Final KMS Flashcards
3 phases of stress inoculation
1.Education
2. Skill acquisition/rehearsal
3. Application
benefits of relaxation
muscle tension, depression, fatigue, insomnia, back pain, high blood pressure
conceptualization of depression from psychoanalytic perspective
Freud conceptualizes depression as a reaction to loss, with anger toward the lost
object/person/feeling turned inward on the self; self-punishment
● Therapy involves looking beyond the loss, uncovering its deeper meaning, and mastering
unconscious issues
conceptualization of depression from a behavioral perspective
Low levels of reward, high levels of punishment
○ Depressive behaviors are learned and maintained because of reinforcement
two properties of good communication
1) Expression of feelings openly & directly.
2) Encouraging the other individual to express their feelings.
identify the distortion
Write down your negative thoughts, identify the corresponding distortion(s)
Examine the evidence
examining evidence for negative thoughts
Double Standard Method
would you say this to a friend?
The Experimental Technique
Do an experiment to test the validity of your negative thought.
5) Thinking in Shades of Gray-
Combats all or nothing thought. Evaluate things on a range from 0-100.
The Survey Method
ask people questions to find out if your thoughts and attitudes are realistic.
Define Terms
if you give yourself a negative label, ask yourself to define these labels.
The Semantic Method
Simply substitute language that is less colorful, emotionally loaded.
Re attribution
instead of automatically blaming yourself for an issue, examine what other factors may have contributed to it
Cost Benefit Analysis
List pros and cons of a particular thought, feeling, or belief.
characteristics of bad communico
truth, blame, martyrdom, put-down (imply the other person is a loser bc they always/never do something), hopelessness, demandingness ( demand better treatment without asking directly), passive agression, self blame, helping (just want to solve the other’s prblem), sarcasm ( words/tone of voice convey tension or hostility), scapegoating ( insisting the other person has a problem and youre sane and happy), defensiveness, counterattack, diversion ( listing past injustices)
10 forms of twisted thinking
all or nothing ( black or white) , overgeneralization ( always , never), mental filter ( 1 negative detail and dwell), discounting the positive, jumping to conclusions, magnification ( importance of shortcomings), emotional reasoning , should statements, labeling, personalization and blame, fortune telling
Five steps are involved in Meichenbaum’s self-instructional training. List all five of them, then explain what happens during the cognitive modeling phase.
Cognitive modeling- therapist says outloud
Cognitive participant modeling- client does the same thing and while therapist instructs client
Overt self-instruction- client repeats instructions and does task
Fading overt self-instruction- whisper instructions
Covert self-instruction- client does without speaking
psychoanalytic perspective
Using some of the oldest forms of converting people to a new faith, cognitive therapists systematically tear apart the patient’s worldview
Patients are invalidated and confused as their own explanations for their problems are characterized as dysfunctional or irrational
Cognitive therapists ram away at the clients’ ego processes and they thus become vulnerable to whatever the therapist is selling
Cognitive therapist offers intellectualization and rationalization
Humanistic perspective
Alienation not negative schema, is the syndrome of our age
Too many people have list the ability to be outraged over the injustices of society
Cognitive therapists recognize the power of collaboration, but your own research evidence shows that empathy, support, warmth, and all those quintessential feel-touchy parts of the relationship prove just as efficacious in cognitive therapy
Cultural perspective
Rational thinking and the scientific orientation may fit well with the preferred processes of stoic white, male euro-americans
May neither fit nor respond to the diverse ways of knowing non-whites, nonmales, and non-europeans
Challenging beliefs does not fit well with some cultures and genders
may reinforce a woman’s sense of inadequacy
Problems with people and the way to fix them are located inside the individual’s head, rather than out in the culture and in the world
Integrative perspective
Some patients distress themselves by thinking in demanding or absolute terms
Cognitive therapies jump to generalization that virtually all patients do so
Cognitive therapists behave as though cognitive therapy is the treatment choice for everyone
Overgeneralizations negate the tragic side of life, and devalue the emotional side of humans
Cognitive therapy overgeneralizes about the status of certain emotions
behavioral perpective on criticisms
Vast majority of studies no formal assessment was performed on the extent to which REBT could be distinguished from comparison treatments
Difficult to rationalize how a therapist advocating empirical solutions has himself procured so much dialogue and so few studies
what techniques are helpful in expressing feelings
Drawing pictures
Writing letter
Journal
Using metaphors, analogies
Scaling
Role playing
no sandwich
Affirm the relationship, say no to the request, then express appreciation for having been asked
5 types of therpists & which is the best
theoretician, technician, magician, politician, clinician (best)
4 steps to happiness by Burns
Identify the upsetting event
Record your negative feelings
The triple-column technique
Outcome
rules for assertive body langauage
Maintain direct eye contact
Maintain an erect body posture
Speak clearly, audibly, and firmly
Do not whine or use an apologetic tone of voice
Make use of gestures and facial expressions for emphasis
CBT is best for treating which disorder
depresso and anxietio
explain how saying yes to something explicity means saying no to something else
you have to make trade-offs; the costs may be small individually, but they can have major cumulative effects on social, emotional, or physical well-being
In the Greenberger article, two cognitive characteristics of suicidal patients are discussed. Name one and describe/define it.
Constriction: When the range of choices is narrowed to two
Ambivalence: The feeling of wanting to live and simultaneously wanting to die
3 levels of case formulation
level of case, level of problem, level of situation
5 components of CB Case formualtion
problem list, working, hypothesis, strengths and assets, treatment plan
Three attribution styles
Stability
Internality
Globality
Attribution
explanation for an observed event or an account of what caused something to happen
A, B, C’s for problem solving therapy
A - antecedents
B - behaviors
C - consequences
biofeedback
allows clients to become conscious of changes in their blood pressure, pulse rate, brain waves, dilation of blood vessels, and other biological functions
coping cards
these cards typically contain information, prompts, or reminders about coping techniques and strategies that individuals can use to deal with stress, anxiety, or other emotional difficulties. The purpose of coping cards is to provide quick and accessible reminders of healthy coping mechanisms.
Downward arrow
whats the worst that would happen if, whats the worst that would happen if- gets down to the root of the problem
changing core beliefs
replacing belief, examining evidence, socratic questioning
role playing
therapists pretends to be rational/irrational thoughts
shame attacking
do what you’re most afraid of so you can realize the world doesn’t come to an end after all
steps to thought stopping & ways its effective
List your stressful thoughts
Imagine the thought
Thought interruption
Unaided thought interruption
Thought substitution
able to visualize and anticipate worry & stopping it
Re-attribution
attribute the cause of a problem to something other than you “badness”
How to imporve motivational issues
cost benefit analysis, you questions, pleasure predicting sheet
feared fantasy technique
confront fears in a dramatic way
pleasure predicting sheet
list activity, who it is with, predicted & actual pleasure from it
critical incident echnique
when patient, family member, teacher, s/0 recalls an events that is indicative of patient’s problems
reasons patients fail to complete homework assignments
love addiction- love and closeness are the key to happiness
perfectionistic thinking- if not perfect, why do them at all
putting the cart before the horse- may have the belief that motivation comes before action
unexpressed anger- resent therpaist for something they said
hoplesness
coercion sensitivity- people are trying to force you
fatalism- mood governs forces that are out of your control
fear of blame
internal v external expectations
resistance to a structured fast acting approach
self labeling
different priorities
entitlement
fear of change
shame
emotional reasoning
low frustration tolerance
superman/woman- if you ask for help youre weak
lack of direction
realism of depression
reluctance to give up negative feelings
mmedical model- they should be cured
passicity-talking to therpaist is enough
two steps to breaking bad habits
1) minimize or avoid immediate reward
2) make long term negative consequence seem more immediate
breathing exercises
one hand on chest one on belly, palms up, deep belly breaths, breath counting, breathing for tension relief, signing, yawning
3 levels of tension
Active tensing - tensing each part
Threshold tensing - tensing one muscle group
Passive tensing- noticing tension in body
3 basic meditations
mantra, sitting, breath counting
3 steps of meditation
grounding, breathing, attitude
what type of attitude should you maintain when meditating
passive (lack of concern that you’re doing things correctly)
benefits of visualization
treats stress, physical illness, headaches, spasms, chronic pain, anxiety, more focus
3 types of visualization
receptive- sketch image of a scene, ask a question, wait for response
programmed- create an image with sensory feelings and imagine a goal
guided- visualize a scene in detail, wait for inner guide to supply missing pieces
applied relaxation training
Brings together a number of proven relaxation techniques
Progressive muscle relaxation
Release only relaxation
Cue-controlled relaxation
Rapid relaxation
Applied relaxation
10 attitudes that keep you from expressing your feelings
confluct phobia, emotional perfectionism, fear of disproval, passive aggressiveness, hoeplesness, low self esteem, spontaneity (believe you have the right to say precisely what you think your feelinsg) mind reading, martyrdom ( don’t wanna give the satisfaction), need to solve problems
10 attitudes that prevent you from listening
truth, blame, need to be a victim, self deception, defensiveness, coercion sensitivity, demandingness, selfishness, mistrust, help addiction
agressive, passive, passive agressive, assertive
agressive- opinions, feelings, wants are stated but at the expense of someone else’s feelings
passive- opinions feelings wants are withheld
passive agressive- expressed indirectly- pouting, storming out or slamming doors
assertive- opinions, feelings, wants expressed without violating rights of others
content to process shift
shift the focus of the discussion from the topic to an analysis of what is going on between the two of you
assertivve agreement
acknowledge criticism you agree with, you don’t need to give an explanation unless you wish to
assertive inquiry
invite criticism to find out what is really bothering the other person
Heens steps to say no
good yes or bad yes
recognize syaing yes means implicitely saying no
buying yourself some time
practice yes if
no sandwich
T/F There is as much diversity within groups as there is between groups
T
5 ways CBT is well suited for multicultural work
Emphasizes the need to conduct case conceptualization and tailor interventions to client’s unique situation
Emphasizes clients’ expertise regarding themselves and their ability to learn and apply skills in the future without the therapist
Emphasizes conscious processes that can be described and taught
Focuses on a holistic understanding of clients including cultural strengths and supports that can be used to reinforce desired change
Firmly rooted in behaviorism, which focuses on the influence of environments on behavior
Limitations to CBT multiculutral applicaation
CBT focuses on individual rather than cultural influences or the past
T/F Culturally responsive practice begins with the therapist’s personal work
T
CLASS?
C - creating a healthy environment
L - learning something new
Could be a skill, habit, or information
A - assertiveness
S - social support
S - self-care activities
Could be physical, emotional, or spiritual
How is biculturalism helpful
Biculturalism is a helpful concept that can be used to emphasize the advantage of learning multiple skill sets and increase repertoire of skills from which a client can flexibly choose and adapt
ways culture affects jhomework
Cultural context may limit available homework options
Cultural values and practices may facilitate the performance of homework
Type of homework preferred
In some cases the idea of homework will be off putting because it feels like school
Rule of thumb in treatment of depression
Rule of thumb in treatment is greater the dysfunction, greater the proportion of behavioral to cognitive interventions
4 types of depression
major depressive episode, dysthymic disorder (milder for 2 yrs), bipolar disorder, cyclothymic disorder (mild bipolar)
3 general aspects of psychotherapy for chronic pain
Teach patient pain-coping and pain-reduction strategies
Teach patient to employ cognitive techniques for disputing beliefs that would undermine their acceptance of responsibility for employing coping and self-management techniques
Problem of cognitions and behaviors that trigger and maintain pain
medical conceptualization of depresso
Heredity
Brain chemistry
Neurotransmitter imbalance, such as low levels of serotonin or norepinephrine
Hormonal imbalance
humanistic conceptualiation of depresso
Depression stems from the recognition that we will not achieve our personal goals (self-actualization) and as a consequence, we give up responsibility
Normal sadness vs depresso
clinical depression- loss of interest, sleep disturbance, thoughts of suicide, pessimism
sadness- precipitated by a legitimate stressor, fleeting symptoms, doesnt involve self esteem, doesnt lead to impairment in functioning, lower in magnitude
3 reasons therapy fails
empathy, Patient feels you haven’t listened to how bad they feel
, Might feel angry and sad because of something you did or said
how to tune into lack of empathy
Ask for positive or negative feedback
Fill out empathy scale
how to deal w backslifing
See it as part of human fallibility
Refrain from rating yourself
Challenge irrational beliefs about the backslide
Keep looking for, finding, and actively and vigorously disputing irrational beliefs
2 components to agenda setting
Agreeing on a specific problem to work on
Agreeing on the methods you will use to try to solve the problem
Criticism of behavioral & key issue
What is health in this model? Who defines what is adaptive and maladaptive behavior?
Key issue- criterion question & essentisl failure of these theories to consider and challenge environmental stimi
limits to empiricism
Those using science and experimental methods assume that their findings represent the “truth”
Methods tend to be linear, reductionistic, and cause-and-effect related
future directions
- becks more popular currently due to more collaborative, more prestigious academic appointments
what are two reasons for cog therapies current popularity
commitment to psychotherapy integration and dedication to empirical evaluation
