midterm Flashcards
any substance that makes up all observable physical objects; anything that has mass and occupies space
matter
the branch of physical science that studies the composition, structure, properties, and changes that matter undergoes
chemistry
studies the properties and reactions of elements, excluding organic or certain carbon containing compounds
inorganic chemistry
the study of those types of matter and changes in matter related to the disinfection, preservation, and restoration of human remains
embalming chemistry
the measure of the resistance to flow of a liquid; can be though of as the “thickness” of a fluid
viscosity
simple substances that cannot be decomposed or further divided by ordinary chemical means
elements
the tendency of matter to become more disorganized (or chaotic) over time
entropy
standard units of measurement of length, volume, and mass in the metric system
meter, liter, and gram
a funeral service student adds 250 mL of embalming fluid to a graduated cylinder. the mass of the embalming fluid is 248.1 g. what is the density of the embalming fluid
d=m/v
.99 g/ml
a piece of aluminum displaces 11.2 mL of water when placed in a graduated cylinder. given that aluminum has a mass of 30.2 grams, what is the density of the aluminum
d=m/v
2.7 g/ml
a ___ mixture is uniform throughout such as salt dissolved in water
homogenous
a ___ mixture has two or more distinct phases present such as a mixture of sand and water
heterogenous
the mass number of an atom can be determined by adding the number of___ in the atom to the number of ___
protons and neutrons
the temperature at which the vapor pressure equal atmospheric pressure or the temperature at which a liquid changes to a vapor
boiling point
the measure of how well a solute mixes with a solvent
solubility
the amount of mass of a certain substance divided by the amount of volume the mass occupies
density
usually measured in Fahrenheit; measured by Celcius in chemistry
temperature
the smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter that was all the property of the chemical element it is part of
atom
the ___ determines an atoms chemical properties
electron
chemical bond involving the sharing of electron pairs between atoms; allows each atom to attain the equivalent of a full outer shell
covalent bond
reaction where two or more elements (or compounds) combine to form a single product
synthesis
reaction that is a chemical change which is the opposite of synthesis action
decomposition
attraction force that occurs when individual water molecules attract one another
hydrogen bonding
breaking down of the human body by water
hydrolysis
an inert medium in which an agent (ex. water) is administered
vehicle
combining solutions of similar makeup, but of unequal concentrations, particles naturally move from regions of higher concentration to lower concentrations
diffusion
diffusion through a semi permeable membrane
osmosis
a state in which body temperature elevates after death
post mortem caloricity
a chemical ___ is simply a symbolic representation of a chemical change
equation
this process leads to post mortem stain and is the breakdown of erythrocytes
hemolysis
surface tension interferes with the diffusion of embalming chemicals from the capillaries to the tissue; ___ are added to water to reduce this
surfactants
calcium, magnesium, and somtimes iron ions are water soluble ___ that make water hard
minerals
water acts as a base in the presence of an acid, and as an acid in the presence of a base, which makes water
amphoteric
an ___ is a substance capable of liberating a hydrogen ion (H+) in aqueous solutions; can exist in all three states of matter
acid
properties of a ___ are bitter, caustic taste, turns blue on litmus paper; solutions feel slippery or soapy; may exist in all three states of matter (moist oily solid)
base
added to embalming chemicals to overcome different pH in bodies; keep pH at a nearly constant value in a wide variety of chemical applications
buffer
after a person dies, the pH of the body shifts from ___ to ___ and then back to ___
basic to acidic to basic
the pH of normal human blood while alive, is ___ and sightly ___
7.3-7.5 and basic
water is usually a perfect ___, but typical tap water usually is too ___ to be used by itself for embalming
vehicle and hard
this is the key ingredient in nail polish, used for dissolving nail polish, super blue, cleaning clothing and casket interiors
acetones
aldehydes are denoted by the ___ functional group. this group has the symbol ___
carbonyl and -CHO
dyes, sanitizers, solvents, preservatives, anti coagulants, surfactants (are)
embalming fluid ingredients
branch of chemistry that deals with hydrocarbons
organic chemistry
water soluble; transfer of an electron from one group to another; electrostatic reaction
ionic bonds
organic compounds are classified by how they function
reactivity
sanitize microbes and pathogens; retard decomposition; control moisture and color
embalming fluid functions
not always soluble in water, share electrons; room temperature solid, liquid, or gas
covalent bonds
benzene ring structure; perfumes; deodorants
aromatics
having the same number of carbons but different orientations
isomers
rings can be found in phenol, cresol, and perfuming agents; unsaturated hydrocarbons
alkenes
when proteins or nucleic acid lose structure in their native state through external stress of compound such as a strong acid or base, a concentrated inorganic slat, an organic solvent (ex. alcohol or chloroform), radiation or heat
denaturation
aldehydes are effective embalming chemicals because they are good
disinfectants
aldehydes are effective disinfectants because they
both of these
(kill bacteria and destroy bacterial food supplies)
the reaction of aldehyde on tissue protein can be referred to as
coagulating
formaldehyde is produced by the oxidation of.
methanol
glutaraldehyde is a ___ at room temperature
gas
antiseptics, disinfectants, cauterants, bleaching agents (are)
funeral service phenols
used during cases of advanced decomposition where ammonia and urea can interfere with formaldehyde
high index
a bond formed between polymer chains, either between different chains or between different parts of the same chain
crosslink
ethylene glycol, glycerol, sorbitol (are)
humectants
used to disinfect instruments and sanitize surgical incisions and dressings; precursor to antiseptic surgical procedures
phenol
more than one substitution on a ring; identification of position is important; ortho, meta, and para
di substituted benzene derivatives
hygroscopic chemical that keeps things Dry by aDsorbing water (trapping water vapor at its surface)
desiccants
functional group composed of a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom
carbonyl group
HCHO is the chemical formula for
formaldehyde
the IUPAC name for formaldehyde is
methanal
a structural feature that allows the chemist to classify compounds by reactivity
functional group
used as both a supplement with or as an alternative to formaldehyde; does not shrink or construct tissue like formaldehyde
glutaraldehyde
colorless toxic gas with disagreeable odor; vapor is trapped when dissolved in water; sold as a 37% solution in water stabilized by methanol
formaldehyde
formula - HCOOH
formic acid
common name for ethanol
grain alcohol
until it was found to be neurologically toxic in large doses, ___ was once widely used as a disinfectant, germicide, and fungicide
hexachlorophene
when formaldehyde gas is solvated in water, it reacts with the water to form
methylene glycol
aqueous formaldehyde solutions are called formalin when they are stabilized with
methanol
much less toxic than benzene; in the funeral home it is found in cosmetics, sealing agents, and thinner
toluene
in the case of an accidental formaldehyde spill, ___ would be the perfect cleaning solution to prevent exposure to formaldehyde fumes
ammonia
important fragrance in embalming; has both a phenol and ester function; wintergreen scent masks the disagreeable and pungent odor of formaldehyde
methyl salicylate
acetic acid (commonly known as ___) reacts with hard water deposits like calcium ion creating the water soluble compound calcium acetate
vinegar
involves the formation of at least two coordinate bonds between a central metal and an organic ligand (ion or molecule that binds to a central metal atom to form a coordination complex)
chelation
esters are formed by reaction of a carboxylic acid with
alcohol
when soluble sodium oxalate is the modifying agent in embalming fluid, calcium oxalate ___ out of the solution when added to hard water
precipitates
in the presence of a strong base, such as sodium hydroxide, carboxylic acids are completely
neutralized
an important thioester in metabolism
acetyl coenzyme A
colorless, water soluble, poly carboxylic; can sequester metals like calcium
EDTA
a ___ anticoagulant “cages in” the calcium making it unavailable to coagulate blood
sequesterant
the simplest amine (methyl amine) is a significant primary amine that results from
putrefaction
amine and sulfur containing compounds together create the
smell of death
amine decomposition products are commonly referred to as
ptomaines
in cases of advanced decomposition, ___ will interfere with preservatives such as aldehydes, increasing preservative demand
ammonia
added to embalming fluid to aid in the penetration of preservatives (and other chemicals) into tissue cells
surfactants
dissolves the cell membranes making it an especially exceptional surfactant; also an antiseptic because it dissolves and the cell membranes of microorganisms
benzalkonium chloride
bicyclic two ring structure; imparts foul odors associated with decomposition; main feature of the amino acid tryptophan
indole
tryptophan is a precursor of ___, a neurotransmitter
serotonin
product of protein decomposition, foul smelling and major cause of decomposition smell; in low concentrations has a flowery smell and is added to popular perfumes
skatole
compounds with two amine groups attached to a carbonyl group of which urea is the most noteworthy example
carbamide
embalming chemicals are all considered “organic” chemicals. what would an organic chemical consist of
carbon
which of the following is not a purpose of embalming fluids
improved fragrance of the body
R-OH is the functional group for
alcohol
___ is fluid getting to the capillaries, whereas ___ is getting fluid out to the cells
distribution then diffusion
the water content in a human ___ as the person gets older
decreases
