final exam Flashcards
any substance that makes up all observable physical objects; anything that has mass and occupies space
matter
the branch of physical science that studies the composition, structure, properties, and changes that matter undergoes
chemistry
studies the properties and reactions of elements, excluding organic or certain carbon containing compounds
inorganic chemistry
the study of those types of matter and changes in matter related to the disinfection, preservation and restoration of human remains
embalming chemistry
the measure of the resistance to flow of a liquid; can be thought of as the “thickness” of a fluid
viscosity
simple substances that cannot be decomposed or further divided by ordinary chemical means
elements
the tendency of matter to become more disorganized (or chaotic) over time
entropy
standard units of measurement of length, volume, and mass in the metric system
meter, liter, and gram
a funeral service student adds 250 mL of embalming fluid to a graduated cylinder. the mass of the embalming fluid is 248.1 g. what is the density of the embalming fluid?
.99 g/ml
a piece of aluminum displaces 11.2 mL of water when placed in a graduated cylinder. given that aluminum has a mass of 30.2 grams, what is the density of the aluminum?
2.7 g/ml
a ___ mixture is uniform throughout such as salt dissolved in water
homogenous
a ___ mixture has two or more distinct phases present such as a mixture of sand and water
heterogenous
the mass number of an atom can be determined by adding the number of ___ in the atom to the number of ___
protons and neutrons
the temperature at which the vapor pressure equals atmospheric pressure or the temperature at which a liquid change to a vapor
boiling point
the measure of how well a solute mixes with a solvent
solubility
the amount of mass of a certain substance divided by the amount of volume the mass occupies
density
usually measured in Fahrenheit; measured by celsius in chemistry
temperature
the smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter that was all the property of the chemical element is it part of
atom
the ___ determines an atom’s chemical properties
electron
chemical bond involving the sharing of electron pairs between atoms; allows each atom to attain the equivalent of a full outer shell
covalent bond
reaction where two or more elements (or compounds) combine to form a single product
synthesis
reaction that is a chemical change which is the opposite of synthesis action
decomposition
attraction force that occurs when individual water molecules attract one another
hydrogen bonding
breaking down of the human body by water
hydrolysis
an inert medium in which an agent (ex. water) is administered
vehicle
combining solutions of similar makeup, but of unequal concentrations, particles naturally move from regions of higher concentration to lower concentration
diffusion
diffusion through a semi permeable membrane
osmosis
a state in which temperature elevates after death
post mortem caloricity
a chemical ___ is simply a symbolic representation of a chemical reaction
equation
this process leads to post mortem stain and is the breakdown of erythrocytes
hemolysis
surface tension interferes with the diffusion of embalming chemicals from the capillaries to the tissue; ___ are added to water to reduce this
surfactants
calcium, magnesium, and sometimes iron ions are water soluble ___ that make water hard
minerals
an ___ is a substance capable of liberating a hydrogen ion (OH-) in aqueous solutions; can exist in all three states of matter
acid
properties of a ___ are bitter, caustic taste, turns blue on litmus paper; solutions feel slippery or soapy; may exist in all three states of matter (moist oily solid)
base
water acts as a base in the presence of an acid, and as an acid in the presence of a base, which makes water…
amphoteric
added to embalming chemicals to overcome different pH in bodies; keep pH at a nearly constant value in a wide variety of chemical applications
buffer
after a person dies, the pH of the body shifts from ___ to ___ and then back to ___
basic to acidic and back to basic
the pH of normal human blood while alive is ___ and slightly ___
7.3-7.5 and basic
water is usually a perfect ___, but typically tap water usually is too ___ to be used by itself embalming
vehicle and hard
this is the key ingredient in nail polish, used for dissolving nail polish, super glue, cleaning clothing and casket interiors
acetones
aldehydes are denoted by the ___ functional group. this group has the symbol ___
carbonyl and -CHO
aldehydes are effective embalming chemicals because they are good…
disinfectants
aldehydes are effective disinfectants because they…
both (kill bacteria and destroy bacterial food supplies)
the reaction of aldehyde on tissue protein can be referred to as
coagulating
formaldehyde is produced by the oxidation of
methanol
glutaraldehyde is a ___ at room temperature
liquid
dyes, sanitizers, solvents, preservatives, anti coagulants, surfactants are…
embalming fluid ingredients
branch of chemistry that deals with hydrocarbons
organic chemistry
water soluble; transfer of an electron from one group to another; electrostatic reaction
ionic bond
organic compounds are classified by how they function
reactivity
sanitize microbes and pathogens; retard decomposition; control moisture and color
embalming fluid functions
not always soluble in water, share electrons; room temperature solid, liquid, or gas
covalent bonds
benzene ring structure; perfumes; deodorants
aromatics
having the same number of carbons but different orientation
isomers
rings can be found in phenol, cresol, and perfuming agents; unsaturated hydrocarbons
alkenes
when proteins or nucleic acids lose structure in their native state through external stress or compound such as a strong acid or base, a concentrated inorganic salt, an organic solvent (ex. alcohol or chloroform), radiation or heat
denaturation
antiseptics, disinfectants, cauterants, bleaching agents
funeral service phenols
used during cases of advanced decomposition where ammonia and urea can interfere with formaldehyde
high index
a bond formed between polymer chains, either between different chains or between different parts of the same chain
crosslink
ethylene glycol, glycerol, sorbitol
humectants
used to disinfect instruments and sanitize surgical incision and dressings; precursor to antiseptic surgical procedures
phenol
more than one substitution on a ring; identification of position is important; ortho, meta, and para
di-substituted benzene derivatives
hygroscopic chemical that keeps things Dry by aDsorbing water (trapping water vapor at its surface)
desiccants
functional group composed of a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom
carbonyl group
HCHO is the chemical formula for
formadlehyde
the IUPAC name for formaldehyde is
methanal
a structural feature that allows the chemist to classify compounds by reactivity
functional group
used as both a supplement with or as an alternative to formaldehyde; does not shrink or constrict tissue like formaldehyde
glutaraldehyde
colorless toxic gas with disagreeable odor; vapor is trapped when dissolved in water; sold as a 37% solution in water, stabilized by methanol
formaldehyde
formula - HCOOH
formic acid
common name for ethanol
grain alcohol
until it was found to be neurologically toxic in large doses, ___ was once widely used as a disinfectant, germicide, and fungicide
hexachlorophene
when formaldehyde gas is solvated in water, it reacts with the water to form
methylene glycol
aqueous formaldehyde solutions are called formalin when they are stabilized with
methanol
much less toxic than benzene; in the funeral home it is found in cosmetics, sealing agents, and thinner
toluene
in the case of an accidental formaldehyde spill, ___ would be the perfect cleaning solution to prevent exposure to formaldehyde fumes
ammonia
important fragrance in embalming; has both a phenol and ester function; wintergreen scent masks the disagreeable and pungent odor of formaldehyde
methyl salicylate
acetic acid (commonly known as ___) reacts with hard water deposits like calcium ions creating the water soluble compound calcium acetate
vinegar
involves the formation of at least two coordinate bonds between a central metal and an organic ligand (ion or molecule that binds to a central metal atom to form a coordination complex)
chelation
esters are formed by reaction of a carboxylic acid with
alcohol
when soluble sodium oxalate is the modifying agent in embalming fluid, calcium oxalate ___ out of the solution when added to hard water
precipitates
in the presence of a strong base, such as sodium hydroxide, carboxylic acids are completely
neutralized
an important thioester in metabolism
acetyl coenzyme A
colorless, water soluble, poly carboxylic; can sequester metals like calcium
EDTA
a ___ anticoagulant “cages in” the calcium making it unavailable to coagulate blood
sequesterant
the simplest amine (methyl amine) is a significant primary amine that results from
putrefaction
amine and sulfur containing compounds together create the
smell of death
amine decomposition products are commonly referred to as
ptomaines
in case of advanced decomposition, ___ will interfere with preservatives such as aldehydes, increasing preservative demand
ammonia
added to embalming fluid to aid in the penetration of preservatives (and other chemicals) into tissue cells
surfactants
dissolves the cell membranes making it an especially exceptional surfactant; also an antiseptic because it dissolves the cell membranes of microorganisms
benzalkonium chloride
bicyclic two ring structure; imparts foul odors associated with decomposition; main feature of the amino acid tryptophan
indole
tryptophan is a precursor of ___, a neurotransmitter
serotonin
product of protein decomposition, foul smelling and major cause of decomposition smell; in low concentrations has a flowery smell and is added to popular perfumes
skatole
compounds with two amine groups attached to a carbonyl group of which urea is the most noteworthy example
carbamide
embalming chemicals are all considered “organic” chemicals. what would an organic chemical consist of
carbon
which of the following is not a purpose of embalming fluids
improved fragrance of the body
-OH is the functional group for
alcohol
___ is fluid getting to the capillaries, whereas ___ is getting fluid out to the cells
distribution and diffusion
the water content in a human ___ as the person gets older
decreases
water is ___ of the mass of an adults body
60%
in the human body there are 20 of them which are required to sustain life; building blocks of protein
amino acids
typically think of them in terms of food; prepared from saccharide units
carbohydrates
the lipids most commonly known as “fat” to the general public; isolated from plants and animals to form cooking oils
triglycerides
long chained esters make up the category of lipids known as
waxes
transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism; powers our cells, movements, and existence; the absence of it causes rigor mortis
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
charged amino acids; simultaneously exist as both a cation and an anion; very water soluble
zwitterions
just like water, amino acids can act as both an acid and a base and are therefore
amphoteric
carries oxygen in the blood from the lungs to the electron transport chain in the cells; also carries carbon dioxide away from the cells and back to the lungs where it is exhaled
hemoglobin
most abundant proteins in the human body; give structure to the organs, skin, muscle fiber, tendons and bone; made up of repeating amino acid units
fibrous
enzymes aid in ___ after death
decomposition
enzymes are ___ proteins
globular
enzymes act on a ___; typical ones that are broken down are materials we consume through food (ex. sugars, fats, and proteins)
substrate
enzymes - optimal functioning temperature of an enzyme
98.6 F
when nature ___ enzyme activity through proenzymes, cofactors, and coenzymes
regulate
cells are bundles of ___ reactions; reproduce; break molecules down and synthesize new molecules from the stock material that we consume
chemical
caused by the deficiency of a lysosome based enzyme which cause nerve cells in the body to start to break down which can cause death within a few years
tay-sachs disease
when the amino acid side chains that make up the active site are fitted and molded into a position that enables the enzyme to perform
induced fit model
low iron (Fe) leads to ___ in the human body
anemia
the phosphate ___ of adenosine triphosphate is the actual power source which the cell taps
tail
carbon water is the literal meaning of
carbohydrates
the decomposition of carbohydrates is termed
fermentation
the decomposition of lipids is termed
lypolysis
of or relating to, or being a compound (such as a surfactant) consisting of molecules having a polar water soluble group attached to a water insoluble hydrocarbon chain
amphiphilic
while fats and oils are both triglycerides, they are distinguished from each other by their ___ state at room temperature
physical
form DNA and RNA; identify us and create our structure so that the final product is wholly unique to us
nucleic acid
DNA generates RNA through a process called
transcription
___ was one of the winners of the nobel prize for discovering the double helix structure of DNA
James Watson
RNA is the machine responsible for the synthesis of every ___ in our body
protein
adenine, guanine, and cytosine belong to two categories of nucleobase that occur in both DNA and RNA; ___ is only present in DNA and ___ is only present in RNA
thymine and uracil
the ___ of the nucleobases in our DNA and RNA is what makes up our unique genetic code
sequencing
during embalming, the amine nitrogen in adenine and cytosine serve as ___ and are available to react with electrophilic aldehydes
nucleophiles
our bodies have developed intricate energy ___ process for fats, proteins, and carbohydrates
extraction
carbohydrates are converted to ___ monomers during digestion
glucose
through a complex ___ pathway, glucose is broken down and releases energy to power our bodily functions and maintain body temperature
metabolic
the conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate
glycolysis
digestion is a form of ___ the breaking down of compounds thats divided into two processes: mechanical and chemical digestion
catabolism
the most important molecules produced and consumed during glycolysis is the energy containing molecule
ATP
when ATP is converted to ADP, energy has been
released
also known as the citric acid cycle, an aerobic process of catabolism that produces ADP, and takes place inside the mitochondria part of a cell
krebs cycle
another term for krebs cycle
citric acid cycle
the krebs cycle is a series of enzyme catalyzed reactions occurring in the ___, where acetyl CoA is oxidized to form carbon dioxide and coenzymes are reduced, which generate ATP in the electron transport chain
mitochondrial matrix
the krebs cycle is the final pathway of the ___ of glucose, fats, and amino acids
oxidation
amino acids are deaminated and get converted to ___ and other intermediates of the krebs cycle
pyruvate
regulation of the krebs cycle depends on the supply of NAD+ and the utilization of ___ in physical and chemical work
adenosine triphosphate
double stranded molecule consisting of a long chain of nucleotides; self replicating q
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
single stranded molecule consisting of short chains of nucleotides; synthesized on an as needed basis
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
responsible for long term storage of genetic information; transmits genetic information to make other cells and new organisms
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
directly codes for amino acids and acts as a messenger to make proteins
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
composed of adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine bases
deoxyribonucleic acid
she was an expert in a technique called x-ray crystallography and her work lead to the discovery of the structure of DNA
Rosalind Franklin
DNA does not like to form crystal, but prefers to form organized
fibers
possibly the first virus ever discovered
tobacco mosaic
james watson, francis crick and maurice wilkins won the nobel prize for the discovery of the shape of DNA in
1962
the x-ray diffraction image that convinced james watson and francis crick that DNA myst have a double helical structure
photo 51
intrinsic and extrinsic factors cause the post mortem cooling of a body to the environment following death
algor mortis
swelling of the skin due to effusion of fluid into the tissues
anasarca
skin slip or scaling of the skin
desquamation
postmortem physical change that slows blood in the vascular system; can also occur as part of a pathological process prior to death
hypostasis
the chemical breakdown of red blood cells
hemolysis
an intravascular discoloration due to the settling of blood to the dependent parts of the body
livor mortis
the elevation of body temperature immediately following death; can accelerate chemical reactions including protein decomposition and blood coagulation processes
postmortem caloricity
a condition that occurs in the muscles; begins a few hours following death; a chemical change withe physical manifestations
rigor mortis
as time progresses, the pH shifts back to the ___ side of the scale as proteins decomposition releases basic amines and ammonia into the body
basic
the chemical change and extravascular discoloration that is evident in the tissues as heme liberation accumulates
postmortem stain
used in every decedent to minimize exposure to blood borne pathogens
universal precautions
during the embalming process, exposure to blood, fluids, and ___ is at a maximum
microorganisms
funeral homes must develop a written ___ program that covers all hazardous chemicals present in the facility, proper labeling of containers, safety data sheets and regular employee training for the hazards of the chemicals
hazardous communications
ventilation, embalming machines with lids, and properly controlled drainage are effective ___ for limiting exposure to formaldehyde
engineering controls
should be washed periodically through the embalming operation, inspected for integrity often, and changed frequently
disposable gloves
basic dilution equation
c1 x v1 = C2 x V2
in relation to moisture content, the body can accumulate so much excess water it becomes
edematous
an app that is helpful when calculating embalming fluid dilution
embalm calc
the evaluation performed by the embalmer that will determine the procedures to be used throughout the embalming process
embalming analysis
the diluted mixture that the embalmer prepares to inject into a dead body
embalming solution
pathological conditions in the body increase preservative demand when ___ increase free nitrogen in the body
cancer therapies
the volume and concentration required to properly embalm a dead human being; depends on many variables (ex. time considerations, moisture content of the body)
preservative demand
when final disposition time is extended, preservative demand always increases because preservative effects are ___ because decomposition is ___ not stopped
temporary and slowed
takes place in the embalming machine when embalming fluid is mixed with water and supplemental fluids
primary dilution
takes place when the embalming solution interacts with water in the body
secondary dilution
in the hierarchy of degradation, ___ degrade first
carbohydrates
in the hierarchy of degradation, _ are the last to degrade
bone, hair, and nails
the decomposition of carbohydrates begins with ___ of glycogen into glucose
hydrolysis
major cause of protein degradation
saprophytic bacteria
during protein degradation, ___ degrade first
proteolytic enzymes
upon death, unprocessed biliverdin and bilirubin cause ___ by seeping form the capillaries and into the surrounding tissues
postmortem stain
eventually secreted from the liver in the form of bile
bilirubin
adipose tissue (or body fat) make up a large portion of ___ in the human body
lipids
under anaerobic conditions, fatty acids can be transformed into
adipocere
when a body is located near or buried in alkaline soil with a high mineral content, fatty acids produced during decomposition get ___ and form into a wax like soap
saponified
undiluted preservative fluid injected into the body cavity to preserve organs
cavity fluid
placed in embalming solution for cosmetic reasons, and can also help the embalmer trace diffusion of the solution throughout the body
dye
in addition to temporarily preventing further decomposition, building a methylene bridge between ___ also reestablishes life like firmness to embalmed tissue
protein chains
building a methylene bridge is based on the propensity of aldehydes to react with the ___ present in and created by the decomposition of proteins
nitrogen
in a protein chain, the ___ position is the most important cross linking position on a protein
peptide
sodium hypochlorite NaOCI is
bleach
hydrogen peroxide (3% in water) is a reliable oxidizer used to disinfect
surfaces
iodine is a solid at room temperature and is typically dissolved in an alcohol to create what is commonly known as a
tincture
disinfectants kill bacteria on
inanimate objects and surfaces
antiseptics kill bacteria that are on
living organisms
