Midterm Flashcards
cognitive constructivism
we construct learning on top of our previous knowledge
psychoanalytic therapy
-Frued
-making unconscious beliefs more conscious & fostering change through different methods
-heal from past experiences/childhood traumas
-still kinda focuses on present
- therapeutic relationship- important not sufficient
- lasts for years
Bandura’s social learning theory
-people learn through imitating, observing, modeling others behavior
-bobo doll- therapist beats up bobo doll, client beats up bobo doll
humanistic therapy
- Carl Rogers
- therapist creates an understanding of clients life
- trying to teach patient is unconditional self regard- reflect ideas back at them
-self actualization- realization of fulfillment in ones talents and potentialities
-relationship is super important / empathetic
-can last for years, new versions are quicker
behavioral therapy
- Skinner-operant conditioning, Pavlov-classical conditioning, Bandura- social learning theory/ observant learning, Watson- little albert- classical conditioning/ stimulus generalization
- behaviors changing and improving
-relatively short - relationship not important
three C’s of behavioral therapy
Contingency Managment- operant, BF Skinner
- rewards/consequences governing our behavior
Counterconditionings- classical, Joseph Wolpe
-changing our behavior to the stimuli
Cognitive Behavioral Modification- donald michenbaum
- cognitive restructuring, stress inoculation, problem solving
Cognitive Therapy
- Ellis (REBT), Beck (CT)
- changing thoughts and behaviors
- decreasing frequency/intensity of IBs / emotional response
-relationship is important, but not sufficient
stimulus control
habits performed in the presence of a specific cue
therapeutic relationship
overall most important factor
catharsis
therapeutic release of pent up feelings
interpersonal/individuo social conflicts
interpersonal- chronic disgreements- intimacy, sexuality, communication
individuo social- btwn individual/society
theory
set of statements to explain data
Hawthorne Effect
morale, novelty & esteem increases when others are watching them
systematic desensitization
anxiety/phobias
- exposed to progressively more anxiety provoking stimuli
assertiveness training
used for depression, anxiety
- right to express our thoughts, feelings
aversive counterconditioning-
pairs a target behavior/ stimi with a stimuli that naturally evokes an unpleasant response
The Premack Principle
high probability behavior used to reinforce a low probability behavior to increase frequency of low prob. behavior
token economy
structured system in which desired behaviors are rewarded with tokens that can be exchanged for desired items or activities
how long does it take to teach cognitive model
3-5 sessions
cognitive mediation
process through which one individual helps another to perceive and interpret significant social or physical features in his/ her current or past experiences in new ways
metacognition
process through which individuals think about the thoughts they have or are having and about process of these thoughts
ABCDE
A: Activating event or thought
B: Belief
C: Emotional/ Behavioral Consequences
D: Disputing
E: Effective new philosophy
Cognitive Therapy Principles
Time Limited
Problem oriented and goal focused
structured
About the present
Collaboration and active participation
Feedback Loop
environmental events
->cognitions/perceptions-> interpretation self talk -> emotional/physical system
Common Factors of REBT
statements that awfulize- exaggerating unwanted events
and absolutize- should, must, ought, always, never
Refuting Irrational Ideas (3)
1) Write the facts
2) Write your self talk
3) Focus on your emotional response
timeline to treat acute anxiety or depression
3-6 months
guided discovery
when therapist continues to ask meaning of thoughts in order to uncover underlying beliefs about themselves/world/others
socratic questioning
helps to reassure patient that therapist is truly interested
collaborative empiricism
accuracy & utility of ideas via careful review of data
Distorted Thinking Styles
Fallacy of Fairness
Fallacy of Change
Emotional Reasoning
Being Right
Control Fallacies
3 goals of REBT Theory
accept own imperfection
stop awfulizing obnoxious conditions which admittedly abound to this world
go after individual goals with as much energy and efficacy as possible
Rational Sensitivity
more sensitive to and aware of your own and other people’s inefficiencies
downward arrow
whats the worst if, whats the worst if…..
cognitive restructuring
whats the evidence, whats another way of looking at it, so what if it happens
Key predictor w suicide
Hopelessness- associated with feelings of thinking things will never end
cognitive schemas
deep, relatively stable cognitive structures in our mind
Burns 10 Twisted Forms of Thinking
1) All or nothing- situation falls short of perfect its a failure
2) Overgeneralization- always or never pattern of defeat
3) Mental Filter- negative detail & dwell on it
4) Discounting the positive- positive experiences “don’t count” because of….
5) Jumping to conclusions- interpreting things negatively when there are no facts to support your conclusion
6) Magnification- exaggerate importance of problems & minimize importance of desirable qualities
7) Emotional Reasoning- assume negative emotions necerssarily reflect the way things really are
8) Should Statement
9) Labeling- I am a failure
10) Personalization & Blame- holding self personably responsible for an event that isn’t entirely under your control
discriminative stimulus
environmental cue that is going to let you know if you’re getting reinforcement
logical positivism
all meaningful ideas must be observable and measurable experience
Albert Ellis
- REBT Therapy
- Rational beliefs- flexible, wishes, wants , preferences, moderate evaluation of badness, toleration
-IB’s - rigid, musts, shoulds, awfulizing, damnation - demands about self lead to shame
-demands about others leads to anger
both client and therapist have an active role - relationship important not sufficient
-clients recieve homework assignments
Aaron Beck
Cognitive Therapy
-cognitive schemas
-cognitive profiles- each psych disorder is characterized by a different cognitive profile
- Cognitive Triad of depression- negative view of the self, world, future
- Cognitive Triad of anxiety- excessive form of survival mechanisms
both client and therapist have an active role
-collab empiricism
-present focused
-research emphasis
-tendency to think irrationally is innate and acquired
first order change
rearranging variables in the same feild into different phrases
second order change
rearranging variables in the same feild into different sequences
processes of change
Consciousness raising, Catharsis, Choosing, Conditional stimuli, Contingency control
vivo aversion therapy
Pairing the target behavior with an aversive stimulus such as electric shock, noxious odor, or emetic (nausea-inducing) drug
positive correlation between therapy outcomes and
intelligence, education, social class, attractiveness, participation
no correlation between therapy outcomes and
age, marital status,
negative correlation between therapy outcomes and
disturbance
shame attacking
behavioral exposure assignments that have people perform behaviors that they fear or experience shame about doing
guilt vs shame
guilt- harming another
shame- putting oneself down for acting foolishly or incompetently
rational emotive imagery
practice imagining this dreaded event and then practice experiencing an appropriate negative emotion instead of the typical, self-defeating negative emotion you normally would feel.
specific factors
processes of change, consciousness raising, catharsis, choosing, conditional stimuli, contingency control,
reciprocal inhibition
a technique in which a desired behavioral response is gradually introduced to a stimulus that causes an undesired response
common factors of therapy
positive expectations, therapuetic relationship, hawthorne effect
three steps of fear and avoidance exposure program
planning the exposure session, experiencing the exposure, debriefing the session
