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MIDTERM Flashcards

1
Q

Are semi-solid preparations intended for external applications to the skin or mucous membranes, usually but not always, they contain medicinal agents.

A

OINTMENT

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2
Q

Uses of Ointments

A

EMOLLIENT
PROTECTIVE BARRIER
VEHICLES

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3
Q

makes the skin more pliable

A

EMOLLIENT

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4
Q

prevents harmful substances from coming in contact with the skin

A

PROTECTIVE BARRIER

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5
Q

Also termed as Hydrocarbon bases.

A

OLEAGINOUS BASES

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6
Q

On the application to the skin, they have an emollient effect, protect against the escape of moisture, effective as occlusive dressings, can remain on the skin for long periods without drying out, and because of their immiscibility with water, and are difficult to wash off.

A

OLEAGINOUS BASES

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7
Q

Is a purified mixture of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is an unctuous mass, varying in color from yellowish to light amber.

A

PETROLATUM, USP

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8
Q

A good base for oil-soluble ingredients and Forms an occlusive film on the skin.

A

PETROLATUM, USP

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9
Q

Is a purified mixture of semisolid hydrocarbons from petroleum that has been wholly or nearby decolorized.

A

WHITE PETROLATUM, USP

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10
Q

because of its lighter color, it is considered more esthetically pleasing by some pharmacists and patients.

A

WHITE PETROLATUM, USP

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11
Q

This ointment differs from yellow ointment by substitution of white wax (bleached and purified yellow wax) and white petrolatum in the formula.

A

WHITE OINTMENT, USP

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12
Q

These bases may be used as emollients, although they do not provide the degree of occlusion afforded by the oleaginous base, and are not easily removed from the skin with water washing, because the external phase of the emulsion is oleaginous.

A

ABSORPTION BASES

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13
Q

These bases are useful as pharmaceutical adjuncts to incorporate small volumes of aqueous solutions into hydrocarbon bases.

A

ABSORPTION BASES

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14
Q

-Are anhydrous
-Insoluble in water
-Not washable in water
-However, it can absorb water.

A

ABSORPTION BASES

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15
Q

A white petrolatum combined with 8% white wax, 3% stearyl alcohol, and 3% cholesterol which are added to a water-in- oil emulsifier.

A

HYDROPHILIC PETROLATUM, USP

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16
Q

employs wool alcohol to render white petrolatum emulsifiable and is superior in its ability to absorb water.

A

AQUAPHOR

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17
Q

uses Sobitan Sesquioleate and Arlacel A as emulsifiers (Kessolin) and appears to be superior to the USP base.

A

POLYSORB

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18
Q

Is obtained from the wool of sheep, is a purified wax like substance that has been cleaned, deodorized, and decolorized.

A

LANOLIN, USP (ANHYDROUS LANOLIN, WOOL FAT)

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19
Q

It contains not more than 0.25% water. Additional water may be incorporated by mixing.

A

LANOLIN, USP (ANHYDROUS LANOLIN/WOOL FAT)

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20
Q

Absorbs twice its weight in water and melts between 36°C and 42°C.

A

LANOLIN, USP (ANHYDROUS LANOLIN/WOOL FAT)

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21
Q

Is a lanolin processed to reduce the content of free lanolin alcohols and any detergent and pesticide residue.

A

MODIFIED LANOLIN, USP

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22
Q

Are oil-in-water emulsions commonly called Creams. Because the external phase of the emulsion is aqueous, they are easily washed from the skin and are often called water-washable bases.

A

WATER-REMOVABLE BASES

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23
Q

An oil-in-water emulsion employing Sodium Lauryl Sulfate as an emulsifying agent. It absorbs about 30% - 50% W/W without losing consistency, and readily miscible with water and thus can be removed from the skin easily.

A

HYDROPHILIC OINTMENT, USP

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24
Q

A water-in-oil emulsion prepared by melting white wax and spermaceti, expressed almond oil together, adding hot aqueous solution of sodium borate, stir until cool

A

COLD CREAM

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25
Q

An oil-in-water emulsion which contains large percentage of water as well as humectants (Glycerin, Propylene glycol) - which retards surface evaporation of the product.

A

VANISHING CREAM

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26
Q

The most common cream available in the market due to large amount of water contained and an acid (Stearic acid).

A

VANISHING CREAM

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27
Q

a hypoallergenic greaseless emulsion base.

A

DERMOVAN

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28
Q

a non-greasy emulsion base that absorbs about 30% of its weight in water and has a pH close to the skin.

A

UNIBASE

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29
Q

They do not contain oleaginous components. They are completely water washable and often referred to as greaseless.

A

WATER-SOLUBLE BASES

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30
Q

Is a polymer of ethylene oxide and water represented by the formula H (OCH2CH2) nOH, in which n represents the average number of oxyethylene groups.

A

POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL (PEG) OINTMENT, USP

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31
Q

PEG having a molecular weight below 600 are

A

CLEAR AND COLORLESS

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32
Q

PEG with molecular weight above 1,000

A

WAX LIKE MATERIALS

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33
Q

PEG with molecular weight in
between are

A

SEMISOLIDS

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34
Q

Form a clear gel when mixed with 2% hydroxypropyl cellulose. This has become popular as dermatologic vehicles.

A

PROPYLENE GLYCOL AND PROPYLENE GLYCOL-ETHANOL

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35
Q

Demonstrate no or at the most very slight penetration.
(Petrolatum, Waxes, and their combinations)

A

EPIDERMIC OINTMENTS

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36
Q

Possess some powers of penetration into the deeper layers of the skin.
(Vegetable oils, Lard, Wool fat, Lanolin, and/or its combinations)

A

ENDODERMIC OINTMENTS

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37
Q

Which penetrates the skin thus offering a better opportunity for absorption of the medicaments.

A

DIADERMIC OINTMENTS

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38
Q

Two general methods of ointment preparation

A

FUSION AND INCORPORATION

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39
Q

The substances are incorporated into the ointment by levigation.

A

INCORPORATION

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40
Q

Large amount or quantities of liquid are to be incorporated into a base.

A

MORTAR AND PESTLE

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41
Q

Ground-glass plate and two 5-6 inches full blade hard steel spatulas.

A

OINTMENT SLAB

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42
Q

Is an electronic mortar and pestle or a device called Unguator. This device can be controlled manually or via computer software.

A

OINTMENT MILL

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43
Q

It is best not to allow too long in contact of the ointment with the parchment, as it may soften and tear.

A

OINTMENT PARCHMENT PAD

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44
Q

All or some of the components of an ointment are combined by being melted together and cooled with constant stirring until congealed. Components not melted are added to the congealing mixture as it is being cooled and stirred.

A

FUSION

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45
Q

Ointments and other semisolid preparations are packaged either in

A

LARGE MOUTHED OINTMENT JARS
METAL OR PLASTIC TUBES

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46
Q

!!

Semisolid preparations must be stored in well-closed containers to protect against contamination and in a cool place to protect against product separation in heat. When required, light sensitive preparations are packaged in opaque or light-resistant containers.

A
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47
Q

Are semi-solid preparations containing one or more medicinal agents dissolved or dispersed in either an oil- in-water emulsion or in another type of water-washable base.

A

CREAMS

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48
Q

are oil-in-water emulsions containing large percentage of water and stearic acid or other oleaginous components. After application of the cream, the water evaporates, leaving behind a thin residue film of stearic acid or other oleaginous component.

A

VANISHING CREAMS

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49
Q

are usually formed from a fatty acid in the oil phase hydrolyzed by a base dissolved in the aqueous phase in situ during the preparation of creams.

A

SOAPS

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50
Q

4 Main ingredients of cold cream

A

WATER
OIL
EMULSIFIER
THICKENING AGENT

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51
Q

Also known as Jellies.

A

GELS

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52
Q

Are semi-solid systems consisting of dispersions of small or large molecules in an aqueous liquid vehicle rendered
jelly-like by the addition of a gelling agents.

A

GELS

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53
Q

Gelling Agents

A

Carbomer 935
Carboxymethylcellulose or
Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose
Tragacanth

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54
Q

!!

A

Gels formed with large organic molecules may be formed by dispersing the molecule in the continuous phase (by heating starch), by cross-linking the dispersed molecules by changing the pH (as for carbomers), or by reducing the continuous phase (as for jellies formed with sucrose)

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55
Q

Creams should be stored in

A

AIR TIGHT CONTAINERS

56
Q

They are generally contain a large proportion of solid material (such as 25%) than ointments and therefore are stiffer.

A

PASTE

57
Q

When prepared with an oleaginous base they are greasy
than their counterpart ointments due to the reduced amount of the base.

A

PASTE

58
Q

Because of the stiffness, it remain in place after application and are effectively employed serous secretions. Because their stiffness and impenetrability, they are not suited for application to hairy parts of the body.

A

PASTE

59
Q

is prepared by mixing 25% each of zinc oxide and starch with white petrolatum.

A

ZINC OXIDE PASTE

60
Q

Are solid or semi-solid adhesives masses spread upon a backing material or paper, fabric, moleskin or plastic. The adhesive material used is a rubber base or a synthetic resin.

A

PLASTER

61
Q

Applied to the skin to provide prolonged contact at the site.

A

PLASTER

62
Q

It provide effects at the site of application.

A

MEDICATED PLASTER

63
Q

It provide protection or mechanical support at the site of application.

A

UNMEDICATED PLASTER

64
Q

use on the toes for the removal of corns with keratolytic action of Salicylic acid (10- 40% concentration)

A

SALICYLIC ACID PLASTER

65
Q

Are plastic masses containing:
• Gelatin (15%)
• Glycerin (40%)
• Water (35%)
• and an added medicinal substance (10%) as Zinc Oxide.

A

GLYCEROGELATIN

66
Q

Applied to the skin for longer residence. They are melted before application, cooled to slightly above body temperature, and applied to the affected area with a fine
brush.

A

GLYCEROGELATIN

67
Q

Use in the treatment of varicose ulcers.

A

ZINC GELATIN aka ZINC GELATIN BOOT

68
Q

Why is Zinc Gelatin also called Zinc Gelatin Boot

A

Due to its ability to form a pressure bandage

69
Q

Packaging of topical dermatologic products

A

JARS, TUBES or SYRINGES

70
Q

Packaging of Ophthalmic, nasal, vaginal and rectal solid products

A

TUBES or SYRINGES

71
Q

Are solid dosage forms in which one or more active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are dispersed in a suitable base molded or otherwise formed into a suitable shape for insertion into the rectum to provide local or systemic effect.

A

SUPPOSITORIES

72
Q

Suppositories are derived from the Latin word which means “to place under”, as from sub (under) and ponere (to place).

A

SUPPONERE

73
Q

Uses of Suppositories

A

RECTAL
VAGINAL
URETHRAL

74
Q

Used for pain, constipation, irritation, itching, and inflammation associated with hemorrhoids or other anorectal disorders.

A

RECTAL SUPPOSITORY

75
Q

Used as contraceptives, antiseptics in feminine hygiene, antibacterial

A

VAGINAL SUPPOSITORY

76
Q

It is frequently used as the site for the systemic absorption

A

RECTAL

77
Q

It is not as frequently used for this purpose.

A

VAGINAL SUPPOSITORY

78
Q

Shapes of Rectal Suppository

A

BULLET
TORPEDO
LITTLE FINGER

79
Q

Are cylindrical and have one or both ends tapered.

A

RECTAL SUPPOSITORIES

80
Q

Length of rectal suppositories

A

32 mm (1 and 1/2 inches)

81
Q

Weight of rectal suppositories

A

Adult: 2 grams
Infant: 1 gram

82
Q

Also called Pessary or Pessaries

A

Vaginal Suppository

83
Q

Shapes of Vaginal Suppositories

A

GLOBULAR
OVIFORM
CONE-SHAPED

84
Q

Weight of vaginal suppositories

A

5 grams

85
Q

Also called Bougies

Are slender, pencil-shaped intended for insertion into the male or female urethra.

A

URETHRAL SUPPOSITORIES

86
Q

Size of Urethral Suppositories

A

Male: 3-6mm in diameter, 140mm (14 cm) length
Female: 70 mm (7 cm) length

87
Q

Weight of Urethral Suppositories

A

Male: 4 grams
Female: 2 grams

88
Q

same as urethral suppositories but shorter and thinner.

A

BURGINARIUM

89
Q

The most widely used suppository base.

A

COCOA BUTTER (THEOBROMA OIL)

90
Q

Good base for rectal suppositories, but it is less ideal for vaginal and urethral suppositories.

A

COCOA BUTTER (THEOBROMA OIL)

91
Q

Kernel oil and Cottonseed oil

A

Hydrogenated Fatty Acids of Vegetable Oils

92
Q

These are fat-based compounds containing compounds of Glycerin with the higher molecular weight fatty acids such as Palmitic acid and Stearic acids.

A

GLYCERIN WITH HIGHER MOLECULAR WEIGHT FATTY ACIDS

93
Q

Fatty of Oleaginous Bases

A

Cocoa Butter (Theobroma Oil)
Kernel Oil and Cottonseed Oil
Glyceryl Monostearate
Glyceryl Monopalmitate

94
Q

Are polymers of ethylene oxide and water, prepared to various chains lengths, molecular weight, and physical states.

A

POLYETHYLENE GLYCOLS (PEG)

95
Q

These bases are water soluble; however, the dissolution process is very slow.

A

POLYETHYLENE GLYCOLS (PEG)

96
Q

PEG 300, 400, 600

A

CLEAR, COLORLESS LIQUID

97
Q

PEG 1000

A

WHITE SEMI SOLID

98
Q

PEG 1500, 1540

A

FAIRLY-FIRM SEMI-SOLID

99
Q

PEG 3350, 4000, 6000

A

FIRM WAX-LIKE SOLIDS

100
Q

May be prepared by dissolving granular gelatin (20%) in glycerin (70%) and adding a solution or suspension of the medication (10%).

A

GLYCERINATED GELATIN

101
Q

May have a tendency to absorb moisture due to the hygroscopic nature of glycerin, they must be protected from atmospheric moisture for them to maintain their consistency.

A

GLYCERINATED GELATIN

102
Q

Is most frequently used in the preparation of vaginal suppositories, where the prolonged localized action of the medicinal agent is usually desired.

A

GLYCERINATED GELATIN

103
Q

Are those prepared with Cocoa/Cacao Butter or Theobroma Oil

A

FIRST TYPE

104
Q

will soften when used with: Phenol, Camphor, Chloral hydrate, and other volatile oils. However this can be remedied by the addition of: Wax or Spermaceti to raise the melting point in the warmest weather.

A

CACAO BUTTER

105
Q

Acts by melting at body temperature.

A

THEOBROMA OIL

106
Q

Are those prepared with Glycerin and Gelatin

A

SECOND TYPE

107
Q

Are employed to provide a continuous medicating or germicidal action

A

SECOND TYPE

108
Q

Are the Glycerin or Soap suppositories shaped from Castille soap

A

THIRD TYPE

109
Q

This performs their function in part mechanically and in part by dissolving and producing some irritation.

Their chief value is as stimulation to peristalsis, through their presence in the rectum.

A

THIRD TYPE

110
Q

They are mostly for small children to avoid the use of laxatives

A

THIRD TYPE

111
Q

Is the principal way of making suppositories commercially.

Capable of producing 6-12 or more suppositories

A

MOLDING (FUSION)

112
Q

This lubrication is seldom necessary as these materials contact sufficiently on cooling to separate from the inner surfaces and allow easy removal.

A

COCOA BUTTER or POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL

113
Q

This lubrication is usually necessary. A thin coating of mineral oil applied within the finger to the molding surfaces usually suffices.

A

GLYCERINATED GELATIN

114
Q

Should be used carefully with thermolabile drugs and insoluble powders

A

GLYCERINATED GELATIN

115
Q

It can be incorporated by dissolving the crystals in a minimum volume of suitable solvent prior to incorporation into the base. (Ex. Iodine, Merbromine)

A

HARD CRYSTALLINE MATERIALS

116
Q

It can be incorporated by moistening with few drops of alcohol and levigating with a small amount of melted cocoa butter.

A

VEGETABLE EXTRACTS

117
Q

Is generally employed when cocoa butter is used as a base.

Capable of producing a 2 g suppository.

A

COMPRESSION

118
Q

Involves molding the suppository with the fingers after the formation of plastic mass.

A

HAND ROLLING AND SHAPING

119
Q

It must be stored below 30°C and preferably in a refrigerator (2°C to 8°C)

A

COCOA BUTTER SUPPOSITORIES

120
Q

It can be stored at controlled room temperature (20°C to 25°C).

A

GLYCERINATED SUPPOSITORIES

121
Q

Official bases

A

COCOA BUTTER
POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL
GLYCERINATED GELATIN

122
Q

Are solid dosage forms that is inserted into a naturally occurring (nonsurgical) body cavity other than the mouth or rectum, including the vagina and urethra.

A

INSERTS

123
Q

Are usually ovoid in shape and are accompanied in their packaging with a plastic inserter, a device for easy placement of the tablet within the vagina.

-It contains the same types of anti-infective and hormonal substances as the vaginal suppositories.

A

VAGINAL INSERTS (TABLETS)

124
Q

Are a convenient form for administering topical medications.
-Their development is interesting because it involves the history of cosmetics, which parallels human history.

A

MEDICATION STICKS

125
Q

Are cylindrical in shape and generally range from 5-25 g.

A

MEDICATION STICKS

126
Q

Used for both cosmetics and medical purposes, includes styptic pencils and lip balm sticks which became available in the early 1940’s.

A

MEDICATION STICKS

127
Q

It facilitates the passage of therapeutic quantities of drug substances through the skin and into the general circulation for their systemic effect.

A

TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS (TDDSs)

128
Q

The evidence of percutaneous drug absorption may be found through measurable blood levels of the drug, detectable excretion of the drug and/or its metabolites in the urine, and through the clinical response of the patient to the administered drug therapy.

A

PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION

129
Q

It is considered ideal if the drug penetrates through the skin to the underlying blood supply without drug build up in the dermal layers.

A

PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION

130
Q

Are designed to deliver a constant and controlled dosage over extended periods of time for systemic therapy.

A

PATCHES

131
Q

It consists of an adhesive material containing 5% lidocaine, which is applied to a nonwoven polyester felt backing and covered with a PET film release liner. The release liner is removed just prior to application.

A

LIDODERM (LIDOCAIN; ENDO) 5%

132
Q

Amount of lidocaine in a patch

A

700 MG OF LIDOCAINE IN AN AQUEOUS BASE

133
Q

Size of a patch

A

10x14 CM

134
Q

Used to treat post herpetic neuralgia.

A

PATCHES

135
Q

Is a dosage form that is suitable for delivering drugs to the skin. It consists of a drug that is impregnated into a flexible, durable woven fabric or extruded synthetic material that is coated with an adhesive agent.

A

TAPES

136
Q

Are not designed to control the release rate of the drug-like transdermal patches.

A

TAPES

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