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Geog 138 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

How does the Mercator projection skew Africa’s representation?

A

Makes it appear smaller, skewed toward northern hemisphere tp make it appear larger than it is .

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2
Q

Social factors in subsaharan africa (8)

A

colonial boundaries
civil conflict
hunger
HIV
ebola
covid
population density
internet use

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3
Q

how does the legacy of colonialism relate to conservation in africa?

A

much conflict in africa is rooted in arbitrary boundaries created under colonialism

ex: libya tribal conflicts of 2012, communities were artificially divided under colonialism

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4
Q

What role did covid play in sub-saharan africa and in conservation

A

Sub saharan africa barely touched by covid
Didnt distribte the vaccine well due to internal conflict
Rigorous reporting of covid
The other infectious diseases laid down the foundation for extremely strict protocols
People spend more time outside
Youngest pop in the world and young people are effected less
Lockdown for south africa was longer than for any other country (johanassberg airport picture) travel ban for the EU was lifted months before africa, south african variant was discovered by south african scientists but it was stigmatized as being “all over africa”
Many sub saharan african countries rely on ecotourism for their economy
TOURISTS WERE NOT COMING SO POACHERS HAD A FIELD DAY

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5
Q

colonial powers in africa (7)

A

belgium
britain
france
germany
italy
portugal
spain

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6
Q

the country _____ has the lowest population in Africa. Meanwhile ______ has the largest pop

A

Dijbouti
Nigeria

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7
Q

_____ of the population is undernourished

A

1/3rd

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8
Q

____ % suffer from stunted growth due to lack of nutritious food

A

60%

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9
Q

_____ million children lack proper nutrition

A

60

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10
Q

conflict trends in sub-saharan africa surrounding: (4)

A

communal resources
colonial borders
food
religion

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11
Q

___% of UN Peacekeepers are stationed in Africa

A

70%

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12
Q

the top ___ countries suffering from HIV are in africa

A

7

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13
Q

what role does the internet have in conservation in sub-saharan africa?

A

data collection and sharing, education and awareness (social media campaigns, websites, online fundraising), communication, and anti-poaching efforts

however, limited infrastructure in some places makes this difficult

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14
Q

fat bear week winner

A

grazer

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15
Q

effect of population density on conservation

A

higher population density —> habitat destruction, higher demand for resources leads to poaching, causes human/ wildlife conflict, land conversion for agriculture and infrastructure

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16
Q

the _____ people, the ______ opportunities for wildlife to thrive

A

more, fewer

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17
Q

farming in sub saharan africa

A
  • cattle density
  • sheep and goat herding
  • agriculture
  • water access
  • subsistence farming
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18
Q

western cattle raising vs traditional cattle raising

A

traditional moves the cattle around, western keeps large quantity of cattle in one place AKA a buffet for wildlife

example of traditional cattle raisers: the Masai in Kenya

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19
Q

how does cattle density and the tsetse fly relate to conservation in africa?

A

cattle take up and degredate the land, the control of the tsetse fly had a negative impact on wildlife because the fly is a keystone species, cascading effect along thee ecological scale

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20
Q

sheep and goat herding relation to conservation in africa

A

Very important in the sahel (just south of the saharan desert)
Semi nomadic people lived and raised their goats, follow the wildlife as they migrated, following the nutritious grasses, nutrient rich grasses in the north and then move south for the dry season
Nomads have been displaced by more sedentary people (western influence)
Arid land being used up and drought starting in 2017, loss of pasture and water sources, livestock migrates earlier
Food shortages, conflict. 2018 worst humanitarian crisis in the region
Extremist groups exploit the populations by promising them resources

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21
Q

role of agriculture in conservation

A
  • as drought increases, farmers further degrate soil because they are desperate
  • local people do not consume the majority of produce farmed (plants being farmed require extra water/ resources/ pesticides because they aren’t native)
  • therefore, tiny quantity of land where they can grow food, causes conflict
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22
Q

role of subsistence farming in conservation

A
  • Very common to use slash & Burn agriculture
  • Getting rid of habitat
  • Does enrich the soil but its dangerous because the fires get out of hand, burn for months and push the wildlife
  • Poachers set fires so wildlife runs in front and they kill them as they go
  • Long rains and short rains
  • Long rain: heavy rain for days at a time and then stops, the grass grows rapidly to provide food for the grazers
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23
Q

Human effect changing extended biome and climate:

A

development increases -> habitat decreases deserts expanding
re-routing waterways
rainforest shrinking

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24
Q

The more famous the species the _____ likely to be endangered

A

more

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25
Q

Does animal re-introduction usually work? Why or why not

A

Often unsuccessful

90% guarantee to not work if it is not done by professionals

not enough knowledge about the animals

after being partly “domesticated” very difficult to re-introduce

EX: trying to move rhinos to different part of Kenya, poison in the soil and they didn’t know

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26
Q

Why bother with wildlife conservation?

A
  • ecosystem collapse effects humans so we should prevent it
  • humans have caused the problem so we should fix it
  • innate value of living things
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27
Q

There are more _____ fauna in sub-saharan Africa that anywhere else

A

mega

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28
Q

Theories for why magafauna survived the ice age in Africa

A
  • isolated by the fact that africa is like an island
  • more resources
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29
Q

What are the two types of ungulates?

A
  • Artiodactyla (even toed)
  • Perissodactyla (odd toed)

Hooved use the tips of their toes to walk

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30
Q

what are some examples of ungulates?

A

Rhino (3 toes), zebra, horse, antelope, water buffalo, giraffe

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31
Q

what are two sub ungulates

A

Aardvark
Elephants

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32
Q

why are ungulates important?

A

THE MOST WIDELY DISTRIBUTED MAMMALS IN THE REGION
Also prey for many predators

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33
Q

_____ are the second largest class of mammals in sub-Saharan Africa

A

primates

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34
Q

lemurs vs primates taxonomy

A

lemurs: order- infraorder-suborder
all other primates: order- parvorder- superfamily- family

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35
Q

____% of all primates are threatened by extinction

A

60%

36
Q

three ways that primate pops are vulnerable

A

pet trade
climate change
attract human diseases

37
Q

three categories of wildlife

A

generalists
specialists
migratory

38
Q

generalist characteristics

A
  • common and widely distributed
  • tolerate wide range of climates
  • broad dietary needs
  • broad nesting
  • can tolerate human interaction
39
Q

example of a generalist:

A

Zebra
Why? Can survive on herbs, twigs, leaves bark because digestive system can handle low quality forage food

40
Q

three other examples of a generalist:

A

spotted hyena
birds of prey (vultures)
squirrels, most rodents (breed fast)

41
Q

specialist characteristics

A
  • narrow habitat (prefernce or need)
  • narrow climate
  • narrow diet
  • specific breeding/ nesting sites
  • inability to adapt to humans
42
Q

Example of a specialist

A

mountain gorilla
why? Rainy habitat, thick fur because they are around spiky plants (that they also eat) , 3 years to ween infant from mother, no tolerance for humans, babies die when separated from their moms, gorillas that have been around humans have lower fertility, need to be above 1000 to ensure genetic stability

43
Q

migratory characteristics

A
  • periodically or regularly move from one area to another for breeding purposes, food foraging or to avoid climactic changes
  • migrate 500 to 1000 miles each year (circular route) right after calving season
  • Move to find water and grazing lands and then return to the sarungetee
  • Crocodiles in the river, sacrificial wildebeests
44
Q

example of a migratory animal

A

Wildebeest or Gnu
zebras are generalists and migratory !

45
Q

Definition of wildlife conservation

A

All about habitat, an area with the combo of resources (food, wate, cover) that allows a species to thrive

46
Q

an ecosystem can range from a ________ to an entire savannah

A

single pod

47
Q

ecosystem management definition

A

Recognizes that an entire system approach must be taken in order to assure we look past specific species and view the ecosystem as a whole

48
Q

aspects of ecosystem composition

A
  • species composition
    types and numbers of animals
  • predation
    us has tendency to remove predators, need to remember nature is not nice
  • physical conditions
    climate, terrain
  • biodiversity
    variety and variability of living orgs
49
Q

habitat corridor definition and P22

A

a narrow strip of land or pathway that is intended to connect two similar habitats, allow animals to travel between them
help to
- increase biodiversity
- facilitate migration
- reduce vulnerability of fragmented habitats

P22 was the first mountain lion to cross the 405 and 101 freeways

50
Q

universal threats to wildlife (5)

A
  • habitat fragmentation and loss
  • conflict over habitat management
  • human disturbances of wildlife**
  • recreational disturbances
  • poaching**
51
Q

Example of habitat fragmentation and loss

A

urban development slicing through migratory routes

52
Q

Example of conflict over habitat management

A

rights of land owners and locals conflict with conservationists

53
Q

Example of human disturbances of wildlife

A

ethiopian wolf (humans fear they prey on livestock, actually quite small, very susceptible to canine disease)
Sifakas (lemurs) are all endangered because of humans

54
Q

Example of recreational disturbances

A

Less regulated tourism
Safaris (vehicular traffic)
Has become worse over time because of social media
Recreational hunting
trash

55
Q

poaching

A

Body parts, skin, horns
Medicinal use for male sexual prowess
Ivory for jewlery, carving
Anti-poaching costs
10,000 per rhino per year

56
Q

why bother with wildlife conservation (4)

A

aesthetic
recreational
economic
scientific

57
Q

what are some examples of the use of biomimickery?

A

Biomimicry
- Velcro (seed pods)
- Adhesives
- Climbing materials
- Bullet train (king fisher) very little splash
- Solar power cells (butterfly collects light from any angle) 2 times more efficient at harvesting light
- Trying to make our robots more human

58
Q

spider silk characteristics

A

lighter than nylon
stretchier than elastic
stronger than steel
tougher than kevlar

59
Q

ultimate logic of wildlife conservation

A

if our survival depends on the survival of wildlife, then we must protect it

60
Q

Conservation in Sudan and South Sudan

A

Conflict –> poaching, trade of animal products, bushmeat

  • long history of conflict
  • limited access to food
  • crops are exported, not consumed by locals
  • relied on humanitarian aid for food
  • grains imported from ukraine
  • people start using bushmeat in order to meet their needs
  • military poaches to fuel their operations
61
Q

gorongoza national park

A
  • the power of international investment (Greg Car)
  • locals make decisions rather than imposing them
  • involving experts
  • leaving behind long term economic structure
  • entire ecosystem approach
  • framing of a narrative (who is telling the story?)
62
Q

Conservation in Botswana

A

Leader spent too much time on conservation efforts and got thrown out of office

63
Q

What does benny town in the congo remind us of?

A

Colonial legacy:
The germans pulled out and took with them all of the technology and infrastructure to maintain power/ electrcity ect.

64
Q

basic conservation approaches

A
  • single animal focus
  • regional focus
    (even if you use one animal for marketing, you focus on the region)
65
Q

of african species on the red list

A

critically endangered : 462
endangered: 1008
vulnerable: 2625
total # of species endangered by extinction in sub-saharan africa: 4095

66
Q

definition and example of an umbrella species

A

charasmatic species that protections a lot of area
ex: elephants spread accross the region so that everything in the habitat benefits

67
Q

What does the case of the congo river basin and african tree frog teach us about management?

A
  • use the frog to protect whole area
  • comprehensivee management plan
  • consensus from participating countries needed
68
Q

How do you use and protect wildlife?

A

management
protection
control
education

69
Q

What does “protection” mean in the context of conservation? Challenges to protection..

A
  • laws needed to protect wildlife
  • those laws need to be enforced

Challenges: previously, poachers did not face consequences, corruption in the parks and within law enforcement, area too big to be protected, need a lot of money so that poachers will be loyal

70
Q

what does “control” mean in the context of conservation?

A
  1. sustainability
  2. control the animals themselves
    - overpopulation
    - wildlife and human interact
    - elephant that would stand and get water out of the cistern
    - translocation
    - culling (little elephant that kept digging up the pipes)
  3. education
    - difficult to combat cultural norms and traditional practices
    - teach people why its in their best interest to care
    - grass rootes approach, getting citizens involved and pessuring the government
71
Q

_______ species go extinct every year.

A

30,000

72
Q

Different viewpoints on conservation

A

no conservation
animals first (emotional, heart driven)
humans first (pragmatic, real world driven)
in between = SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

73
Q

when is bushmeat a problem?

A

not being used for food, used for tradition and status, ceremonial use

74
Q

Two pro-hunting arguments

A
  • raises money that goes back to conservation efforts
  • culling when there is too much of one species in an area
75
Q

hunters pay a _____ fee to kill an animal

A

taking

76
Q

more likely to cull which: the male or female of the species?

A

the male, you only need one male to produce many offspring

77
Q

what is a danger for the pangolin?

A

most trafficked animal :(
scales used for medicinal purposes in what culture ??

78
Q

reality of conservation

A
  • does not exist in a vacuum
  • nature is brutal
  • conservation is expensive
  • conservation is extremely difficult

Therefore… there must be an economic benefit

79
Q

conservation is non sustainable in a _________

A

vacuum, local communtiy and government must be on board

80
Q

Types of tourism (6)

A

ecotourism
nature tourism
adventure tourism
alternative tourism
purposeful tourism
sustainable travel

81
Q

ecotourism

A

take nothing but pictures
leaving nothing but footprints
kill nothing but time

82
Q

difference between purposeful travel and sustainable travel

A

sustainable travel includes long term plans to benefit the community

83
Q

what were some of the unintended consequences of tourism in thee video in Bwindi?

A

Influx of tourists creates a dependency, locals try to get money from them, perceive the north Americans as superior and rich, interest for money increased which changed behavior crime and people stealing, health of the people: HIV spread, sex industry where the soldiers are placed (soldiers are here to protect tourists)

outcomes: numbers of gorillas are going up but only from those that dont have contact with humans

84
Q

tourism that helps

A
  • benefits the people
  • respects history
  • respects culture
  • benefits the environment
85
Q

Unintended consequences of ecotourism

A

Overuse of water
Altered environments
Land taken out of protection
Fragmentation
Hunting
Land degradation
Visual degradation
Pollution
Deforestation
Desertification
Extinction

Geog 138 (2 decks)

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