MIDTERM Flashcards
Are semi-solid preparations intended for external applications to the skin or mucous membranes, usually but not always, they contain medicinal agents.
OINTMENT
Uses of Ointments
EMOLLIENT
PROTECTIVE BARRIER
VEHICLES
makes the skin more pliable
EMOLLIENT
prevents harmful substances from coming in contact with the skin
PROTECTIVE BARRIER
Also termed as Hydrocarbon bases.
OLEAGINOUS BASES
On the application to the skin, they have an emollient effect, protect against the escape of moisture, effective as occlusive dressings, can remain on the skin for long periods without drying out, and because of their immiscibility with water, and are difficult to wash off.
OLEAGINOUS BASES
Is a purified mixture of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is an unctuous mass, varying in color from yellowish to light amber.
PETROLATUM, USP
A good base for oil-soluble ingredients and Forms an occlusive film on the skin.
PETROLATUM, USP
Is a purified mixture of semisolid hydrocarbons from petroleum that has been wholly or nearby decolorized.
WHITE PETROLATUM, USP
because of its lighter color, it is considered more esthetically pleasing by some pharmacists and patients.
WHITE PETROLATUM, USP
This ointment differs from yellow ointment by substitution of white wax (bleached and purified yellow wax) and white petrolatum in the formula.
WHITE OINTMENT, USP
These bases may be used as emollients, although they do not provide the degree of occlusion afforded by the oleaginous base, and are not easily removed from the skin with water washing, because the external phase of the emulsion is oleaginous.
ABSORPTION BASES
These bases are useful as pharmaceutical adjuncts to incorporate small volumes of aqueous solutions into hydrocarbon bases.
ABSORPTION BASES
-Are anhydrous
-Insoluble in water
-Not washable in water
-However, it can absorb water.
ABSORPTION BASES
A white petrolatum combined with 8% white wax, 3% stearyl alcohol, and 3% cholesterol which are added to a water-in- oil emulsifier.
HYDROPHILIC PETROLATUM, USP
employs wool alcohol to render white petrolatum emulsifiable and is superior in its ability to absorb water.
AQUAPHOR
uses Sobitan Sesquioleate and Arlacel A as emulsifiers (Kessolin) and appears to be superior to the USP base.
POLYSORB
Is obtained from the wool of sheep, is a purified wax like substance that has been cleaned, deodorized, and decolorized.
LANOLIN, USP (ANHYDROUS LANOLIN, WOOL FAT)
It contains not more than 0.25% water. Additional water may be incorporated by mixing.
LANOLIN, USP (ANHYDROUS LANOLIN/WOOL FAT)
Absorbs twice its weight in water and melts between 36°C and 42°C.
LANOLIN, USP (ANHYDROUS LANOLIN/WOOL FAT)
Is a lanolin processed to reduce the content of free lanolin alcohols and any detergent and pesticide residue.
MODIFIED LANOLIN, USP
Are oil-in-water emulsions commonly called Creams. Because the external phase of the emulsion is aqueous, they are easily washed from the skin and are often called water-washable bases.
WATER-REMOVABLE BASES
An oil-in-water emulsion employing Sodium Lauryl Sulfate as an emulsifying agent. It absorbs about 30% - 50% W/W without losing consistency, and readily miscible with water and thus can be removed from the skin easily.
HYDROPHILIC OINTMENT, USP
A water-in-oil emulsion prepared by melting white wax and spermaceti, expressed almond oil together, adding hot aqueous solution of sodium borate, stir until cool
COLD CREAM
An oil-in-water emulsion which contains large percentage of water as well as humectants (Glycerin, Propylene glycol) - which retards surface evaporation of the product.
VANISHING CREAM
The most common cream available in the market due to large amount of water contained and an acid (Stearic acid).
VANISHING CREAM
a hypoallergenic greaseless emulsion base.
DERMOVAN
a non-greasy emulsion base that absorbs about 30% of its weight in water and has a pH close to the skin.
UNIBASE
They do not contain oleaginous components. They are completely water washable and often referred to as greaseless.
WATER-SOLUBLE BASES
Is a polymer of ethylene oxide and water represented by the formula H (OCH2CH2) nOH, in which n represents the average number of oxyethylene groups.
POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL (PEG) OINTMENT, USP
PEG having a molecular weight below 600 are
CLEAR AND COLORLESS
PEG with molecular weight above 1,000
WAX LIKE MATERIALS
PEG with molecular weight in
between are
SEMISOLIDS
Form a clear gel when mixed with 2% hydroxypropyl cellulose. This has become popular as dermatologic vehicles.
PROPYLENE GLYCOL AND PROPYLENE GLYCOL-ETHANOL
Demonstrate no or at the most very slight penetration.
(Petrolatum, Waxes, and their combinations)
EPIDERMIC OINTMENTS
Possess some powers of penetration into the deeper layers of the skin.
(Vegetable oils, Lard, Wool fat, Lanolin, and/or its combinations)
ENDODERMIC OINTMENTS
Which penetrates the skin thus offering a better opportunity for absorption of the medicaments.
DIADERMIC OINTMENTS
Two general methods of ointment preparation
FUSION AND INCORPORATION
The substances are incorporated into the ointment by levigation.
INCORPORATION
Large amount or quantities of liquid are to be incorporated into a base.
MORTAR AND PESTLE
Ground-glass plate and two 5-6 inches full blade hard steel spatulas.
OINTMENT SLAB
Is an electronic mortar and pestle or a device called Unguator. This device can be controlled manually or via computer software.
OINTMENT MILL
It is best not to allow too long in contact of the ointment with the parchment, as it may soften and tear.
OINTMENT PARCHMENT PAD
All or some of the components of an ointment are combined by being melted together and cooled with constant stirring until congealed. Components not melted are added to the congealing mixture as it is being cooled and stirred.
FUSION
Ointments and other semisolid preparations are packaged either in
LARGE MOUTHED OINTMENT JARS
METAL OR PLASTIC TUBES
!!
Semisolid preparations must be stored in well-closed containers to protect against contamination and in a cool place to protect against product separation in heat. When required, light sensitive preparations are packaged in opaque or light-resistant containers.
Are semi-solid preparations containing one or more medicinal agents dissolved or dispersed in either an oil- in-water emulsion or in another type of water-washable base.
CREAMS
are oil-in-water emulsions containing large percentage of water and stearic acid or other oleaginous components. After application of the cream, the water evaporates, leaving behind a thin residue film of stearic acid or other oleaginous component.
VANISHING CREAMS
are usually formed from a fatty acid in the oil phase hydrolyzed by a base dissolved in the aqueous phase in situ during the preparation of creams.
SOAPS
4 Main ingredients of cold cream
WATER
OIL
EMULSIFIER
THICKENING AGENT
Also known as Jellies.
GELS
Are semi-solid systems consisting of dispersions of small or large molecules in an aqueous liquid vehicle rendered
jelly-like by the addition of a gelling agents.
GELS
Gelling Agents
Carbomer 935
Carboxymethylcellulose or
Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose
Tragacanth
!!
Gels formed with large organic molecules may be formed by dispersing the molecule in the continuous phase (by heating starch), by cross-linking the dispersed molecules by changing the pH (as for carbomers), or by reducing the continuous phase (as for jellies formed with sucrose)
Creams should be stored in
AIR TIGHT CONTAINERS
They are generally contain a large proportion of solid material (such as 25%) than ointments and therefore are stiffer.
PASTE
When prepared with an oleaginous base they are greasy
than their counterpart ointments due to the reduced amount of the base.
PASTE
Because of the stiffness, it remain in place after application and are effectively employed serous secretions. Because their stiffness and impenetrability, they are not suited for application to hairy parts of the body.
PASTE
is prepared by mixing 25% each of zinc oxide and starch with white petrolatum.
ZINC OXIDE PASTE
Are solid or semi-solid adhesives masses spread upon a backing material or paper, fabric, moleskin or plastic. The adhesive material used is a rubber base or a synthetic resin.
PLASTER
Applied to the skin to provide prolonged contact at the site.
PLASTER
It provide effects at the site of application.
MEDICATED PLASTER
It provide protection or mechanical support at the site of application.
UNMEDICATED PLASTER
use on the toes for the removal of corns with keratolytic action of Salicylic acid (10- 40% concentration)
SALICYLIC ACID PLASTER
Are plastic masses containing:
• Gelatin (15%)
• Glycerin (40%)
• Water (35%)
• and an added medicinal substance (10%) as Zinc Oxide.
GLYCEROGELATIN
Applied to the skin for longer residence. They are melted before application, cooled to slightly above body temperature, and applied to the affected area with a fine
brush.
GLYCEROGELATIN
Use in the treatment of varicose ulcers.
ZINC GELATIN aka ZINC GELATIN BOOT
Why is Zinc Gelatin also called Zinc Gelatin Boot
Due to its ability to form a pressure bandage
Packaging of topical dermatologic products
JARS, TUBES or SYRINGES
Packaging of Ophthalmic, nasal, vaginal and rectal solid products
TUBES or SYRINGES
Are solid dosage forms in which one or more active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are dispersed in a suitable base molded or otherwise formed into a suitable shape for insertion into the rectum to provide local or systemic effect.
SUPPOSITORIES
Suppositories are derived from the Latin word which means “to place under”, as from sub (under) and ponere (to place).
SUPPONERE
Uses of Suppositories
RECTAL
VAGINAL
URETHRAL
Used for pain, constipation, irritation, itching, and inflammation associated with hemorrhoids or other anorectal disorders.
RECTAL SUPPOSITORY
Used as contraceptives, antiseptics in feminine hygiene, antibacterial
VAGINAL SUPPOSITORY
It is frequently used as the site for the systemic absorption
RECTAL
It is not as frequently used for this purpose.
VAGINAL SUPPOSITORY
Shapes of Rectal Suppository
BULLET
TORPEDO
LITTLE FINGER
Are cylindrical and have one or both ends tapered.
RECTAL SUPPOSITORIES
Length of rectal suppositories
32 mm (1 and 1/2 inches)
Weight of rectal suppositories
Adult: 2 grams
Infant: 1 gram
Also called Pessary or Pessaries
Vaginal Suppository
Shapes of Vaginal Suppositories
GLOBULAR
OVIFORM
CONE-SHAPED
Weight of vaginal suppositories
5 grams
Also called Bougies
Are slender, pencil-shaped intended for insertion into the male or female urethra.
URETHRAL SUPPOSITORIES
Size of Urethral Suppositories
Male: 3-6mm in diameter, 140mm (14 cm) length
Female: 70 mm (7 cm) length
Weight of Urethral Suppositories
Male: 4 grams
Female: 2 grams
same as urethral suppositories but shorter and thinner.
BURGINARIUM
The most widely used suppository base.
COCOA BUTTER (THEOBROMA OIL)
Good base for rectal suppositories, but it is less ideal for vaginal and urethral suppositories.
COCOA BUTTER (THEOBROMA OIL)
Kernel oil and Cottonseed oil
Hydrogenated Fatty Acids of Vegetable Oils
These are fat-based compounds containing compounds of Glycerin with the higher molecular weight fatty acids such as Palmitic acid and Stearic acids.
GLYCERIN WITH HIGHER MOLECULAR WEIGHT FATTY ACIDS
Fatty of Oleaginous Bases
Cocoa Butter (Theobroma Oil)
Kernel Oil and Cottonseed Oil
Glyceryl Monostearate
Glyceryl Monopalmitate
Are polymers of ethylene oxide and water, prepared to various chains lengths, molecular weight, and physical states.
POLYETHYLENE GLYCOLS (PEG)
These bases are water soluble; however, the dissolution process is very slow.
POLYETHYLENE GLYCOLS (PEG)
PEG 300, 400, 600
CLEAR, COLORLESS LIQUID
PEG 1000
WHITE SEMI SOLID
PEG 1500, 1540
FAIRLY-FIRM SEMI-SOLID
PEG 3350, 4000, 6000
FIRM WAX-LIKE SOLIDS
May be prepared by dissolving granular gelatin (20%) in glycerin (70%) and adding a solution or suspension of the medication (10%).
GLYCERINATED GELATIN
May have a tendency to absorb moisture due to the hygroscopic nature of glycerin, they must be protected from atmospheric moisture for them to maintain their consistency.
GLYCERINATED GELATIN
Is most frequently used in the preparation of vaginal suppositories, where the prolonged localized action of the medicinal agent is usually desired.
GLYCERINATED GELATIN
Are those prepared with Cocoa/Cacao Butter or Theobroma Oil
FIRST TYPE
will soften when used with: Phenol, Camphor, Chloral hydrate, and other volatile oils. However this can be remedied by the addition of: Wax or Spermaceti to raise the melting point in the warmest weather.
CACAO BUTTER
Acts by melting at body temperature.
THEOBROMA OIL
Are those prepared with Glycerin and Gelatin
SECOND TYPE
Are employed to provide a continuous medicating or germicidal action
SECOND TYPE
Are the Glycerin or Soap suppositories shaped from Castille soap
THIRD TYPE
This performs their function in part mechanically and in part by dissolving and producing some irritation.
Their chief value is as stimulation to peristalsis, through their presence in the rectum.
THIRD TYPE
They are mostly for small children to avoid the use of laxatives
THIRD TYPE
Is the principal way of making suppositories commercially.
Capable of producing 6-12 or more suppositories
MOLDING (FUSION)
This lubrication is seldom necessary as these materials contact sufficiently on cooling to separate from the inner surfaces and allow easy removal.
COCOA BUTTER or POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL
This lubrication is usually necessary. A thin coating of mineral oil applied within the finger to the molding surfaces usually suffices.
GLYCERINATED GELATIN
Should be used carefully with thermolabile drugs and insoluble powders
GLYCERINATED GELATIN
It can be incorporated by dissolving the crystals in a minimum volume of suitable solvent prior to incorporation into the base. (Ex. Iodine, Merbromine)
HARD CRYSTALLINE MATERIALS
It can be incorporated by moistening with few drops of alcohol and levigating with a small amount of melted cocoa butter.
VEGETABLE EXTRACTS
Is generally employed when cocoa butter is used as a base.
Capable of producing a 2 g suppository.
COMPRESSION
Involves molding the suppository with the fingers after the formation of plastic mass.
HAND ROLLING AND SHAPING
It must be stored below 30°C and preferably in a refrigerator (2°C to 8°C)
COCOA BUTTER SUPPOSITORIES
It can be stored at controlled room temperature (20°C to 25°C).
GLYCERINATED SUPPOSITORIES
Official bases
COCOA BUTTER
POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL
GLYCERINATED GELATIN
Are solid dosage forms that is inserted into a naturally occurring (nonsurgical) body cavity other than the mouth or rectum, including the vagina and urethra.
INSERTS
Are usually ovoid in shape and are accompanied in their packaging with a plastic inserter, a device for easy placement of the tablet within the vagina.
-It contains the same types of anti-infective and hormonal substances as the vaginal suppositories.
VAGINAL INSERTS (TABLETS)
Are a convenient form for administering topical medications.
-Their development is interesting because it involves the history of cosmetics, which parallels human history.
MEDICATION STICKS
Are cylindrical in shape and generally range from 5-25 g.
MEDICATION STICKS
Used for both cosmetics and medical purposes, includes styptic pencils and lip balm sticks which became available in the early 1940’s.
MEDICATION STICKS
It facilitates the passage of therapeutic quantities of drug substances through the skin and into the general circulation for their systemic effect.
TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS (TDDSs)
The evidence of percutaneous drug absorption may be found through measurable blood levels of the drug, detectable excretion of the drug and/or its metabolites in the urine, and through the clinical response of the patient to the administered drug therapy.
PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION
It is considered ideal if the drug penetrates through the skin to the underlying blood supply without drug build up in the dermal layers.
PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION
Are designed to deliver a constant and controlled dosage over extended periods of time for systemic therapy.
PATCHES
It consists of an adhesive material containing 5% lidocaine, which is applied to a nonwoven polyester felt backing and covered with a PET film release liner. The release liner is removed just prior to application.
LIDODERM (LIDOCAIN; ENDO) 5%
Amount of lidocaine in a patch
700 MG OF LIDOCAINE IN AN AQUEOUS BASE
Size of a patch
10x14 CM
Used to treat post herpetic neuralgia.
PATCHES
Is a dosage form that is suitable for delivering drugs to the skin. It consists of a drug that is impregnated into a flexible, durable woven fabric or extruded synthetic material that is coated with an adhesive agent.
TAPES
Are not designed to control the release rate of the drug-like transdermal patches.
TAPES
