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Etica en los negocios internacionales > MIDTERM > Flashcards

MIDTERM Flashcards

1
Q

Different ethical approaches to ethics:

A
  • Theological
  • Those grounded in an aprioristic rather than an empirical and thus unsolved concepts of human nature
  • Those that pursue the reduction of ethics into alleged psychological or biological interests
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2
Q

Our approach - “an anthropology of ethics”:

A
  • The discipline of international relations
  • Generally speaking - ethics refers to the science or study of morality
  • The root of the word comes from ethos = credibility
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3
Q

Ethos

A

credibility, convincing by the character of the author. We usually believe the people we respect.

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4
Q

Pathos

A

emotion or emotional, persuasion through appealing to the readers emotion

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5
Q

Logos

A

Logic, reason = persuading by use of reasoning

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6
Q

Ethics

A

The practice of freedom
- freedom is the ontological condition of ethics

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7
Q

Foucault´s work on ethics:

A
  • Its relationship with governmentality
  • History of Sexuality- written in the early 1980s
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8
Q

Foucault’s four basic parameters of the ethical domain:

A

1) Ethical substances
2) Mode of subjectivation
3) Askesis
4) Telos

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9
Q

1) Ethical substance

A

Refers to the things (carnal pleasure, the soul..++) that demands attention and fashioning if a given actor is to realize himself/herself as the subject he/she would be.

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10
Q

2) Mode of subjectivation

A

The manner in which a given actor evaluates and engages the criteria that determine what counts as living up to being a subject of one or another quality of kind

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11
Q

3) Askesis

A
  • from the Greek “training” of “exercise”
  • the particular work the subject has to perform on their ethical substance in order to become a subject of a certain quality or kind
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12
Q

4) Telos:

A
  • from the Greek “end”
  • refers precisely to the subject that is the end of any given actor´s striving
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13
Q

Prescriptive texts

A

texts whose main object is to suggest rules of conduct.

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14
Q

Practical texts

A

designed to be read, learned, reflected upon and tested out, and they were intended to constitute the eventual framework of everyday conduct.

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15
Q

Two different, but historically contiguous, contexts of
Foucault´s “technologies of the self”:

A

1) Greco-Roman philosophy in the first two centuries A.D. of the early Roman Empire
2) Christian spirituality and the monastic principle developed in the fourth and fifth centuries of the late Roman Empire

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16
Q

Epimeleisthai sautou

A

to take care of yourself
- one of the main principles of cities for the Greeks
- has faded into the Delphic principle “know yourself”

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17
Q

Gnothi seauton

A

Know yourself
- the delcan principle

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18
Q

Pragmatism

A

The best choice is best for most or worst for the least. Origin comes from English speaking countries.

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19
Q

The Kantian categorical Impairment

A

Do no harm

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20
Q

Sofrosina

A

Self control

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21
Q

The four technologies

A

Technologies of:
1) Technologies of power (usually goes together with production)- culture, politics etc → mostly used for international relations

2) Technologies of sciences (mathematics ++)

3)Technologies of production → mostly used for international business

4)Technologies of the self

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22
Q

Economic capital

A

= wealth
- immediately and directly convertible into money and may be institutionalized in the form of property rights.

In anthropology and sociology economic capital doesnt work in that way
- Example: a president and professor both earn 60 000 but they will not have the same status

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23
Q

Cultural capital

A

is convertible, in certain conditions, into economic capital and may be institutionalized in the form of educational qualifications

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24
Q

Social capital

A

→ How we consciously or unconsciously distribute or invest in our own social group.
- Example: the people I have met and have access to through uni
made up of social obligations,
- “connections”, which is convertible, in certain conditions, into economic capital and may be institutionalized in the form of a title of nobility

25
Q

Three forms of cultural capital:

A

1) The embodied state
2) The objectified state
3) The institutionalized state

26
Q

The embodied state (habitus)

A
  • in the form of long-lasting dispositions of the mind and body
  • your positions and dispositions that you consciously or unconsciously (forgotten history) have incorporated - political, ethical etc → been transmitted and you have embodied them and they become the logical way for you to behave
  • values become naturalized, what is our position, how are we subjectified in order to see the world in the way you see it
  • external wealth converted into an integral part of the person
  • Example: even though your parents haven’t set rules for your future partner you know what values and ways they would want and not want for you
27
Q

The objectified state

A
  • in the form of cultural goods (pictures, goods, dictionaries, instruments, machines ++) which are the trace or realization of theories or critiques of those theories, problematics etc.
  • it is things you have and you know how to use
  • if it is emphasized that they draw their profits from the use of a particular form of capital, then they will be classified among the dominant groups (examples: engineers using machines, its the knowledge they have, not the value of the machine)
  • Example: laptop, pen and pencil
  • the moment it is an objective we have, but don’t know how to use, it becomes economic capital
28
Q

The institutionalized state

A
  • a form of objectification which must be set apart because it confers entirely original properties on the cultural capital which it is presumed to guarantee.
  • in order to have this thing you require (Example: a diploma) we have to do something
  • Example: being in class- we don’t want to be here but we have to to get our diploma
29
Q

Institutionalized social capital

A
  • reserved for aristocracy
  • you wont be part of that “club” unless you are
  • family names, royalty etc
30
Q

Forms of cultural capital- example (at uni)

A
  • Our embodied capital is the knowledge of English
  • Our objectified capital is the lessons we take and chapters we read,
  • Our institutionalized capital is the diploma that we will later obtain.
  • our social capital is our classmates and the people we met
31
Q

The three aspects of parrehesia

A

1) You are not in the same level of power
2) The truth is true and coincides with reality
3) The risk that comes with it

Example: Failed the exam because the professor thought u cheated, wasn’t actually cheating and spoke the truth to the professor, not the same level of power and its risky because the professor might not like you

32
Q

Inter alia

A

Among other things

33
Q

Ta patroa

A

inherited properties

34
Q

Epikteta

A

Acquired properties

35
Q

The most powerful principle of the symbolic efficacy of cultural capital

A

the logic of its transmission

36
Q

Parrehesia document

A

Author : Michael Foucault
year : 1983

37
Q

What is enlightenment? - document

A

author : Immanuel Kant
year : 1784

38
Q

Forms of capital- document

A

author : Pierre Bourdieu
year : 1986

39
Q

Liquidated (Wall Street)- document

A

author : Karen(A) HO
year : 2009

40
Q

Privacy is Power- book

A

Author: Carissa Velíz
Year: 2020

41
Q

The following means “dare to know”

A

Sapere Aude

42
Q

If a person is practicing truth telling, he or she would be called the following in ancient greece

A

Parresiastés

43
Q

According to Kant, those who are not immature, should be able to use the following to research and discuss freely without any repercussions. What concept does this refer to?

A

Public use of reason

44
Q

What is Barbara Ehrenreich, the person that speaks in the video “smile or die” that we watched in class, advocating for?

A

Realism

45
Q

In the liquidated reading, the author works at BT. What does BT stand for?

A

Bankers Trust

46
Q

What’s a bull market?

A

A financial market where prices are rising.

47
Q

What is a bear market?

A

A financial market where prices are falling

48
Q

What is enlightenment?

A

“Is man’s emergence from his self-imposed immaturity”

“Immaturity is the inability to use one’s understanding without guidance from another”

what we think it’s logical because we grew up this way

other people are wrong because they don’t think the same way I do (grew up in different ways).

The idea that religion will continue to be the educator.

At this point enlightenment is saying that there are things that have to do with reason, and others with faith. We have to start rethinking how sciences can be applied.

“In order to think outside the box, we need to know what the box is”

49
Q

Motto of enlightenment

A

Have courage to use it (your pov) without guidance from another

  • Sapere aude- have courage to use your own understanding
50
Q

Equality between men and women had to do with two things:

A
  1. Modernity
  2. Cultural background
51
Q

Private use of reason

A
  • freedom to make public use of one’s reason in all matters.
  • The private use of reason may quite often be very narrowly restricted, however, without undue hindrance to the progress of enlightenment. But by the public use of one’s own reason I mean that use which anyone may make of it as a man of learning addressing the entire reading public.
  • What I term the private use of reason is that which a person may make of it in a particular civil post or office with which he is entrusted.
52
Q

Public use of reason

A
  • The public use of man’s reason must always be free, and it alone can bring about enlightenment among men
  • What I term the private use of reason is that which a person may make of it in a particular civil post or office with which he is entrusted.
  • According to Kant, those who are not immature, should be able to use the following to research and discuss freely without any repercussions
53
Q

Symbolic capital

A

that is to say, capital—in whatever form—insofar as it is represented, i.e., apprehended symbolically, in a relationship of knowledge or, more precisely, of misrecognition and recognition, presupposes the intervention of the habitus, as a socially constituted cognitive capacity.

54
Q

Short selling

A
  • borrowing a security whose price you think is going to fall from your brokerage and selling it on the open market
  • Your plan is to then buy the same stock back later, hopefully for a lower price than you initially sold it for, and pocket the difference after repaying the initial loan
55
Q

Asymmetric information

A

information that is not public
- also know as “information failure”
-If you trade asymmetric information and you use it to short sell, you may get in trouble

56
Q

Immaturity

A

the inability to use one’s own understanding without the guidance of another

57
Q

Sapere aude

A
  • Have courage to use your own understanding
  • dare to know
58
Q

According to Kant, what is the key factor that determines whether immaturity is self-incurred?

A

Lack of resolution and courage

59
Q

What is the primary focus of ethics?

A

The science of mortality

Etica en los negocios internacionales (4 decks)

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