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ANAT 315 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

dorsal surface

A

top of foot or hand

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2
Q

palmar surface

A

palm of hand

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2
Q

plantar surface

A

bottom of foot

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2
Q

superior

A

above

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3
Q

inferior

A

below

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4
Q

proximal

A

closer to

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5
Q

distal

A

further from

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6
Q

lateral

A

away from midline

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7
Q

medial

A

towards midline

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8
Q

superficial

A

closer to body surface

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9
Q

deep

A

further from body surface

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10
Q

coronal/frontal plane

A

divides anterior and posterior

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11
Q

sagittal

A

divides right and left

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12
Q

transverse/hortizontal

A

divides superior and inferior

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13
Q

mid-sagittal

A

cutting down the midline and divide left and right

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14
Q

axial skeleton (trunk)

A
  • bones of skull
  • accessory bones
  • vertebral column
  • thoracic cage
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15
Q

appendicular skeleton (appendages)

A
  • upper limbs and pectoral girdle
  • lower limbs and pelvic girdle
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16
Q

how many bones are in the vertebral column?

A

26

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17
Q

vertebral column

A

24 vertebrae
- 7 cervical (C1-C7)
- 12 thoracic (T1-T12)
- 5 lumbar (L1-L5)
*sacrum
*coccyx

26 bones total in vertebral column

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18
Q

functions of vertebral column

A
  • column of support
  • protection of spinal cord = passage for nerves
  • attachment site for muscles
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19
Q

spinous process

A

middle process from superior view, but actually sits posterior on the vertebrae

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20
Q

transverse process

A

lateral process on vertebra

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21
Q

lamina

A

joins spinous process and transverse process

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22
Q

vertebral foramen

A

opening within individual vertebrae

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23
Q

vertebral body

A

forms anterior part of each vertebra (thick)

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24
Q

pedicle

A

connects vertebral body to rest of the vertebrae

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25
Q

intervertebral foramen

A

hole between vertebrae - allow for passage of nerves

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26
Q

superior articular process + facet

A

above transverse process of a vertebra

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27
Q

inferior articular process + facet

A

below transverse process of vertebra

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28
Q

intervertebral discs

A

discs between vertebra

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29
Q

nucleus pulposus

A

medial portion of intervertebral discs (at centre)

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30
Q

annulus fibrosis

A

ring around the nucleus pulposus - lateral portion of intervertebral discs

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31
Q

herniated discs

A

nucleus pulposus protrudes into vertebral canal due to tear or rupture in annulus fibrosis

***CAUSES PAINS

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32
Q

cervical vertebrae

A
  • small
  • bifid spinous process - split into two notches
  • vertebral body is oval shaped
  • contains transverse foramina (for passage of arteries)
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33
Q

thoracic vertebrae

A
  • medium
  • downward sloping spinous process
  • heart shaped vertebral body
  • contains costal facets for ribs to articulate with (either 1 or 2 facets)

***LOOKS LIKE GIRRAFE

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34
Q

lumbar vertebrae

A
  • large
  • short and stumpy spinous process
  • kidney shaped vertebral body
  • does not contain any articular facets

***WEIGHT BEARING = LARGER

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35
Q

atypical vertebrae

A

atlas (C1) and axis (C2)

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36
Q

C1 vertebra

A
  • first vertebra (above C2)
  • hold skull
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37
Q

dens (odontoid process)

A

projection on C2
- held in place by a ligament on C1

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38
Q

C2 vertebra

A
  • second vertebra (below C1)
  • allows for axis to move
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39
Q

functions of thoracic cage

A
  • encloses and protects viscera (internal organs) of thoracic cavity
  • thoracic skeleton acts as an anchor for muscles (including muscles of respiration)
  • attachment site for muscles that move the upper limb and scapula
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40
Q

how many pairs of ribs are there?

A

12 pairs

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41
Q

sternum

A

bone that sits at middle

contains:
- manubrium
- body
- sternal angle
- xiphoid process
- articulation sites for ribs
- clavicular notch

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42
Q

manubrium

A

superior to sternum body

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43
Q

sternum body

A

body of sternum

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44
Q

sternal angle

A

connects the manubrium and body

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45
Q

xiphoid process

A

inferior process on sternum

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46
Q

articulation sites for ribs

A

where ribs articulate with sternum (laterally)

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47
Q

clavicular notch

A

where medial end of clavicle articulates with the sternum

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48
Q

costal cartilage

A

provides articulation of ribs and sternum - contributes to elasticity of thoracic cage

*** ELASTCITY HELPS BREATHING

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49
Q

true ribs

A

articulate DIRECTLY with the sternum via costal cartilage

RIBS 1-7

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50
Q

false ribs

A

articulate INDIRECTLY via fused costal cartilage

RIBS 8-10

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51
Q

floating ribs

A

NO anterior articulation

RIBS 11 & 12

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52
Q

head of typical rib

A

articulates posteriorly with body of the thoracic vertebrae via costal facet

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53
Q

tubercle on typical rib

A

articulates with transverse process of thoracic vertebrae

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54
Q

costal groove on typical rib

A

runs along inferior surface of rib where veins, arteries and nerves run through

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55
Q

body of typical rib

A

flat and curved

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56
Q

sternal end of typical rib

A

anterior towards sternum and articulates with sternum

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57
Q

cervical vs. thoracic vs. lumbar vertebra

A
  • cervical is the smallest
  • thoracic is medium sized and heart shaped
  • lumbar is the largest and kidney shaped
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58
Q

superficial muscles of the thoracic cage

A
  1. pectoralis major
  2. pectoralis minor
  3. subclavius
  4. serratus anterior
  5. serratus posterior
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59
Q

rami

A

spinal nerves that exit through vertebrae

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60
Q

deep muscles of the thoracic cage

A
  1. external intercostals
  2. internal intercostals
  3. innermost intercostals
  4. transversus thoracis
  5. subcostales
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61
Q

what is the less developed intercostal?

A

innermost intercostals
- less developed so play lesser role

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62
Q

hands in pockEts

A

External intercostals

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63
Q

hands in pIts

A

Internal/Innermost intercostals

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64
Q

what nerves keep the diaphragm alive?

A

C3, C4 & C5

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65
Q

what happens to pressure when volume increases?

A

pressure decreases (vice versa)

  • pressure and volume are inversely related
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66
Q

breathing (atm vs. lung)

A

before inhalation: Patm = Plung
inhalation: Patm > Plung
exhalation: Patm < Plung

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67
Q

accessory muscle of inspiration

A

scalenes & sternocleidomastoid

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68
Q

steps of inspiration

A
  1. ribs pulled superiorly (diaphragm lowers)
  2. sternum pushed anteriorly
  3. parietal and visceral pleura pulled outwards
  4. lung volume increases
  5. Patm > Plung
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69
Q

accessory muscles of expiration

A

innermost intercostals & anterior abdominal wall muscles

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70
Q

steps of expiration

A
  1. muscles relax (diaphram returns)
  2. structures return to pre-inspiratory position
  3. decrease size of thoracic cavity
  4. lung volume decreases
  5. Patm < Plung
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71
Q

pectoralis major

A

most superficial layer

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72
Q

ORIGINS of pectoralis major

A
  1. anterior surface of clavicle
  2. anterior surface of sternum
  3. external oblique aponeurosis
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73
Q

INSERTION of pectoralis major

A

greater tubercle of humerus

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74
Q

ACTIONS of pectoralis major

A
  1. adducts arm
  2. flexes arm
  3. medially rotates arm
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75
Q

INNERVATION of pectoralis major

A

medial & lateral pectoral nerve

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76
Q

pectoralis minor

A

second layer deep to pec major

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77
Q

ORIGIN of pectoralis minor

A

ribs 3-5 (anteriorly)

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78
Q

INSERTION of pectoralis minor

A

coracoid process of scapula

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79
Q

ACTION of pectoralis minor

A

pulls scapula down and anteriorly

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80
Q

INNERVATION of pectoralis minor

A

medial pectoral nerve

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81
Q

subclavius

A

same depth as pec minor but more superior

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82
Q

ORIGIN of subclavius

A

1st rib (anterior surface)

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83
Q

INSERTION of subclavius

A

interior surface of clavicle

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84
Q

ACTION of subclavius

A

pulls down and stabilizes clavicle

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85
Q

INNERVATION of subclavius

A

cervical nerves C5 & C6

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86
Q

serratus anterior

A

boxing muscle

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87
Q

ORIGIN of serratus anterior

A

surface of ribs 1-8

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88
Q

INSERTION of serratus anterior

A

medial border of scapula on the costal (ribs) surface

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89
Q

ACTIONS of serratus anterior

A
  1. protract scapula
  2. elevate ribs
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90
Q

INNERVATION of serratus anterior

A

long thoracic nerve

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91
Q

ORIGIN of serratus posterior - SUPERIOR

A

C7-T3 spinous processes

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92
Q

INSERTION of serratus posterior - SUPERIOR

A

superior borders of ribs 2-4

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93
Q

ACTION of serratus posterior - SUPERIOR

A

elevates upper ribs when contracts

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94
Q

INNERVATION of serratus posterior - SUPERIOR

A

T1-T4 ventral rami

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95
Q

ORIGIN of serratus posterior - INFERIOR

A

T11-L2 spinous processes

***further down from serratus posterior -superior

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96
Q

INSERTION of serratus posterior - INFERIOR

A

inferior borders of ribs 9-12

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97
Q

ACTION of serratus posterior - INFERIOR

A

depresses lower ribs when contracts

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98
Q

INNERVATION of serratus posterior - INFERIOR

A

T9-T12 anterior rami

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99
Q

external intercostals

A

most superficial, travel medially and inferiorly down

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100
Q

ORIGIN of external IC

A

inferior border of ribs

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101
Q

INSERTION of external IC

A

superior border of the rib below origin

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102
Q

ACTION of external IC

A

elevate ribs (INSPIRATION)

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103
Q

INNERVATION of external IC

A

intercostal nerves

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104
Q

internal intercostals

A

deep to external IC, muscle fibres travel more medially, anteriorly and superiorly

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105
Q

ORIGIN of internal IC

A

inferior border of ribs

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106
Q

INSERTION of internal IC

A

superior border of the rib below origin

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107
Q

ACTION of internal IC

A

lower ribs (EXPIRATION) - back to the normal position

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108
Q

INNERVATION of internal IC

A

intercostal nerves

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109
Q

innermost intercostals

A

deepest IC, less developed so they play a lesser role

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110
Q

ORIGIN of innermost IC

A

inferior border of ribs

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111
Q

INSERTION of innermost IC

A

superior border of rib below origin

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112
Q

ACTION of innermost IC

A

lower ribs (EXPIRATION)

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113
Q

INNERVATION of innermost IC

A

intercostal nerves

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114
Q

transversus thoracis

A

inside ribcage

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115
Q

ORIGIN of transversus thoracis

A

pleural surface (faces lungs) of ribs 2-6 (anteriorly)

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116
Q

INSERTIONS of transversus thoracis

A
  1. posterior surface of sternum
  2. xiphoid process
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117
Q

ACTION of transversus thoracis

A

lowers ribs (EXPIRATION)

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118
Q

INNERVATION of transversus thoracis

A

intercostal nerves

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119
Q

subcostales

A

small muscles under the ribs

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120
Q

ORIGIN of subcostales

A

pleural surface of lower ribs (posteriorly)

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121
Q

INSERTIONS of subcostales

A
  1. superior border of ribs below origin
  2. lower ribs
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122
Q

ACTION of subcostales

A

contracts and pull ribs down (EXPIRATION)

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123
Q

INNERVATION of subcostales

A

intercostal nerves

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124
Q

Diaphragm

A

driver of breathing

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125
Q

ORIGINS of diaphragm

A
  1. xiphoid process of sternum
  2. L1-L4 vertebra (anterior)
  3. costal arch of ribs 7-12
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126
Q

INSERTION of diaphragm

A

central tendon of diaphragm

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127
Q

ACTIONS of diaphragm

A
  1. contracts and compresses abdomen (INSPIRATION)
  2. relaxes (EXPIRATION)
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128
Q

INNERVATION of diaphragm

A

phrenic nerve

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129
Q

blood supply - ANTERIOR - RIGHT

A
  1. arch of aorta
  2. brachiocephalic artery
  3. right subclavian artery
  4. right internal thoracic artery
  5. anterior intercostal arteries
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130
Q

blood supply - ANTERIOR - LEFT

A
  1. arch of aorta
  2. left subclavian artery
  3. left internal thoracic artery
  4. anterior intercostal arteries

***NO BRANCHING OFF ARCH OF AORTA

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131
Q

blood supply - POSTERIOR

A
  1. arch of aorta
  2. descending thoracic aorta
  3. posterior intercostal arteries
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132
Q

venous drainage

A

reverse passage of arterial supply

  1. hemiazygos vein
  2. accessory hemiazygos vein (2 of them)
  3. azygos vein
  4. superior vena cava
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133
Q

a joint

A

site where 2 or more bones connect

  1. link skeletal system together
  2. joints facilitate movement of the skeleton
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134
Q

joint structure and function

A

function and range of motion of each joint is dependent upon its structure (anatomy)

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135
Q

stability vs. mobility

A

as something become less mobile, it becomes more stable

ex. ball and socket joint - most mobile, but least stable

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136
Q

function of joints (types)

A
  1. synarthrosis: no movement (fibrous, cartilaginous, bony fusion)
  2. amphiarthrosis: little movement (fibrous, cartilaginous)
  3. diarthrosis: wide range of motion (synovial)
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137
Q

fibrous synarthrosis

A

immovable, strong union between bones

ex. sutures of the skull

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138
Q

bony fusion synarthrosis

A

created when bones fuse together (can’t really see)

ex. bones of pelvis

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139
Q

cartilaginous ampiarthrisis

A

bones joined by a wedge of cartilage

ex. intervertebral discs or pubic symphasis

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140
Q

synovial joints (diarthrisis)

A

freely moveable joints
- typically found at end of long bones

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141
Q

components of synovial joints

A
  1. joint capsule
  2. articular cartilage
  3. joint cavity filled with synovial fluid
  4. synovial membrane
  5. accessory structures
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142
Q

joint capsule (articular capsule)

A

surrounds synovial joint, and encloses joint cavity

Made of:
1. outer dense connective tissue layer (external)
2. inner synovial membrane (internal)

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143
Q

synovial membrane

A

lines inner surface of joint and produces synovial fluid

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144
Q

synovial fluid

A
  1. fills joint cavity
  2. lubricates and reduces friction
  3. absorbs shock
  4. distributes nutrients to cells of articular cartilage
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145
Q

articular cartilage

A

covers surfaces for articulating bones to reduce friction during movement

***on top of bone

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146
Q

accessory structures of synovial joints

A
  1. menisci
  2. ligaments
  3. bursae
  4. fat pads
  • all provide support and stability
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147
Q

menisci (meniscus)

A

fibrocartilage pads between bone of knee
1. reduce friction
2. disperse weight
3. protect and cushion joint surface

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148
Q

ligaments (synovial)

A

fibrous connective tissue connecting bone to bone that support and strengthen synovial joints

can be:
1. outside joint capsule- extracapsular (PCL)
2. inside joint capsule- intracapsular (ACL)

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149
Q

bursa (bursae)

A

small fluid-filled pockets in connective tissue, around tendons and bones
1. filled with synovial fluid and lines by synovial membrane
2. reduce friction
3. shock absorbers (due to synovial fluid)

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150
Q

fat pads (synovial)

A

yellow substance that protects articular cartilages and cushions the joint

***found around periphery (outside) of the joint

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151
Q

types of synovial joint movements

A
  1. gliding
  2. angular
  3. rotational
  4. special movements
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152
Q

gliding movement

A

two opposing flat surfaces slide past each other

ex. intertarsal joints

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153
Q

angular movement

A

changes the angle between articulating bones
1. flexion (decrease angle)
2. extension (increase angle)
3. abduction
4. adduction
5. circumduction (combo of movements above - ball and socket joints)

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154
Q

rotational movement

A
  1. medial (internal) rotation
  2. lateral (external) rotation
  3. supination
  4. pronation
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155
Q

special movements (foot)

A
  1. inversion (sole in)
  2. eversion (sole out)
  3. dorsiflexion (elevate sole)
  4. plantar flexion (elevate heel)
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156
Q

special movement (thumb)

A
  1. opposition (thumb touch)
  2. reposition
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157
Q

special movements (others)

A
  1. protraction (anteriorly along transverse plane)
  2. retraction (posteriorly)
  3. elevation (up - superior)
  4. depression (down - inferior)
158
Q

special movements (the vertebral column)

A
  1. lateral flexion (bending vertebral column side to side)
  2. flexion & extension (bending front and back)
  3. rotation (twisting)
159
Q

types of synovial joints

A
  1. gliding (plane) joint
  2. hinge joint
  3. pivot joint
  4. ellipsoidal (condylar) joint
  5. saddle joint
  6. ball-and-socket joint
160
Q

gliding (plane) joint

A

flattened or slightly curved surface slide across one another

ex. intertarsal joints of the foot

161
Q

hinge joint

A

CONVEX surface of a bone fits into a CONCAVE surface of a bone
- Monoaxial: across one axis (flexion/extension)

ex. elbow joint, ankle joint, knee joint, interphalangeal joints

162
Q

pivot joint

A

pointed surface of bone articulates with a ring
- Monoaxial: only rotation

ex. atlanto-axial joint (C1 and C2)
- proximal radioulnar joint (radius head rotates)

163
Q

ellipsoidal (condylar) joint

A

condyle (oval) sits within a depression on the opposing surface
- Biaxial: motion across 2 axes
(flexion/extension & abduction/adduction & circumduction)

ex. metacarpophalangeal joints 1-5

164
Q

saddle joint

A

articular surface of a bone fits into saddle-shaped bone
- Biaxial: opposition

ex. first carpometacarpal joint (base of thumb)

165
Q

ball-and-socket joint

A

round head of a bone sits into a cup-shaped depression of a bone
- Triaxial: 3 axes
(angular motion, rotation & circumduction)

ex. hip and shoulder joint

166
Q

appendicular skeleton

A
  1. pectoral girdle
  2. arm and forearm
  3. wrist and hand
167
Q

pectoral girdle

A

clavicle and scapula

168
Q

clavicle

A
  1. acromial/lateral end articulates with acromion of scapula (furthest from neck)
  2. sternal/medial end articulates with sternum (closer to neck)
  3. rough INFERIOR surface = attachment site for muscles and ligaments
169
Q

clavicle orientation

A
  1. lateral 1/3 CONCAVE anteriorly
  2. medial 2/3 CONVEX anteriorly (protrudes outwards)
170
Q

sternoclavicular joint

A

join clavicle and sternum together at the clavicular notch of the manubrium

***SADDLE joint

171
Q

borders of scapula

A
  1. medial (comes together at middle of back)
  2. lateral (outside)
  3. superior (top)
172
Q

3 fossae of scapula

A
  1. supraspinous fossa (above scap. spine)
  2. infraspinous fossa (below scap.spin)
  3. subscapular fossa (anterior)
173
Q

anterior scapula

A
  1. acromion
  2. coracoid process
174
Q

acromion

A
  1. articulates with lateral end of clavicle
  2. larger process
  3. posterior
175
Q

coracoid process

A
  1. smaller process
  2. anterior
176
Q

posterior scapula

A
  1. spine of scapula - divides supra and infraspinous fossae
  2. acromion - lateral end of spine
177
Q

lateral scapula

A
  1. glenoid fossa/cavity- forms shoulder joint with head of humerus
178
Q

glenohumeral joint

A

joins head of humerus and glenoid fossa
- ball-and-socket joint protected by bursa

179
Q

acromioclavicular joint

A

joins lateral end of clavicle to acromion via the acromioclavicular ligament

180
Q

coracoacromial joint

A

joins coracoid process and acromion via the coracoacromial ligament

181
Q

proximal humerus

A

ANTERIOR
1. head of humerus (pointing IN medially)
2. greater tubercle (larger & lateral)
3. lesser tubercle (smaller & medial)
3. intertubercular groove (between tubercles)

POSTERIOR
4. anatomical neck (end of head)
5. surgical neck (where humerus narrows)

182
Q

shaft of humerus

A
  1. deltoid tuberosity
  2. shaft (main part)
183
Q

tuberosity

A

rough, elevated surface, usually named for muscle attachments

184
Q

distal humerus

A

ANTERIOR
1. condlye (capitulum & trochlea)
- capitulum = head
- trochlea = 2 bony prominences

POSTERIOR
1. trochlea

185
Q

3 fossae of distal humerus

A
  1. radial fossa (smaller & lateral)
  2. coronoid fossa (larger & medial)
  3. olecranon fossa (largest & posterior)
186
Q

bony prominences of distal humerus

A
  1. lateral epicondyle (small beside capitulum)
  2. medial epicondyle (larger beside trochlea)
187
Q

epicondlye

A

rounded bump on a condyle

188
Q

condyle

A

rounded knob that articulates with other bone

189
Q

radius

A

lateral - thumb side

190
Q

ulna

A

medial - pinkie side
- elbow joint range of motion

191
Q

proximal radius

A
  1. head (flat)
  2. neck
  3. radial tuberosity (surface on anterior radius)
192
Q

proximal ulna

A
  1. olecranon
  2. trochlear notch
  3. radial notch
  4. coronoid process
193
Q

olecranon

A
  1. limit on extension (prevent hyperextension)
  2. projects into olecranon fossa on POSTERIOR HUMERUS
194
Q

trochlear notch

A

articulates with TROCHLEA of humerus
- bony prominences of trochlea fit

195
Q

radial notch

A

articulates with head of radius
- forms radio-ulnar joint

196
Q

coronoid process

A
  1. limit of flexion
  2. projects into coronoid fossa on ANTERIOR HUMERUS
197
Q

muscles that move the arm - rotator cuff group

A
  1. supraspinatus
  2. infraspinatus
  3. teres minor
  4. subscapularis
198
Q

muscles that move the arm - non-rotator cuff group

A
  1. deltoid
  2. coracobrachialis
  3. pectoralis major
199
Q

muscles that move the forearm

A
  1. biceps brachii (most superficial)
  2. brachialis
  3. brachioradialis
  4. triceps brachii
200
Q

ORIGIN of supraspinatus

A

supraspinous fossa

201
Q

INSERTION of supraspinatus

A

greater tubercle of humerus (lateral)

202
Q

ACTION of supraspinatus

A

abduction of arm at shoulder

203
Q

INNERVATION of supraspinatus

A

suprascapular nerve

204
Q

ORIGIN of infraspinatus

A

infraspinous fossa

205
Q

INSERTION of infraspinatus

A

greater tubercle of humerus

206
Q

ACTION of infraspinatus

A

external (lateral) rotation of arm at shoulder

207
Q

INNERVATION of infraspinatus

A

suprascapular nerve

208
Q

ORIGIN of teres minor

A

lateral border of scapula

209
Q

INSERTION of teres minor

A

greater tubercle of humerus

210
Q

ACTION of teres minor

A

external (lateral) rotation of arm at shoulder

211
Q

INNERVATION of teres minor

A

axillary nerve

212
Q

ORIGIN of subscapularis

A

subscapular fossa

213
Q

INSERTION of subscapularis

A

lesser tubercle of humerus (medial)

214
Q

ACTION of subscapularis

A
  1. medial (internal) rotation of arm at shoulder
  2. adduct arm at shoulder
215
Q

INNERVATION of subscapularis

A

subscapular nerve

216
Q

ORIGIN of deltoid

A
  1. lateral clavicle
  2. acromion
  3. spine of scapula
217
Q

INSERTION of deltoid

A

deltoid tuberosity of humerus

218
Q

ACTION of deltoid

A
  1. abduction of arm at shoulder
  2. medial and lateral rotation of arm
  3. flexion and extension of arm
219
Q

INNERVATION of deltoid

A

axillary nerve

220
Q

ORIGIN of coracobrachialis

A

coracoid process of scapula

221
Q

INSERTION of coracobrachialis

A

medial shaft of humerus

222
Q

ACTION of coracobrachialis

A
  1. adduction of arm at shoulder
  2. flexion of arm at shoulder
223
Q

INNERVATION of coracobrachialis

A

musclulocutaneous nerve

224
Q

ORIGIN of biceps brachii

A
  1. long head: supraglenoid tubercle of scapula
  2. short head: coracoid process
225
Q

INSERTION of biceps brachii

A

radial tuberosity

226
Q

ACTION of biceps brachii

A
  1. flexes arm and forearm at elbow
  2. abducts and medially rotates arm
  3. supination (forearm)
227
Q

INNERVATION of biceps brachii

A

musculocutaneous nerve

228
Q

ORIGIN of brachialis

A

anterior humerus

229
Q

INSERTION of brachialis

A
  1. ulnar tuberosity
  2. coronoid process
230
Q

ACTION of brachialis

A

flexes forearm at elbow

231
Q

INNERVATION of brachialis

A
  1. musculocutaneous nerve
  2. radial nerve
232
Q

ORIGIN of brachioradialis

A

lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus (proximal 2/3)

233
Q

INSERTION of brachioradialis

A

styloid process of radius

234
Q

ACTION of brachioradialis

A

flexes forearm at elbow joint

235
Q

INNERVATION of brachioradialis

A

radial nerve

236
Q

ORIGIN of triceps brachii

A
  1. long head: scapula
  2. lateral head: humerus
  3. medial head: humerus but DEEP
237
Q

INSERTION of triceps brachii

A

olecranon of ulna

238
Q

ACTION of triceps brachii

A
  1. extends and adducts arm
  2. extends forearm
239
Q

INNERVATION of triceps brachii

A

radial nerve

240
Q

ORIGIN of internal oblique

A
  1. thoracolumbar fascia
  2. iliac crest
241
Q

INSERTION of internal oblique

A
  1. linea alba
  2. pubis
  3. inferior ribs & costal cartilage
242
Q

ACTION of internal oblique

A

same as external oblique but IPSILATERAL rotation

243
Q

ORIGIN of external oblique

244
Q

INSERTION of external oblique

A
  1. linea alba
  2. iliac crest
  3. pubic crest
245
Q

ACTION of external oblique

A
  1. bilateral contraction: flexion of vertebral column & abdominal compression
  2. unilateral contraction: lateral flexion; trunk rotation (CONTRALATERAL)
246
Q

thoracolumbar fascia

A

multilayer arrangement of fascia (sheet of connective tissue) in lumbar region

247
Q

ORIGIN of rectus abdominus

A

pubic symphysis

248
Q

INSERTION of rectus abdominis

A
  1. xiphoid process
  2. costal cartilage of ribs 5-7
249
Q

ACTION of rectus abdominis

A
  1. flexion of the trunk
  2. abdominal compression
250
Q

tendinous instersections

A

transverse, fibrous bands that partially separate the muscle fibers of the rectus abdominis into segments

251
Q

ORIGIN of transverse abdominis

A
  1. costal cartilage of inferior ribs
  2. iliac crest
  3. thoracolumbar fascia
252
Q

INSERTION of transverse abdominis

A
  1. linea alba
  2. pubis
253
Q

ACTION of transverse abdominis

A

abdominal compression

254
Q

rectus sheath

A

formed by aponeuroses of external & internal oblique, and transverse abdominis
- encloses rectus abdominis
- converges centrally as linea alba

255
Q

aponeurosis

A

sheet-like tendon by which muscles connect to bone or fascia

256
Q

trapezius

A

paired, trapezoid-shaped muscle

257
Q

ORIGIN of trapezius

A
  1. occipital bone of the skull
  2. spinous process of thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12)
258
Q

INSERTION of trapezius

A
  1. scapula (acromion & scapular spine)
  2. lateral aspect of clavicle
259
Q

ACTIONS of trapezius

A
  1. upper fibers: elevate scapula
  2. middle fibers: retract scapula & upward rotation of scapula (ARM ABDUCTION)
  3. lower fibres: depress scapula & upward rotation of scapula (ARM ABDUCTION)
260
Q

ORIGIN of latissimus dorsi

A
  1. spinous processes of lower thoracic vertebrae & lumbar vertebrae (T6-L5)
  2. sacrum
  3. iliac crest
  4. thoracolumbar fascia
261
Q

INSERTION of latissimus dorsi

A

humerus (intertubercular groove)

262
Q

ACTIONS of latissimus dorsi

A
  1. adduction of arm
  2. extension of arm
  3. medial rotation of arm at shoulder
263
Q

INNERVATION of latissimus dorsi

A

thoracodorsal nerve (brachial plexus)

264
Q

ORIGIN of levator scapulae

A

transverse processes superior cervical vertebrae (C1-C4)

265
Q

INSERTION of levator scapulae

A

superior/medial border of scapula

266
Q

ACTION of levator scapulae

A

elevation of scapula

267
Q

INNERVATION of levator scapulae

A

dorsal scapular nerve (brachial plexus)

268
Q

ORIGIN of rhomboids (major & minor)

A

spinous processes of C7-T5

269
Q

INSERTION of rhomboids (major & minor)

A

medial border of the scapula

270
Q

ACTIONS of rhomboids (major & minor)

A
  1. retraction of scapula
  2. downward rotation of scapula (ARM ADDUCTION)
271
Q

INNERVATION of rhomboids (major & minor)

A

dorsal scapular nerve (brachial nerve)

272
Q

rhomboid minor vs major

A

major = below
minor = above
- minor is below levator scapulae

273
Q

ORIGIN of teres major

A

inferior angle of scapula (posterior)

274
Q

INSERTION of teres major

A

medial lip of intertubercular groove

275
Q

ACTIONS of teres major

A
  1. adduction of arm
  2. extension of arm
  3. medial rotation of arm
276
Q

INNERVATION of teres major

A

lower subscapular nerve (brachial plexus)

277
Q

erector spinae muscles

A

DEEPEST group of paired muscles running along vertebral column
1. iliocostalis (lateral)
2. longissimus (middle)
3. spinalis (medial)

278
Q

erector spinae muscles ACTIONS

A
  1. bilateral contraction: extension of vertebral column
  2. unilateral contraction: lateral flexion of vertebral column
279
Q

arterial blood supply (O2 blood from heart to tissues)

A
  1. subclavian artery
  2. axillary artery
  3. brachial artery (supplies arm)
  4. profunda brachii
  5. radial artery
  6. ulnar artery
280
Q

cubital fossa

A

area on anterior part of elbow joint that splits profunda brachii into radial and ulnar artery

281
Q

where does the subclavian artery become the axillary artery?

A

at the border of the first rib

282
Q

where does the axillary artery become the brachial artery?

A

at the inferior border of teres major

283
Q

venous drainage (Deoxy blood back to heart)

A
  1. deep veins (accompany arteries)
  2. superficial veins (run subcutaneously)
284
Q

venous drainage - deep veins

A
  1. palmar venous arches (deep & superficial)
  2. ulnar vein
  3. radial vein
  4. brachial vein
  5. axillary vein
285
Q

venous drainage - superficial veins

A
  1. digital veins
  2. palmar venous arches (deep & superficial)
  3. basilic vein (medial)
  4. cephalic vein (lateral)
  5. axillary vein
286
Q

venous drainage

A
  1. radial vein
  2. ulnar vein
  3. brachial vein
  4. basilic vein (medial)
  5. cephalic vein (lateral)
  6. axillary vein
  7. subclavian vein
286
Q

the axilla

A

pyramidal space located between thorax (ribs) and upper limb where blood vessels and nerves pass

base= skin of ARMPIT

287
Q

walls of the axilla

A
  1. anterior wall = pec. minor & major
  2. lateral wall = humerus
  3. posterior wall = subscapularis & teres major
  4. medial wall = thoracic wall & serratus anterior
288
Q

brachial plexus

A

network of nerves that innervates muscles of pectoral girdle and upper limb and skin of arm, forearm and hand

289
Q

what is the brachial plexus divided into?

A

Roots
Trunks
Divisions
Cords
Branches

***Remember To Drink Cold Beer

290
Q

ROOTS - brachial plexus

A

formed by spinal nerves C5-T1
***C8
1. dorsal scapular nerve
2. long thoracic nerve

291
Q

dorsal scapular nerve

A

innervates levator scapulae & the rhomboids

292
Q

long thoracic nerve

A

contributes from C5-C7 roots form LTN
- innervates serratus anterior

293
Q

TRUNKS - brachial plexus

A
  1. superior
    - suprascapular nerve
  2. middle
  3. inferior
294
Q

suprascapular nerve

A

located on superior trunk
- innervates supraspinatus & infraspinatus

295
Q

DIVISIONS - brachial nerve

A
  1. 3 anterior divisions
  2. 3 posterior divisions
296
Q

CORDS - brachial plexus

A

once anterior and posterior divisions enter the AXILLA, they combine to form 3 CORDS - lateral, posterior, medial

297
Q

LATERAL cord

A

supplies lateral pectoral nerve: innervates pectoralis major

298
Q

MEDIAL cord

A

supplies medial pectoral nerve: pectoralis major & minor

299
Q

POSTERIOR cord

A

supplies…
1. thoracodorsal nerve: innervates latissimus dorsi
2. subscapular nerves: innervates subscapularis & teres major

300
Q

BRANCHES - brachial plexus

A
  1. musculocutaneous nerve
  2. axillary nerve
  3. median nerve
  4. radial nerve
  5. ulnar nerve
301
Q

musculocutaneous nerve

A

lateral cord (C5-C7)
- innervates muscles of anterior compartment of arm

302
Q

axillary nerve

A

posterior cord (C5,C6)
- innervates deltoid & teres minor

303
Q

median nerve

A

lateral and medial cords (C5-T1)
- innervates muscles of anterior forearm (other than 2) and muscles of the hand

304
Q

radial nerve

A

posterior cord (C5-T1)
- innervates muscles of posterior arm and forearm

305
Q

ulnar nerve

A

medial cord (C8-T1)
- innervates muscles of hand, FCU and FDP (rest of muscles of forearm from median)

306
Q

distal radius

A
  1. ulnar notch - articulates with head of ulna and forms distal RADIO-ULNAR joint
  2. styloid process
307
Q

distal ulna

A
  1. styloid process
308
Q

difference between styloid processes

A

radius = bigger (lateral)
ulna = smaller and dips down (medial)

309
Q

fibrous radioulnar ligaments

A
  1. interoserrous membrane
  2. annular ligament
  3. radioulnar ligaments
310
Q

interosseous membrane

A

fibrous sheath between radius and ulna
- separates forearm muscles into anterior and posterior compartments

311
Q

annular ligament

A

thick band surrounding head of radius that holds the radius to the ulna
- flexibility allows for pronation and supination
- PROXIMAL radioulnar joint

312
Q

radioulnar ligaments

A

stabilizers
- DISTAL radioulnar joint

313
Q

proximal row bones of the wrist
(lateral to medial)

A
  1. scaphoid
  2. lunate
  3. triquetrium
  4. pisiform (on top triq.)

So Long To Pinky

314
Q

distal row bones of the wrist
(medial to lateral)

A
  1. hamate
  2. capitate
  3. trapezoid
  4. trapezium (at joint of thumb)

Here Comes The Thumb

315
Q

what carpal bones can you not see form the dorsal view?

A

pisiform and hook of hamate

316
Q

wrist joints

A
  1. radiocarpal joint
  2. ulnocarpal joint
317
Q

radiocarpal joint

A

synovial condylar joint
- radius articulates with scaphoid, lunate & triquetrium
- direct articulation

318
Q

ulnocarpal joint

A

ulna connects with lunate & triquetrium
- no direct articulation due to bursae
- common site of wrist injuries

319
Q

phalanges

A
  • proximal interphalangeal joints
  • distal interphalangeal joints
  • thumb (pollox) only had PROXIMAL & DISTAL phlanges (no middle)
320
Q

metacarpals

A
  • numbered 1-5 lateral to medial
  • carpometacarpal joints
  • metacarpal phalangeal joint
321
Q

anterior compartment of forearm

A
  1. superficial
  2. intermediate
  3. deep
322
Q

posterior compartment of forearm

A
  1. superficial
  2. deep
323
Q

superficial layer of anterior compartment

A
  1. pronator teres
  2. flexor carpi radialis
  3. palmaris longus
  4. flexor carpi ulnaris
324
Q

common flexor origin (CFO)

A

medial epicondyle of humerus

325
Q

ORIGIN of pronator teres

A

medial epicondyle of humerus

326
Q

INSERTION of pronator teres

A

lateral radius

327
Q

ACTION of pronator teres

A

pronation of forearm

328
Q

ORIGIN of flexor carpi radialis

A

medial epicondyle of humerus

329
Q

INSERTION of flexor carpi radialis

A

2nd and 3rd metacarpals

330
Q

ACTIONS of flexor carpi radialis

A
  1. flexion of wrist
  2. abduction of wrist (on radial side)
331
Q

ORIGIN of palmaris longus

A

medial epicondyle of humerus

332
Q

INSERTION of palmaris longus

A

palmar aponeurosis

333
Q

ACTION of palmaris longus

A

weak flexion of wrist
***weak because it doesn’t have much function, not all people have it

334
Q

palmar aponeurosis

A

thickening of palmar fascia (CT)
- continuous with tendon of palmaris longus

335
Q

ORIGIN of flexor carpi ulnaris

A
  1. medial epicondyle of humerus
  2. olecranon of ulna
336
Q

INSERTION of flexor carpi ulnaris

A
  1. carpals - pisiform & hook of hamate
  2. 5th metacarpal
337
Q

ACTIONS of flexor carpi ulnaris

A
  1. flexion of wrist
  2. adduction of wrist (ulnar side)
338
Q

intermediate layer of anterior compartment

A
  1. flexor digitorum superficialis
339
Q

deep layer of anterior compartment

A
  1. flexor digitorum profundus
  2. pronator quadratus
  3. flexor pollicis longus
340
Q

ORIGINS of flexor digitorum superficialis

A
  1. medial epicondyle of humerus
  2. anterior surface of radius & ulna
341
Q

INSERTION of flexor digitorum superficialis

A

4 tendons split and insert on middle phalanges 2-5

342
Q

ACTIONS of flexor digitorum superficialis

A
  1. flexion of wrist
  2. flexion of metacarpophalangeal joints 2-5
  3. flexion of proximal interphalangeal joints 2-5
343
Q

ACTIONS of flexor digitorum profundus

A
  1. flexion of wrist
  2. flexion of metacarpophalangeal joints 2-5
  3. flexion of proximal interphalangeal joints 2-5
    - flexion of distal interphalangeal joints 2-5
344
Q

flexor digitorum profundus vs. flexor digitorum superficialis

A

FDS splits into two to allow FDP to pass through to distal interphalangeal joints

345
Q

ORIGIN of flexor pollicis longus

A
  1. anterior radius
  2. interserrous membrane
346
Q

INSERTION of flexor pollicis longus

A

digital phalanx of the thumb

347
Q

ACTIONS of flexor pollicis longus

A

flexion of thumb

348
Q

ORIGIN of pronator quadratus

A

distal anterior surface of ulna

349
Q

INSERTION of pronator quadratus

A

distal anterior surface of radius

350
Q

ACTION of pronator quadratus

A

pronation of forearm

351
Q

anterior forearm innervation

A
  1. median nerve innervates all forearm muscles other than ones innervated by ulnar nerve
  2. ulnar nerve innervates FLEXOR CARPI ULNARIS & MEDIAL HALF of FLEXOR DIGITORUM PROFUNDUS
352
Q

flexor retinaculum

A

fibrous connective tissue band located on palmar surface of hand that hold tendons of flexor muscles in place
- forms roof of CARPAL TUNNEL

353
Q

carpal tunnel

A

flexor retinaculum arches over carpal bones to form carpal tunnel
contains:
1. flexor digitorum superficialis
2. flexor digitorum profundus
3. flexor pollicis longus
4. median nerve

354
Q

superficial layer of posterior compartment

A
  1. brachioradialis
  2. extensor carpi radialis longus (most superficial)
  3. extensor carpi radialis brevis (deep to longus)
  4. extensor digitorum
  5. extensor digiti minimi
  6. extensor carpi ulnaris
355
Q

deep layer of posterior compartment

A
  1. supinator
  2. abductor pollicis longus (most lateral)
  3. extensor pollicis brevis (shorter tendon on radius)
  4. extensor pollicis longus (longer tendonon ulna)
  5. extensor indicis
356
Q

common extensor origin (CEO)

A

lateral epicondyle of humerus

357
Q

ORIGIN of extensor carpi radialis longus & brevis

A

lateral epicondyle of humerus

358
Q

INSERTION of extensor carpi radialis longus & brevis

A

2nd & 3rd metacarpals

359
Q

ACTIONS of extensor carpi radialis longus & brevis

A
  1. extension of wrist
  2. abduction of wrist (radial side)
360
Q

ORIGIN of extensor carpi ulnaris

A

lateral epicondyle of humerus

361
Q

INSERTION of extensor carpi ulnaris

A

base of 5th metacarpal (pinky)

362
Q

ACTIONS of extensor carpi ulnaris

A
  1. extension of wrist
  2. adduction of wrist (ulnar side)
363
Q

ORIGIN of extensor digitorum

A

lateral epicondyle of humerus

364
Q

INSERTION of extensor digitorum

A

posterior surfaces of phalanges 2-5

365
Q

ACTIONS of extensor digitorum

A
  1. extension of wrist
  2. extension of fingers
366
Q

ORIGIN of extensor digiti minimi

A

lateral epicondyle of humerus

367
Q

INSERTION of extensor digiti minimi

A
  1. middle phalanx of pinky finger (5th digit) - posterior surface
368
Q

ACTIONS of extensor digiti minimi

A
  1. extension of wrist
  2. extension of pinky finger
369
Q

ORIGIN of supinator

A
  1. lateral epicondyle of humerus
  2. proximal ulna
370
Q

INSERTION of supinator

A

lateral proximal radius

371
Q

ACTION of supinator

A

supination

372
Q

ORIGIN of abductor pollicis longus

A

proximal ulna & radius - posterior surface

373
Q

INSERTION of abductor pollicis longus

A

1st metacarpal

374
Q

ACTION of abductor pollicis longus

A

abduction of thumb & wrist

375
Q

ORIGIN of extensor pollicis longus

A
  1. posterior ULNA
  2. interosseus membrane
376
Q

INSERTION of extensor pollicis longus

A

distal phalanx of the thumb

377
Q

ACTION of extensor pollicis longus

A

extension of thumb

378
Q

ORIGIN of extensor pollicis brevis

A
  1. posterior RADIUS
  2. interosseous membrane
379
Q

INSERTION of extensor pollicis brevis

A

proximal phalanx of the thumb

380
Q

ACTION of extensor pollicis brevis

A

extension of thumb

381
Q

ORIGIN of extensor indicis

A
  1. posterior distal ULNA
  2. interosseous membrane
382
Q

INSERTION of extensor indicis

A

index finger

383
Q

ACTIONS of extensor indicis

A
  1. extensor of index finger
  2. extension of wrist
384
Q

lateral border of anatomical snuffbox

A
  1. abductor pollicis longus tendon
  2. extensor pollicis brevis tendon
385
Q

medial border of anatomical snuffbox

A
  1. extensor pollicis longus tendon
386
Q

posterior forearm innervation

A

radial nerve innervates all posterior forearm muscles

387
Q

extensor retinaculum

A

fibrous connective tissue band located on dorsal surface of hand that holds tendons of the extensor muscles in place

388
Q

extrinsic muscles of the hand

A
  • originate in forearm and insert on hand
  • control crude movements

ex. flexor digitorum profundus

389
Q

intrinsic muscles of the hand

A
  • originate and insert within the hand
  • control fine movements

ex. hypothenar and thenar muscles

390
Q

hypothenar and thenar muscles

A

hypothenar = base of pinky
thenar = bulging muscles base of thumb

391
Q

ORIGIN of flexor digitorum profundus

A
  1. ulna
  2. interosseus membrane
392
Q

INSERTION of flexor digitorum profundus

A

distal phalanges 2-5

ANAT 315 (2 decks)

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