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final exam Flashcards

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1
Q

any substance that makes up all observable physical objects; anything that has mass and occupies space

A

matter

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2
Q

the branch of physical science that studies the composition, structure, properties, and changes that matter undergoes

A

chemistry

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3
Q

studies the properties and reactions of elements, excluding organic or certain carbon containing compounds

A

inorganic chemistry

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4
Q

the study of those types of matter and changes in matter related to the disinfection, preservation and restoration of human remains

A

embalming chemistry

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5
Q

the measure of the resistance to flow of a liquid; can be thought of as the “thickness” of a fluid

A

viscosity

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6
Q

simple substances that cannot be decomposed or further divided by ordinary chemical means

A

elements

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7
Q

the tendency of matter to become more disorganized (or chaotic) over time

A

entropy

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8
Q

standard units of measurement of length, volume, and mass in the metric system

A

meter, liter, and gram

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9
Q

a funeral service student adds 250 mL of embalming fluid to a graduated cylinder. the mass of the embalming fluid is 248.1 g. what is the density of the embalming fluid?

A

.99 g/ml

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10
Q

a piece of aluminum displaces 11.2 mL of water when placed in a graduated cylinder. given that aluminum has a mass of 30.2 grams, what is the density of the aluminum?

A

2.7 g/ml

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11
Q

a ___ mixture is uniform throughout such as salt dissolved in water

A

homogenous

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12
Q

a ___ mixture has two or more distinct phases present such as a mixture of sand and water

A

heterogenous

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13
Q

the mass number of an atom can be determined by adding the number of ___ in the atom to the number of ___

A

protons and neutrons

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14
Q

the temperature at which the vapor pressure equals atmospheric pressure or the temperature at which a liquid change to a vapor

A

boiling point

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15
Q

the measure of how well a solute mixes with a solvent

A

solubility

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16
Q

the amount of mass of a certain substance divided by the amount of volume the mass occupies

A

density

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17
Q

usually measured in Fahrenheit; measured by celsius in chemistry

A

temperature

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18
Q

the smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter that was all the property of the chemical element is it part of

A

atom

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19
Q

the ___ determines an atom’s chemical properties

A

electron

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20
Q

chemical bond involving the sharing of electron pairs between atoms; allows each atom to attain the equivalent of a full outer shell

A

covalent bond

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21
Q

reaction where two or more elements (or compounds) combine to form a single product

A

synthesis

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22
Q

reaction that is a chemical change which is the opposite of synthesis action

A

decomposition

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23
Q

attraction force that occurs when individual water molecules attract one another

A

hydrogen bonding

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24
Q

breaking down of the human body by water

A

hydrolysis

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25
Q

an inert medium in which an agent (ex. water) is administered

A

vehicle

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26
Q

combining solutions of similar makeup, but of unequal concentrations, particles naturally move from regions of higher concentration to lower concentration

A

diffusion

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27
Q

diffusion through a semi permeable membrane

A

osmosis

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28
Q

a state in which temperature elevates after death

A

post mortem caloricity

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29
Q

a chemical ___ is simply a symbolic representation of a chemical reaction

A

equation

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30
Q

this process leads to post mortem stain and is the breakdown of erythrocytes

A

hemolysis

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31
Q

surface tension interferes with the diffusion of embalming chemicals from the capillaries to the tissue; ___ are added to water to reduce this

A

surfactants

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32
Q

calcium, magnesium, and sometimes iron ions are water soluble ___ that make water hard

A

minerals

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33
Q

an ___ is a substance capable of liberating a hydrogen ion (OH-) in aqueous solutions; can exist in all three states of matter

A

acid

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34
Q

properties of a ___ are bitter, caustic taste, turns blue on litmus paper; solutions feel slippery or soapy; may exist in all three states of matter (moist oily solid)

A

base

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35
Q

water acts as a base in the presence of an acid, and as an acid in the presence of a base, which makes water…

A

amphoteric

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36
Q

added to embalming chemicals to overcome different pH in bodies; keep pH at a nearly constant value in a wide variety of chemical applications

A

buffer

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37
Q

after a person dies, the pH of the body shifts from ___ to ___ and then back to ___

A

basic to acidic and back to basic

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38
Q

the pH of normal human blood while alive is ___ and slightly ___

A

7.3-7.5 and basic

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39
Q

water is usually a perfect ___, but typically tap water usually is too ___ to be used by itself embalming

A

vehicle and hard

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40
Q

this is the key ingredient in nail polish, used for dissolving nail polish, super glue, cleaning clothing and casket interiors

A

acetones

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41
Q

aldehydes are denoted by the ___ functional group. this group has the symbol ___

A

carbonyl and -CHO

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42
Q

aldehydes are effective embalming chemicals because they are good…

A

disinfectants

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43
Q

aldehydes are effective disinfectants because they…

A

both (kill bacteria and destroy bacterial food supplies)

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44
Q

the reaction of aldehyde on tissue protein can be referred to as

A

coagulating

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45
Q

formaldehyde is produced by the oxidation of

A

methanol

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46
Q

glutaraldehyde is a ___ at room temperature

A

liquid

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47
Q

dyes, sanitizers, solvents, preservatives, anti coagulants, surfactants are…

A

embalming fluid ingredients

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48
Q

branch of chemistry that deals with hydrocarbons

A

organic chemistry

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49
Q

water soluble; transfer of an electron from one group to another; electrostatic reaction

A

ionic bond

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50
Q

organic compounds are classified by how they function

A

reactivity

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51
Q

sanitize microbes and pathogens; retard decomposition; control moisture and color

A

embalming fluid functions

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52
Q

not always soluble in water, share electrons; room temperature solid, liquid, or gas

A

covalent bonds

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53
Q

benzene ring structure; perfumes; deodorants

A

aromatics

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54
Q

having the same number of carbons but different orientation

A

isomers

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55
Q

rings can be found in phenol, cresol, and perfuming agents; unsaturated hydrocarbons

A

alkenes

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56
Q

when proteins or nucleic acids lose structure in their native state through external stress or compound such as a strong acid or base, a concentrated inorganic salt, an organic solvent (ex. alcohol or chloroform), radiation or heat

A

denaturation

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57
Q

antiseptics, disinfectants, cauterants, bleaching agents

A

funeral service phenols

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58
Q

used during cases of advanced decomposition where ammonia and urea can interfere with formaldehyde

A

high index

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59
Q

a bond formed between polymer chains, either between different chains or between different parts of the same chain

A

crosslink

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60
Q

ethylene glycol, glycerol, sorbitol

A

humectants

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61
Q

used to disinfect instruments and sanitize surgical incision and dressings; precursor to antiseptic surgical procedures

A

phenol

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62
Q

more than one substitution on a ring; identification of position is important; ortho, meta, and para

A

di-substituted benzene derivatives

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63
Q

hygroscopic chemical that keeps things Dry by aDsorbing water (trapping water vapor at its surface)

A

desiccants

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64
Q

functional group composed of a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom

A

carbonyl group

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65
Q

HCHO is the chemical formula for

A

formadlehyde

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66
Q

the IUPAC name for formaldehyde is

A

methanal

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67
Q

a structural feature that allows the chemist to classify compounds by reactivity

A

functional group

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68
Q

used as both a supplement with or as an alternative to formaldehyde; does not shrink or constrict tissue like formaldehyde

A

glutaraldehyde

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69
Q

colorless toxic gas with disagreeable odor; vapor is trapped when dissolved in water; sold as a 37% solution in water, stabilized by methanol

A

formaldehyde

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70
Q

formula - HCOOH

A

formic acid

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71
Q

common name for ethanol

A

grain alcohol

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72
Q

until it was found to be neurologically toxic in large doses, ___ was once widely used as a disinfectant, germicide, and fungicide

A

hexachlorophene

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73
Q

when formaldehyde gas is solvated in water, it reacts with the water to form

A

methylene glycol

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74
Q

aqueous formaldehyde solutions are called formalin when they are stabilized with

A

methanol

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75
Q

much less toxic than benzene; in the funeral home it is found in cosmetics, sealing agents, and thinner

A

toluene

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76
Q

in the case of an accidental formaldehyde spill, ___ would be the perfect cleaning solution to prevent exposure to formaldehyde fumes

A

ammonia

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77
Q

important fragrance in embalming; has both a phenol and ester function; wintergreen scent masks the disagreeable and pungent odor of formaldehyde

A

methyl salicylate

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78
Q

acetic acid (commonly known as ___) reacts with hard water deposits like calcium ions creating the water soluble compound calcium acetate

A

vinegar

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79
Q

involves the formation of at least two coordinate bonds between a central metal and an organic ligand (ion or molecule that binds to a central metal atom to form a coordination complex)

A

chelation

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80
Q

esters are formed by reaction of a carboxylic acid with

A

alcohol

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81
Q

when soluble sodium oxalate is the modifying agent in embalming fluid, calcium oxalate ___ out of the solution when added to hard water

A

precipitates

82
Q

in the presence of a strong base, such as sodium hydroxide, carboxylic acids are completely

A

neutralized

83
Q

an important thioester in metabolism

A

acetyl coenzyme A

84
Q

colorless, water soluble, poly carboxylic; can sequester metals like calcium

A

EDTA

85
Q

a ___ anticoagulant “cages in” the calcium making it unavailable to coagulate blood

A

sequesterant

86
Q

the simplest amine (methyl amine) is a significant primary amine that results from

A

putrefaction

87
Q

amine and sulfur containing compounds together create the

A

smell of death

88
Q

amine decomposition products are commonly referred to as

A

ptomaines

89
Q

in case of advanced decomposition, ___ will interfere with preservatives such as aldehydes, increasing preservative demand

A

ammonia

90
Q

added to embalming fluid to aid in the penetration of preservatives (and other chemicals) into tissue cells

A

surfactants

91
Q

dissolves the cell membranes making it an especially exceptional surfactant; also an antiseptic because it dissolves the cell membranes of microorganisms

A

benzalkonium chloride

92
Q

bicyclic two ring structure; imparts foul odors associated with decomposition; main feature of the amino acid tryptophan

A

indole

93
Q

tryptophan is a precursor of ___, a neurotransmitter

A

serotonin

94
Q

product of protein decomposition, foul smelling and major cause of decomposition smell; in low concentrations has a flowery smell and is added to popular perfumes

A

skatole

95
Q

compounds with two amine groups attached to a carbonyl group of which urea is the most noteworthy example

A

carbamide

96
Q

embalming chemicals are all considered “organic” chemicals. what would an organic chemical consist of

A

carbon

97
Q

which of the following is not a purpose of embalming fluids

A

improved fragrance of the body

98
Q

-OH is the functional group for

A

alcohol

99
Q

___ is fluid getting to the capillaries, whereas ___ is getting fluid out to the cells

A

distribution and diffusion

100
Q

the water content in a human ___ as the person gets older

A

decreases

101
Q

water is ___ of the mass of an adults body

A

60%

102
Q

in the human body there are 20 of them which are required to sustain life; building blocks of protein

A

amino acids

103
Q

typically think of them in terms of food; prepared from saccharide units

A

carbohydrates

104
Q

the lipids most commonly known as “fat” to the general public; isolated from plants and animals to form cooking oils

A

triglycerides

105
Q

long chained esters make up the category of lipids known as

A

waxes

106
Q

transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism; powers our cells, movements, and existence; the absence of it causes rigor mortis

A

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

107
Q

charged amino acids; simultaneously exist as both a cation and an anion; very water soluble

A

zwitterions

108
Q

just like water, amino acids can act as both an acid and a base and are therefore

A

amphoteric

109
Q

carries oxygen in the blood from the lungs to the electron transport chain in the cells; also carries carbon dioxide away from the cells and back to the lungs where it is exhaled

A

hemoglobin

110
Q

most abundant proteins in the human body; give structure to the organs, skin, muscle fiber, tendons and bone; made up of repeating amino acid units

A

fibrous

111
Q

enzymes aid in ___ after death

A

decomposition

112
Q

enzymes are ___ proteins

A

globular

113
Q

enzymes act on a ___; typical ones that are broken down are materials we consume through food (ex. sugars, fats, and proteins)

A

substrate

114
Q

enzymes - optimal functioning temperature of an enzyme

A

98.6 F

115
Q

when nature ___ enzyme activity through proenzymes, cofactors, and coenzymes

A

regulate

116
Q

cells are bundles of ___ reactions; reproduce; break molecules down and synthesize new molecules from the stock material that we consume

A

chemical

117
Q

caused by the deficiency of a lysosome based enzyme which cause nerve cells in the body to start to break down which can cause death within a few years

A

tay-sachs disease

118
Q

when the amino acid side chains that make up the active site are fitted and molded into a position that enables the enzyme to perform

A

induced fit model

119
Q

low iron (Fe) leads to ___ in the human body

A

anemia

120
Q

the phosphate ___ of adenosine triphosphate is the actual power source which the cell taps

A

tail

121
Q

carbon water is the literal meaning of

A

carbohydrates

122
Q

the decomposition of carbohydrates is termed

A

fermentation

123
Q

the decomposition of lipids is termed

A

lypolysis

124
Q

of or relating to, or being a compound (such as a surfactant) consisting of molecules having a polar water soluble group attached to a water insoluble hydrocarbon chain

A

amphiphilic

125
Q

while fats and oils are both triglycerides, they are distinguished from each other by their ___ state at room temperature

A

physical

126
Q

form DNA and RNA; identify us and create our structure so that the final product is wholly unique to us

A

nucleic acid

127
Q

DNA generates RNA through a process called

A

transcription

128
Q

___ was one of the winners of the nobel prize for discovering the double helix structure of DNA

A

James Watson

129
Q

RNA is the machine responsible for the synthesis of every ___ in our body

A

protein

130
Q

adenine, guanine, and cytosine belong to two categories of nucleobase that occur in both DNA and RNA; ___ is only present in DNA and ___ is only present in RNA

A

thymine and uracil

131
Q

the ___ of the nucleobases in our DNA and RNA is what makes up our unique genetic code

A

sequencing

132
Q

during embalming, the amine nitrogen in adenine and cytosine serve as ___ and are available to react with electrophilic aldehydes

A

nucleophiles

133
Q

our bodies have developed intricate energy ___ process for fats, proteins, and carbohydrates

A

extraction

134
Q

carbohydrates are converted to ___ monomers during digestion

A

glucose

135
Q

through a complex ___ pathway, glucose is broken down and releases energy to power our bodily functions and maintain body temperature

A

metabolic

136
Q

the conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate

A

glycolysis

137
Q

digestion is a form of ___ the breaking down of compounds thats divided into two processes: mechanical and chemical digestion

A

catabolism

138
Q

the most important molecules produced and consumed during glycolysis is the energy containing molecule

A

ATP

139
Q

when ATP is converted to ADP, energy has been

A

released

140
Q

also known as the citric acid cycle, an aerobic process of catabolism that produces ADP, and takes place inside the mitochondria part of a cell

A

krebs cycle

141
Q

another term for krebs cycle

A

citric acid cycle

142
Q

the krebs cycle is a series of enzyme catalyzed reactions occurring in the ___, where acetyl CoA is oxidized to form carbon dioxide and coenzymes are reduced, which generate ATP in the electron transport chain

A

mitochondrial matrix

143
Q

the krebs cycle is the final pathway of the ___ of glucose, fats, and amino acids

A

oxidation

144
Q

amino acids are deaminated and get converted to ___ and other intermediates of the krebs cycle

A

pyruvate

145
Q

regulation of the krebs cycle depends on the supply of NAD+ and the utilization of ___ in physical and chemical work

A

adenosine triphosphate

146
Q

double stranded molecule consisting of a long chain of nucleotides; self replicating q

A

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

147
Q

single stranded molecule consisting of short chains of nucleotides; synthesized on an as needed basis

A

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

148
Q

responsible for long term storage of genetic information; transmits genetic information to make other cells and new organisms

A

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

149
Q

directly codes for amino acids and acts as a messenger to make proteins

A

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

150
Q

composed of adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine bases

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

151
Q

she was an expert in a technique called x-ray crystallography and her work lead to the discovery of the structure of DNA

A

Rosalind Franklin

152
Q

DNA does not like to form crystal, but prefers to form organized

A

fibers

153
Q

possibly the first virus ever discovered

A

tobacco mosaic

154
Q

james watson, francis crick and maurice wilkins won the nobel prize for the discovery of the shape of DNA in

A

1962

155
Q

the x-ray diffraction image that convinced james watson and francis crick that DNA myst have a double helical structure

A

photo 51

156
Q

intrinsic and extrinsic factors cause the post mortem cooling of a body to the environment following death

A

algor mortis

157
Q

swelling of the skin due to effusion of fluid into the tissues

A

anasarca

158
Q

skin slip or scaling of the skin

A

desquamation

159
Q

postmortem physical change that slows blood in the vascular system; can also occur as part of a pathological process prior to death

A

hypostasis

160
Q

the chemical breakdown of red blood cells

A

hemolysis

161
Q

an intravascular discoloration due to the settling of blood to the dependent parts of the body

A

livor mortis

162
Q

the elevation of body temperature immediately following death; can accelerate chemical reactions including protein decomposition and blood coagulation processes

A

postmortem caloricity

163
Q

a condition that occurs in the muscles; begins a few hours following death; a chemical change withe physical manifestations

A

rigor mortis

164
Q

as time progresses, the pH shifts back to the ___ side of the scale as proteins decomposition releases basic amines and ammonia into the body

A

basic

165
Q

the chemical change and extravascular discoloration that is evident in the tissues as heme liberation accumulates

A

postmortem stain

166
Q

used in every decedent to minimize exposure to blood borne pathogens

A

universal precautions

167
Q

during the embalming process, exposure to blood, fluids, and ___ is at a maximum

A

microorganisms

168
Q

funeral homes must develop a written ___ program that covers all hazardous chemicals present in the facility, proper labeling of containers, safety data sheets and regular employee training for the hazards of the chemicals

A

hazardous communications

169
Q

ventilation, embalming machines with lids, and properly controlled drainage are effective ___ for limiting exposure to formaldehyde

A

engineering controls

170
Q

should be washed periodically through the embalming operation, inspected for integrity often, and changed frequently

A

disposable gloves

171
Q

basic dilution equation

A

c1 x v1 = C2 x V2

172
Q

in relation to moisture content, the body can accumulate so much excess water it becomes

A

edematous

173
Q

an app that is helpful when calculating embalming fluid dilution

A

embalm calc

174
Q

the evaluation performed by the embalmer that will determine the procedures to be used throughout the embalming process

A

embalming analysis

175
Q

the diluted mixture that the embalmer prepares to inject into a dead body

A

embalming solution

176
Q

pathological conditions in the body increase preservative demand when ___ increase free nitrogen in the body

A

cancer therapies

177
Q

the volume and concentration required to properly embalm a dead human being; depends on many variables (ex. time considerations, moisture content of the body)

A

preservative demand

178
Q

when final disposition time is extended, preservative demand always increases because preservative effects are ___ because decomposition is ___ not stopped

A

temporary and slowed

179
Q

takes place in the embalming machine when embalming fluid is mixed with water and supplemental fluids

A

primary dilution

180
Q

takes place when the embalming solution interacts with water in the body

A

secondary dilution

181
Q

in the hierarchy of degradation, ___ degrade first

A

carbohydrates

182
Q

in the hierarchy of degradation, _ are the last to degrade

A

bone, hair, and nails

183
Q

the decomposition of carbohydrates begins with ___ of glycogen into glucose

A

hydrolysis

184
Q

major cause of protein degradation

A

saprophytic bacteria

185
Q

during protein degradation, ___ degrade first

A

proteolytic enzymes

186
Q

upon death, unprocessed biliverdin and bilirubin cause ___ by seeping form the capillaries and into the surrounding tissues

A

postmortem stain

187
Q

eventually secreted from the liver in the form of bile

A

bilirubin

188
Q

adipose tissue (or body fat) make up a large portion of ___ in the human body

A

lipids

189
Q

under anaerobic conditions, fatty acids can be transformed into

A

adipocere

190
Q

when a body is located near or buried in alkaline soil with a high mineral content, fatty acids produced during decomposition get ___ and form into a wax like soap

A

saponified

191
Q

undiluted preservative fluid injected into the body cavity to preserve organs

A

cavity fluid

192
Q

placed in embalming solution for cosmetic reasons, and can also help the embalmer trace diffusion of the solution throughout the body

A

dye

193
Q

in addition to temporarily preventing further decomposition, building a methylene bridge between ___ also reestablishes life like firmness to embalmed tissue

A

protein chains

194
Q

building a methylene bridge is based on the propensity of aldehydes to react with the ___ present in and created by the decomposition of proteins

A

nitrogen

195
Q

in a protein chain, the ___ position is the most important cross linking position on a protein

A

peptide

196
Q

sodium hypochlorite NaOCI is

A

bleach

197
Q

hydrogen peroxide (3% in water) is a reliable oxidizer used to disinfect

A

surfaces

198
Q

iodine is a solid at room temperature and is typically dissolved in an alcohol to create what is commonly known as a

A

tincture

199
Q

disinfectants kill bacteria on

A

inanimate objects and surfaces

200
Q

antiseptics kill bacteria that are on

A

living organisms

embalming chemistry (12 decks)

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