A

introspection

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3
Q

Locke argued that a child’s mind is

A

a tabula rasa, or “blank slate.”

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4
Q

The method of introspection is a problematic approach because…

A

it is difficult for psychologists to agree on the basic elements of consciousness, and the method is too subjective.

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5
Q

philosophical dualism

A

The idea that the mind and body are separate entities that interact to produce sensations, emotions, and conscious experiences.

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6
Q

psychology

A

the scientific study of mind and behaviour, and it has deep philosophical roots

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7
Q

philosophical materialism

A

all mental phenomena are reducible to physical phenomena.

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8
Q

philosophical realism

A

perceptions of the physical world are produced by the information from the sensory organs

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9
Q

philosophical idealism

A

perceptions of the physical world are the brain’s interpretation of information from the sensory organs

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10
Q

philosophical empiricsm

A

the view that all knowledge is acquired through experience

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11
Q

philosophical nativism

A

some knowledge is innate rather than acquired

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12
Q

reaction time

A

the amount of time between the onset of a stimulus and a person’s response to the stimulus

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13
Q

structuralism

A

late 19th European psychologists attempted to isolate and analyze the mind’s basic elements

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14
Q

introspection

A

the analysis subjective experience by trained observers

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15
Q

functionalism

A

influenced by Darwin’s theory of Natural Selection, emphasizing the adaptive significance of mental processes

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16
Q

natural selection

A

the process by which the specific attributes that promote an organism’s survival and reproduction become more prevalent in the population over time

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17
Q

hysteria

A

a loss of function that has no obvious physical origin

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18
Q

unconscious

A

the part of the mind that contains information of which people are not aware

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19
Q

psychoanalytic theory

A

developed by Sigmund Freud, the influence of the unconscious on feelings, thoughts, and behaviours

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20
Q

psychoanalysis

A

a therapy devised by Freud that he believed could help people gain insight into the contents of their unconscious minds

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21
Q

behaviourism

A

developed by John Watson that restricted scientific inquiry to observable behaviour

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22
Q

principle of reinforcement

A

how organisms learn to operate in their environment

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23
Q

Gestalt psychology

A

how the mind creates perceptual experience

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24
Q

developmental psychology

A

how psychological phenomena change over the life span

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25
Q

social psychology

A

the study of the causes and consequences of sociality

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26
Q

cognitive psychology

A

the emergence of this allowed psychologists to use the language information processing to study mentalistic phenomena

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27
Q

evolutionary psychology

A

the study of how the human mind has been shaped by natural selection

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28
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A

the relationship between the brain and the mind (human)

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29
Q

behavioural neuroscience

A

the relationship between the brain and behaviour (animal)

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30
Q

cultural psychology

A

the study of how culture influences mental life

31
Q

what impact did Freud have on psychology

A

little impact on experimental psychology, but a tremendous impact on the treatment of psychological disorders and on the intellectual climate of the Western world

32
Q

empiricism

A

knowledge of the world can be acquired by observing it

33
Q

scientific method

A

a procedure for using empirical evidence to establish facts

34
Q

theories

A

explanations of natural phenomena

35
Q

hypothesis

A

a falsifiable prediction made by a theory

36
Q

empirical method

A

a set of rules and techniques for observation

37
Q

operational definition

A

a description of a property in measurable terms

38
Q

construct validity

A

a feature of operational definitions whose specified operations are generally considered good indicators of the specified properties

39
Q

power

A

a detector’s ability to detect the presence of differences or changes in the magnitude of a property

40
Q

reliability

A

a detector’s ability to detect the absence of differences or changes in the magnitude of a property

41
Q

demand characteristics

A

those aspects of an observational setting that cause people to behave as they think someone else wants or expects

42
Q

naturalistic observation

A

a technique for gathering information by unobtrusively observing people in their natural environments

43
Q

observer bias

A

the tendency for observers’ expectations to influence both what they believe they observed and what they actually observed

44
Q

double-blind study

A

a study in which neither the researcher nor the participant knows how the participants are expected to behave

45
Q

population

A

a complete collection of people

46
Q

sample

A

a partial collection of people drawn from a population

47
Q

frequency distribution

A

a graphic representation showing the number of times that the measurement of a property takes on each of its possible values

48
Q

normal distribution

A

a mathematically defined distribution in which the frequency of measurements is highest in the middle and decreases symmetrically in both directions

49
Q

mode

A

the value of the most frequently observed measurement

50
Q

mean

A

the average value of all the measurements

51
Q

median

A

the value that is in the middle

52
Q

range

A

the value of the smallest measurement

53
Q

standard deviation

A

how each of the measurements in a frequency distribution differs from the mean

54
Q

variable

A

properties that can have more than one value

55
Q

correlation

A

a relationship between variables in which variations in the value of one variable are synchronized with variations in the value of the other

56
Q

correlation coefficient (r)

A

a mathematical measure of both the direction and strength of a correlation

57
Q

natural correlation

A

a correlation that is observed in the natural world

58
Q

third-variable problem

A

the natural correlation between two variables cannot be taken as evidence of a causal relationship between them because a third variable might be causing them both

59
Q

experimentation

A

a technique for establishing the causal relationship between variables

60
Q

manipulation

A

a technique for determining the causal power of a variable by actively changing its value

61
Q

independent variable

A

that variable that is manipulated in an experiement

62
Q

dependant variable

A

the variable that is measured in an experiment

63
Q

self-selection

A

a problem that occurs when anything about a participant determines the value of the independent variable to which the participant was exposed

64
Q

random assignment

A

a procedure that assigns participants to conditions by chance

65
Q

internal validity

A

an attribute of an experiment that allows it to establish causal relationships

66
Q

external validity

A

an attribute of an experiment in which variables have been operationally defined in a representative way

67
Q

case method

A

a procedure for gathering scientific information by studying a single individual

68
Q

random sampling

A

a technique for selecting participants that ensures that every member of a population has an equal chance of being included in the sample

69
Q

replication

A

an experiment that uses the same procedures as a previous experiment but with a new sample from the same population

70
Q

type I error

A

occurs when researchers conclude that there is a causal relationship between two variables when in fact there is not

71
Q

type II error

A

occurs when researchers conclude that there is not a causal relationship between two variables when in fact there is

72
Q

informed consent

A

a verbal agreement to participate in a study made by an adult who has been informed of all risks that participation may entail

73
Q

debriefing

A

a verbal description of the true nature and purpose of a study

psych 1100 (2 decks)

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