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embalming chemistry > midterm > Flashcards

midterm Flashcards

1
Q

any substance that makes up all observable physical objects; anything that has mass and occupies space

A

matter

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2
Q

the branch of physical science that studies the composition, structure, properties, and changes that matter undergoes

A

chemistry

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3
Q

studies the properties and reactions of elements, excluding organic or certain carbon containing compounds

A

inorganic chemistry

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4
Q

the study of those types of matter and changes in matter related to the disinfection, preservation, and restoration of human remains

A

embalming chemistry

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5
Q

the measure of the resistance to flow of a liquid; can be though of as the “thickness” of a fluid

A

viscosity

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6
Q

simple substances that cannot be decomposed or further divided by ordinary chemical means

A

elements

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7
Q

the tendency of matter to become more disorganized (or chaotic) over time

A

entropy

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8
Q

standard units of measurement of length, volume, and mass in the metric system

A

meter, liter, and gram

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9
Q

a funeral service student adds 250 mL of embalming fluid to a graduated cylinder. the mass of the embalming fluid is 248.1 g. what is the density of the embalming fluid

A

d=m/v
.99 g/ml

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10
Q

a piece of aluminum displaces 11.2 mL of water when placed in a graduated cylinder. given that aluminum has a mass of 30.2 grams, what is the density of the aluminum

A

d=m/v
2.7 g/ml

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11
Q

a ___ mixture is uniform throughout such as salt dissolved in water

A

homogenous

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12
Q

a ___ mixture has two or more distinct phases present such as a mixture of sand and water

A

heterogenous

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13
Q

the mass number of an atom can be determined by adding the number of___ in the atom to the number of ___

A

protons and neutrons

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14
Q

the temperature at which the vapor pressure equal atmospheric pressure or the temperature at which a liquid changes to a vapor

A

boiling point

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15
Q

the measure of how well a solute mixes with a solvent

A

solubility

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16
Q

the amount of mass of a certain substance divided by the amount of volume the mass occupies

A

density

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17
Q

usually measured in Fahrenheit; measured by Celcius in chemistry

A

temperature

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18
Q

the smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter that was all the property of the chemical element it is part of

A

atom

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19
Q

the ___ determines an atoms chemical properties

A

electron

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20
Q

chemical bond involving the sharing of electron pairs between atoms; allows each atom to attain the equivalent of a full outer shell

A

covalent bond

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21
Q

reaction where two or more elements (or compounds) combine to form a single product

A

synthesis

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22
Q

reaction that is a chemical change which is the opposite of synthesis action

A

decomposition

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23
Q

attraction force that occurs when individual water molecules attract one another

A

hydrogen bonding

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24
Q

breaking down of the human body by water

A

hydrolysis

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25
Q

an inert medium in which an agent (ex. water) is administered

A

vehicle

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26
Q

combining solutions of similar makeup, but of unequal concentrations, particles naturally move from regions of higher concentration to lower concentrations

A

diffusion

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27
Q

diffusion through a semi permeable membrane

A

osmosis

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28
Q

a state in which body temperature elevates after death

A

post mortem caloricity

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29
Q

a chemical ___ is simply a symbolic representation of a chemical change

A

equation

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30
Q

this process leads to post mortem stain and is the breakdown of erythrocytes

A

hemolysis

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31
Q

surface tension interferes with the diffusion of embalming chemicals from the capillaries to the tissue; ___ are added to water to reduce this

A

surfactants

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32
Q

calcium, magnesium, and somtimes iron ions are water soluble ___ that make water hard

A

minerals

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33
Q

water acts as a base in the presence of an acid, and as an acid in the presence of a base, which makes water

A

amphoteric

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34
Q

an ___ is a substance capable of liberating a hydrogen ion (H+) in aqueous solutions; can exist in all three states of matter

A

acid

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35
Q

properties of a ___ are bitter, caustic taste, turns blue on litmus paper; solutions feel slippery or soapy; may exist in all three states of matter (moist oily solid)

A

base

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36
Q

added to embalming chemicals to overcome different pH in bodies; keep pH at a nearly constant value in a wide variety of chemical applications

A

buffer

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37
Q

after a person dies, the pH of the body shifts from ___ to ___ and then back to ___

A

basic to acidic to basic

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38
Q

the pH of normal human blood while alive, is ___ and sightly ___

A

7.3-7.5 and basic

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39
Q

water is usually a perfect ___, but typical tap water usually is too ___ to be used by itself for embalming

A

vehicle and hard

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40
Q

this is the key ingredient in nail polish, used for dissolving nail polish, super blue, cleaning clothing and casket interiors

A

acetones

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41
Q

aldehydes are denoted by the ___ functional group. this group has the symbol ___

A

carbonyl and -CHO

42
Q

dyes, sanitizers, solvents, preservatives, anti coagulants, surfactants (are)

A

embalming fluid ingredients

43
Q

branch of chemistry that deals with hydrocarbons

A

organic chemistry

44
Q

water soluble; transfer of an electron from one group to another; electrostatic reaction

A

ionic bonds

45
Q

organic compounds are classified by how they function

A

reactivity

46
Q

sanitize microbes and pathogens; retard decomposition; control moisture and color

A

embalming fluid functions

47
Q

not always soluble in water, share electrons; room temperature solid, liquid, or gas

A

covalent bonds

48
Q

benzene ring structure; perfumes; deodorants

A

aromatics

49
Q

having the same number of carbons but different orientations

A

isomers

50
Q

rings can be found in phenol, cresol, and perfuming agents; unsaturated hydrocarbons

A

alkenes

51
Q

when proteins or nucleic acid lose structure in their native state through external stress of compound such as a strong acid or base, a concentrated inorganic slat, an organic solvent (ex. alcohol or chloroform), radiation or heat

A

denaturation

52
Q

aldehydes are effective embalming chemicals because they are good

A

disinfectants

53
Q

aldehydes are effective disinfectants because they

A

both of these
(kill bacteria and destroy bacterial food supplies)

54
Q

the reaction of aldehyde on tissue protein can be referred to as

A

coagulating

55
Q

formaldehyde is produced by the oxidation of.

A

methanol

56
Q

glutaraldehyde is a ___ at room temperature

A

gas

57
Q

antiseptics, disinfectants, cauterants, bleaching agents (are)

A

funeral service phenols

58
Q

used during cases of advanced decomposition where ammonia and urea can interfere with formaldehyde

A

high index

59
Q

a bond formed between polymer chains, either between different chains or between different parts of the same chain

A

crosslink

60
Q

ethylene glycol, glycerol, sorbitol (are)

A

humectants

61
Q

used to disinfect instruments and sanitize surgical incisions and dressings; precursor to antiseptic surgical procedures

A

phenol

62
Q

more than one substitution on a ring; identification of position is important; ortho, meta, and para

A

di substituted benzene derivatives

63
Q

hygroscopic chemical that keeps things Dry by aDsorbing water (trapping water vapor at its surface)

A

desiccants

64
Q

functional group composed of a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom

A

carbonyl group

65
Q

HCHO is the chemical formula for

A

formaldehyde

66
Q

the IUPAC name for formaldehyde is

A

methanal

67
Q

a structural feature that allows the chemist to classify compounds by reactivity

A

functional group

68
Q

used as both a supplement with or as an alternative to formaldehyde; does not shrink or construct tissue like formaldehyde

A

glutaraldehyde

69
Q

colorless toxic gas with disagreeable odor; vapor is trapped when dissolved in water; sold as a 37% solution in water stabilized by methanol

A

formaldehyde

70
Q

formula - HCOOH

A

formic acid

71
Q

common name for ethanol

A

grain alcohol

72
Q

until it was found to be neurologically toxic in large doses, ___ was once widely used as a disinfectant, germicide, and fungicide

A

hexachlorophene

73
Q

when formaldehyde gas is solvated in water, it reacts with the water to form

A

methylene glycol

74
Q

aqueous formaldehyde solutions are called formalin when they are stabilized with

A

methanol

75
Q

much less toxic than benzene; in the funeral home it is found in cosmetics, sealing agents, and thinner

A

toluene

76
Q

in the case of an accidental formaldehyde spill, ___ would be the perfect cleaning solution to prevent exposure to formaldehyde fumes

A

ammonia

77
Q

important fragrance in embalming; has both a phenol and ester function; wintergreen scent masks the disagreeable and pungent odor of formaldehyde

A

methyl salicylate

78
Q

acetic acid (commonly known as ___) reacts with hard water deposits like calcium ion creating the water soluble compound calcium acetate

A

vinegar

79
Q

involves the formation of at least two coordinate bonds between a central metal and an organic ligand (ion or molecule that binds to a central metal atom to form a coordination complex)

A

chelation

80
Q

esters are formed by reaction of a carboxylic acid with

A

alcohol

81
Q

when soluble sodium oxalate is the modifying agent in embalming fluid, calcium oxalate ___ out of the solution when added to hard water

A

precipitates

82
Q

in the presence of a strong base, such as sodium hydroxide, carboxylic acids are completely

A

neutralized

83
Q

an important thioester in metabolism

A

acetyl coenzyme A

84
Q

colorless, water soluble, poly carboxylic; can sequester metals like calcium

A

EDTA

85
Q

a ___ anticoagulant “cages in” the calcium making it unavailable to coagulate blood

A

sequesterant

86
Q

the simplest amine (methyl amine) is a significant primary amine that results from

A

putrefaction

87
Q

amine and sulfur containing compounds together create the

A

smell of death

88
Q

amine decomposition products are commonly referred to as

A

ptomaines

89
Q

in cases of advanced decomposition, ___ will interfere with preservatives such as aldehydes, increasing preservative demand

A

ammonia

90
Q

added to embalming fluid to aid in the penetration of preservatives (and other chemicals) into tissue cells

A

surfactants

91
Q

dissolves the cell membranes making it an especially exceptional surfactant; also an antiseptic because it dissolves and the cell membranes of microorganisms

A

benzalkonium chloride

92
Q

bicyclic two ring structure; imparts foul odors associated with decomposition; main feature of the amino acid tryptophan

A

indole

93
Q

tryptophan is a precursor of ___, a neurotransmitter

A

serotonin

94
Q

product of protein decomposition, foul smelling and major cause of decomposition smell; in low concentrations has a flowery smell and is added to popular perfumes

A

skatole

95
Q

compounds with two amine groups attached to a carbonyl group of which urea is the most noteworthy example

A

carbamide

96
Q

embalming chemicals are all considered “organic” chemicals. what would an organic chemical consist of

A

carbon

97
Q

which of the following is not a purpose of embalming fluids

A

improved fragrance of the body

98
Q

R-OH is the functional group for

A

alcohol

99
Q

___ is fluid getting to the capillaries, whereas ___ is getting fluid out to the cells

A

distribution then diffusion

100
Q

the water content in a human ___ as the person gets older

A

decreases

embalming chemistry (12 decks)

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