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psych 1100 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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1
Q

Neurons

A

cells in the nervous system that communicate with one-another to perform information processing tasks

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2
Q

Sensory neurons

A

receives information from the external world and convey this information to the brain

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3
Q

Motor neurons

A

conducts signals from the spinal cord to the brain to produce movements

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4
Q

Interneurons

A

connects all other neurons and itself

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5
Q

Cell body (SOMA)

A

Coordinates the information-processing tasks and keeps the cell alive

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6
Q

Dendrite

A

Receives information from neurons and relays it to the cell body

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7
Q

Axon

A

Transmits information to other neurons, muscles, or glands

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8
Q

Myelin sheath

A

provides insulating layer of fatty material composed of glial cells

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9
Q

Synapse

A

region between the axon

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10
Q

Conduction

A

Movement of an electric signal within a neuron from the dendrites to the cell body then axon

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11
Q

Transmission

A

Movements of electric signals from one neuron to another over the synapse

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12
Q

Action Potential

A

a rapid depolarization of the neuron

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13
Q

Resting potential

A

the state of the neuron prior to the sending of a nerve impulse

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14
Q

Terminal Buttons

A

knoblike structures that finish off the axon

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15
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemicals that transmit information across the synapses to dendrites

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16
Q

Receptors

A

Parts of the cell membrane that prevent a new electric signal

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17
Q

Receptor sites

A

Binds with neutron transmitters

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18
Q

Inhibitory

A

Does not stimulate the brain

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19
Q

Excitatory

A

Stimulates the brain

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20
Q

Sensation

A

Simple stimulation of a sense organ

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21
Q

Perception

A

The organization, identification, and interpretation of a sensation

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22
Q

Transduction

A

an electrical impulse that can be interpreted by the brain

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23
Q

Sensory and Perceptual Processes

A

translation of physical energies into nerve impulses

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24
Q

Psychophysicists

A

measure the minimum amount of a stimulus needed for detection

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25
Q

Psychophysics

A

measure the strength of a stimulus and the observer’s sensitivity to that stimulus

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26
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

minimal intensity needed to just barely detect a stimulus in 50% of the time

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27
Q

Threshold

A

is a boundary

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28
Q

Just Noticeable Difference (JND)

A

The minimal change in a stimulus that can just barely be detected

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29
Q

Weber’s Law

A

The just noticeable difference of a stimulus is a constant proportion despite variations in intensity

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30
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

The response to a stimulus depends both on a person’s sensitivity to the stimulus in the presence of noise and on a person’s decision criterion.
2 conditions -
Stimulus
present,
stimulus absent

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31
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

Sensitivity to prolonged stimulation tends to decline over time as an organism adapts to current conditions

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32
Q

Habituation

A

sensations fading with time

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33
Q

Adaptive value

A

Frees senses to be more sensitive to changes in environment

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34
Q

main 3 cells in a retina

A
  • Photoreceptors
  • Neuronal cells
  • Glial cells
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35
Q

Neuronal cells found in the retina

A
  • Ganglion cells
  • Amacrine cells
  • Bipolar cells
  • Horizontal cells
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36
Q

Retina

A

Photoreceptors transduce light energy into electrical impulses

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37
Q

Photoreceptors

A

light-sensitive pigments that transduce light into neural impulses

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38
Q

Reinforcement

A

The consequences of behaviour determine whether it will be more or less likely to occur

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39
Q

Dogmatism

A

the tendency for people to cling to their assumptions

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40
Q

Operational definition

A

Description of a property in concrete, measurable items

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41
Q

Validity

A

The goodness with which a concrete event defines a property

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42
Q

Psychology

A

The study of thought and behaviour

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43
Q

Independent variable

A

the experimenter manipulates under controlled conditions

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44
Q

Dependant variable

A

The outcome/response to the experimental manipulation

45
Q

Cofounding variable

A

Variable whose influence on the dependant variable cannot be separated from the independent variable

46
Q

Mean

A

Average of a series of numbers

47
Q

Median

A

Middle value of a series of numbers

48
Q

Mode

A

Most commonly occurring value in a series of numbers

49
Q

Explicit memory

A

Conscious recall of facts and events

50
Q

Priming

A

Kind of implicit memory that arises when recall is improved by earlier exposure of the same stimulus

51
Q

Implicit memory

A

Memories we don’t deliberately remember or reflect consciously

52
Q

Encoding

A

the brain takes in new information; first stage of long-term memory formation

53
Q

Maintenance

A

Repetition of information

54
Q

Elaborative

A

Focuses on information’s meaning, understanding & organizing them

55
Q

Hierarchy

A

A way of organizing related pieces of information

56
Q

Chunking

A

Combining items into larger units of meaning

57
Q

Schemas

A

Mental frameworks that develop from our experiences

58
Q

Dual coding theory

A

Memory enhanced if use both verbal and visual codes

59
Q

Procedural memory

A

knowledge for almost any behaviour or physical skill we have learned

60
Q

Semantic memory

A

Our memory for facts & knowledge

61
Q

Episodic memory

A

Memory for the experiences we’ve had

62
Q

Retrieval

A

Stimuli that lead to activation of information stored in long-term memory

63
Q

Interference memory

A

Disruption of memory because other information competes with the information we are trying to recall

64
Q

Retrospective memory

A

Disruption of memory because new experiences/information causes people to forget previously learned information

65
Q

Prospective memory

A

Disruption of memory because previously learned information interferes with the learning of new information

66
Q

Constructive processes

A

Piecing together bits of information in ways that intuitively ‘make sense’

67
Q

Levels of processing

A

The concept that the more deeply people encode information, the better they will recall it

68
Q

Dark adaptation

A

Progressive improvement in brightness sensitivity in low illumination

68
Q

Visual transduction

A

Absorption of light changed rate of neurotransmitter release

69
Q

Amnesia

A

Memory loss due to brain injury or disease

70
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

The inability to remember events and experiences that occur after an injury or AFTER the onset of a disease

71
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

The inability to recall events or experiences that happened BEFORE an injury or disease

72
Q

Refractory period

A

neuron returning to its resting state and cannot generate an axon potential

73
Q

Classic conditioning

A

Learning to associate a conditioned stimulus with a conditioned response; based on reflexes

74
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Came up with the idea of classical conditioning, taught dogs through association

75
Q

Ethology

A

The scientific study of animal behaviour

76
Q

Unconditioned response (UCR)

A

The learner’s natural reaction to a stimulus

77
Q

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

A

Stimulus that elicits an automatic response

78
Q

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

After association with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS), comes to trigger a conditioned response

79
Q

Conditioned response (CR)

A

A behaviour that the learner learns to perform when presented with the conditioned stimulus

80
Q

Habituation

A

Decrease in response strength to a repeated stimulus

81
Q

Sensitization

A

Increase in the strength of a response to a repeated stimulus

82
Q

Extinction

A

The weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response in the absence of reinforcement

83
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

The sudden reappearance of an extinguished response

84
Q

Trichromats

A

Normal colour vision

85
Q

Dichromats

A

Deficient in one system (red-green most common)

86
Q

Monochromats

A

Sensitive to black-white only

87
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

Analysis of individual stimulus elements that re-combine into unified whole

88
Q

Top-down processing

A

Existing knowledge, concepts, ideas, expectations

89
Q

Role of attention

A

Focusing on certain stimuli & filtering out other information

90
Q

Inattentional blindness

A

‘Looking’ without ‘seeing’ the whole picture

91
Q

Perceptual Organization – Gestalt principles

A

Gestalt = pattern, shape, form; Wholes we perceive are more than sum of their parts

92
Q

Gestalt laws of organizations

A
  • Similarity
  • Proximity
  • Closure
  • Continuity
93
Q

Operant conditioning

A

The process of changing behaviour by changing the consequences

94
Q

Reinforcer

A

Something that increases the frequency of a behaviour

95
Q

Primary reinforcers

A

Innate, unlearned reinforcers that satisfy basic biological needs

96
Q

Secondary reinforcers

A

Reinforcers that are learned by association, usually by classic conditioning

97
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

The addition of a stimulus after a behaviour occurs that increases how often that behaviour will occur

98
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

The removal of a stimulus after a behaviour to increase the frequency of the behaviour

99
Q

Punishment

A

Stimulus that decreases the frequency of a behaviour

100
Q

Positive punishment

A

The addition of a stimulus after a behaviour occurs that decrease the behaviour

101
Q

Negative punishment

A

The removal of a stimulus after a behaviour occurs that decrease the behaviour

102
Q

Continuous reinforcement

A

Reinforcement of a behaviour every time it occurs

103
Q

Intermittent reinforcement

A

Reinforcement of a behaviour but not after every response

104
Q

Schedules of reinforcers

A

Patterns of intermittent reinforcement distinguished by whether reinforcement occurs after a set number of responses or after a certain amount of time has passed

105
Q

Faxed ratio schedule

A

Pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which reinforcement follows a set number of responses

106
Q

Fixed interval schedule

A

Pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which responses are always reinforced after a set period of time has passed

107
Q

Variable interval schedule

A

A pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which responses are reinforced after different amounts of time

psych 1100 (2 decks)

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