Final Flashcards
second half of the course
2 main potential benefits of tourism
Money and awareness
Unintended consequences of tourism
Over use of water’
Land taken out of production
Fragmentation
Hunting
Land degradation
Visual degradation
Pollution
Deforestation
Desertification
Extinctions
Who are the lion Guardians?
- Org that addresses human wildlife conflict
- core values: trust, science based, participation and community oriented, valuing coexistence, collaborative
- work with the massai
- massai are payed not to kill the lions, Cash for cats
- originally put together to save the wild dog
- one of the most effective conservation orgs in the world
What is Wildlife Direct? Why is it important?
-TV series made for and by Africans
- led by former head of Kenyan wildlife enterprise
- its important because its essential that African people know why its valuable to keep animals alive instead of dead
Maasai Wilderness Conservation Trust
Sustainable eco tourism, anti-poaching, balancing needs of wildlife with needs of the community
Where does the majority of funding for conservation come from?
International sources
- many countries do not have resources or political support to fund conservation projects
Definition and example of white saviorism
White person depicted as liberating, uplifting, rescuing non-white people, pattern in which people of color in economically under developed nations that are majority non-white are denied agency and seen as passive recipients of white benevolence
- examples: donated clothing and catholic relief programs, clothes get sold from the government
True examples of eco-tourism
The Maasai
- camp ya kanzi
- Cooperative, over 7,000 Maasai own it
Located on white families land
- all local materials
- compost
- minimal trash
- don’t cut down trees
- Medical centers
- educate people
- Re-use water
- solar panels
Role of China in Africa
China has built a lot of infrastructure in africa in exchange for resources (minerals, crops)
- local people not being trained in the crafts
How to cultivate awareness? (3)
Tourism
Education: zoos, animal parks, animal experiences
Media
What is unique about the North Carolina zoo?
Largest natural habitat zoo in the world
2600 acres
Supported by the state and is also a national park
Other zoos we talked about in class:
Chester zoo
Ueno Zoological Park
Berlin Zoo
Bronx Zoo
Potential barriers of tourism as a way to cultivate awareness
Far away and costs money
Why are zoos important?
Allow people to connect with animals that they wouldn’t be able to see in the wild
How does the extent to which an enclosure resembles a natural space effect peoples ability to connect with them?
The more natural the enclosure, the more they care
What was the effect of harambe on enclosure style?
Zoos around the country feel like they cant have natural or open enclosures
4 Pillars of the San Diego Wildlife Alliance
- Protect and restore nature
- Healthy wildlife populations
- Flourishing human communities
- Creating connected and resilient communities
What is the frozen zoo and what do they do?
they house over 10,000 living cell cultures, also perform genetic rescue which means using crisper to strengthen the genetics of endangered species
Why is animal petting/ interaction harmful?
disrupt natural behaviors
encourage capture and breeding of wild animals
bad for the animals and many baby animals (esp big cats) are killed when they get too big to manage
Benefit of zoos (polar bear video) and two examples
share understandings gained from research of captive animals and share it in order to gain insights for animal conservation in the wild
Ex: when the gorillas got covid the vet care and nutrition team could share information with groups that protect gorillas in the wild
Ex2: Polar bears on treadmill t collect information about physical abilities and health & better understand their behaviors
Story telling in conservation: Aspects to take into consideration
- format
- style ad approach
- length
- details
- depth of info
- what message to people hear?
- needs to come from the heart
- affect on consumer choices
- connect science to everyday experiences
Why are polar bears particularly adept for being the face of anti-climate change efforts?
Emotional connection (they are cute and relatable)
- remarkable families
- facial expressions
Where has nature TV Media been most popular
most popular inn Europe and specifically In the UK
- BBC has a specific business unit
How has nature TV media faired in the US?
Disney made nature films (true life adventure)
1990s audience base just wasn’t there
animal planet modeled after BBC, by 2006. no longer profitable
- change of management (Anne Becker) results in: river monsters, mermaids found, AKA more excitement based programs
The problem with this: doesn’t make people care. about animals more
What does the Chimpanzee Disney movie tell us about the middle ground? Where did chimpanzee rank in domestic total gross for nature movies?
- finding the middle ground between not anthropomorphizing the animal too much but also getting people to watch the movie, relate to the animal and care about the topic
- Janne used the movie to promote conservation
- offered supplemental educational tools
Ranked third
what were some of the challenges of filming Chimpanzee?
took a long time: three years to film
very expensive
much of the film was unusable
difference between UK zoos and US zoos
In the UK, they will later nature run its course, in the US, keepers will take ill or problematic animals, more interference
ways that social media can promote conservation efforts
- efforts get picked up by mainstream media
- important for poaching (or anti-poaching?)
- Instant awareness
African Elephant scientific name
Lloxodanta africana
What was our image of elephants based on for a long time in the US? How did this shape our view of them?
Circus elephants
- until they got banned in 2016
- wrangling brothers went bankrupt almost immediately
- makes people think elephants are docile
Dumbo
- engendered sympathy for elephants
- live action dumbo shows shift in our mentality
African vs Asian elephants (cultural)
asian elephants used for
- farming,
- sport
- religious ceremonies
In asia, elephants are used to carry burdens, farming, cultural events, can ride them to locations where humans can’t get to, important when it comes to hunting tigers, get the elephnats to suround the tigers, army uses the elephants (serve a variety of functions) signal wealth status prestige, human pop has a use for the elephants being alive because they have an economic value
African elephants are not and this results in more human wildlife conflict. African elephants are less docile, take water from cisterns, trample crops and destroy infrastructure, have no economic value for African people
African vs Asian Elephants (physical)
African:
bigger
more wrinkled
more surface area to expel heat
backs are concave
bigger ears because it is hotter and they need veins to expel heat
move air around with their ears
no brow dent
both sexes have tusks
two fingers on the trunk
eat leaves
Asian:
smaller
smoother
convex or straight
small ears
brow dent
females lack tusks or they are small
one finger trunk
eat grass
What is particular about the female elephant population in Gorongoza?
Due to poaching a growing number of female elephants in gorongoza are tuskless because nobody was killing the tuskless elephnats for ivory, passed their genes on, tuskless females 5X more likely to survive during a 20 year period
Who started the elephant bee project?
A Phd student for their dissertation
How did they figure out that elephants are afraid of honey bees?
(Local lore that elephants were afraid of the bees) to test: Recorded behavior and vocalizations, elephants made a special rumble to warn the other elephants about the bees
How did they use bees to control elephants? What were some positive effects of the projects?
Installed bee hive fences in Kenya, the elephants roam free but avoid the bees
- local honey goes back to local community
- increased pollination to the crops
What is interesting about desert elephants?
They are really bush elephants that adapted to living in the desert
- size and shape of their feet have adapted to walk in the sand and over sand dunes (not a different species)
Effect of logging on elephant conservation
Makes elephants vulnerable to poaching
African forest elephants are considered a different _________. For how long?
Species
2.5-3 million years
African forest elephant scientific name
Loxodonta cyclotis
Difference between bush elephants and forest elephants
- Bush elephants are almost twice the size, 3 ft taller
- elongated jaw
- straight tusks
- rounded ears
- smaller skill
- herds are smaller and mature faster
What is particular about forest elephant footprints?
You don’t see them until you fall into them
What is particular about forest elephant ivory?
Pinkish hue, very highly valued, very hard so it can be used to make intricate carvings
Why are forest elephants important to the ecosystem?
They are a keystone species that propagate the forest by eating and pooping out and therefore distributing seeds
How many teeth do elephants have? What is special about them?
4 sets of teeth, move forward as the ones in front fall out, tooth that grows in is larger than the last, can eight up to 8 pounds, when all the teeth fall out, elephant diodes of malnutrition
What are elephant tusks? What are they used for?
They are teeth!
They are used to remove bark, mark territory, dig holes
Like humans, elephants are right tusked or left tusked (predominantly right tusked)
Where is hunting for ivory most severe? Is ivory trade legal?
Africa, No
Loxodinta africana characteristics
- found in the southern care of africa
- wide variety of habitats, making them difficult to conserve
- herbivores
- impact on the environment can be severe
- large area needed for food source to recover
- Eastern Africa die off, found to be a bacteria in the water
How is San Diego zoo funded? Acreage?
Privately funded
1800 acres
LA Zoo elephant conservation
Owned and operated by the city
4 Asian elephants, roughly 3 acres
What is the difference between the trade of elephant ivory and rhino horns? What effect does banning the trade have?
- Elephant tusks are large, cannot be traded easily, cannot be removed the tusk without killing the elephant, government takes the responsibility for the tusks
- Meanwhile, rhino horns are smaller, individual rhino owners need to figure out how to remove and store the horns
- when ivory was sold, flooded the market and decreased the demand until that supply was used up
- rhino owners don’t want to flood the market but instead want to provide steady supply
- blocked by animal activist groups that say rhinos need to keep their horns
Differences between the white rhino and black rhino
White rhino:
- longer forehead
- square lip for eating grass
- larger than the black rhino
much more passive, hang out with other rhinos
- about 16,800 individuals left
Black rhinos
- shorter forehead
- pointed lip for pulling leaves off branches
- very aggressive, don’t hang with other rhinos
- 6,4000 individuals left
what happened with the black rhino relocation in Botswana
they tried to leave because they could tell it wasn’t their area (didn’t smell like them), they are very territorial and mark their territory
