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LING 101 > Midterm! > Flashcards

Midterm! Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 5 voiceless fricatives in English?

A
  1. fin
  2. thin
  3. sin
  4. shin
  5. him
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2
Q

8 places of articulation for English Speakers:

A
  1. Bilabial - both lips
  2. Labiodental - lip to teeth
  3. Interdental - tongue between teeth
  4. Alveolar - bump on the roof of mouth
  5. Postalveolar - behind alveolar
  6. Palatal – roof of mouth
  7. Velar – back og mouth
  8. Glottal – throat
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3
Q

When + where did 1st language start?

A
  • Started in 60,000 BC
  • In African Savannah
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4
Q

Define Dialect

A
  • any variety of a language
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5
Q

Separate languages…

A

CANNOT understand each other

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6
Q

How does politics interfere with languages?

A

Politics can make separate languages count as 1
Can also count mutually intelligible dialects as 2 separate languages

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7
Q

Define BORDERLINE

A

2 dialects are kind of mutually intelligible but almost separate

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8
Q

Define Mutual Intelligible

A

Distinguish dialects from 2 different languages

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9
Q

Dialect Continuums

A

a series of language varieties spoken across some geographical area such that neighboring varieties are mutually intelligible, but the differences accumulate over distance so that widely separated varieties may not be

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10
Q

How do dialects change?

A

2 sub groups separate –> kids in each generation change words, sounds + systems –> changes add up over generations –> 2 groups are unable to understand each other

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11
Q

How man languages today?

A
  • Over 6-7000+ languages
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12
Q

Define Pidgins

A

simplified not-fully developed system mix of 2+ languages, no one’s native language

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13
Q

Define Creoles

A

often start as pidgins but kids make them complex + systematic languages

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14
Q

Creoles provide evidence of what

A

Proof that kids have an innate ability to create a complete language

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15
Q

True or False: A group of deaf children can create a full signed, complex, systematic language on their own

A

True

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16
Q

What is Tok Pisin a mix of?

A

a pidgin mix of Melanesian languages + English

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17
Q

How did kids turn Tok Pisin into a full language?

A

o New forms of agreement
o New tense systems
o New pronouns
o Expanded vocab.

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18
Q

BC Pidgin

A

Chinook Jargon

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19
Q

Define Prescriptive

A

judges non-standard dialects as wrong, inferior, sub-standard

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20
Q

Define Descriptive

A

studies, describes language without judgement

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21
Q

What is RP?

A

UK prestige standard dialect created 200 yrs ago

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22
Q

RP characteristics

A
  1. R-dropping when /r/ is in coda + kept elsewhere
    a. Sometimes r is replaced with ə, a schwa
  2. æ (mostly North America) vs. ɑ (mostly RP)
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23
Q

Characteristic of North American Dialect

A
  1. t becomes flap / ɾ/ in between vowels + remains same elsewhere
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24
Q

What is a flap /ɾ/ ?

A

voiced alveolar sound that is the fast version of /d/

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25
Q

AAVE Characteristics

A
  1. r dropping in some instances -
  2. regularized past tense – instead of I wrote it would be I writted
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26
Q

Cockney: frog

A

road

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27
Q

Cockney: trouble

A

wife

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28
Q

Cockney: nuclear sub

A

pub

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29
Q

Cockney: battle cruiser

A

boozer, bar

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30
Q

Cockney custard

A

televison

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31
Q

Cockney north

A

mouth

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32
Q

Cockney jam

A

a-holes

33
Q

Cockney aristotle

A

bottle

34
Q

Cockney ping-pong

A

strong

35
Q

Cockney tiddly wink

A

drink

36
Q

Cockney bird’s nest

A

chest

37
Q

Cockney characteristicsv

A
  1. R-dropping when /r/ is in coda + kept elsewhere
  2. T becomes glottal stop /ʔ/ in fast speech in between 2 vowels and in coda
  3. Theta /θ/ becomes /f/ in fast speech
  4. /h/ becomes glottal stop /ʔ/ at start of words in fast speech
  5. Regular l before a vowel, L  w elsewhere
38
Q

What is /ʔ/

A

a voiceless sound
glottal stop
made in throat
occurs when words begin with a vowel

39
Q

How many stops in English?

A

6 Distinctive stops

40
Q

What are the English stops?

A

/pbdtkg/

41
Q

What are the 2 types of transcription?

A

Broad + Narrow

42
Q

Explain Broad transcription

A

o with // brackets
o includes only significant (distinctive) sounds. Ignores fully predictable details
o aka. underlying form
o Ex. / itər /

43
Q

Explain Narrow transcription

A

o with [] brackets
o includes some of the predictable shifts (flapping, glotal stops)
o aka. Surface
o Ex. [ ʔiɾər ]

44
Q

2 FN languages in Van

A
  • Halkomelem
  • Squamish
45
Q

What are the 3 mutually intelligible (MI) dialects of Halkomelem?

A
  • Island (SE Vancouver, Nanaimo- Hul’q’umín’um’
  • Downriver (UBC area) - hǝn̓q̓ǝmin̓ǝm
  • Upriver (Fraser Valley, Chilliwack - Halq’eméylem
46
Q

Why are there different names for the Halkomelem dialects?

A

Shifts of /n/ > /l/ (in one variety) – Upriver
/l/ > / n/ (in another) – Downriver

47
Q

Define Cognate

A
  • 2 words that come from same historical root
  • Often look similar + have same meaning
  • Not always obvious
48
Q

How do you spell witch in IPA in old + new English?

A

Older version - /hw/
- Witch – /hwɪtʃ/
New version - /w/
- Witch - /wɪtʃ/

49
Q

Who are Indo Europeans?

A

people whose lounguage evolved into Greek English, Persian, Sanskrit, Hindi

50
Q

Time frame for Proto-Indo-European

A

6000-8000 yrs ago

51
Q

What are some non PIE languages?

A

Basque + Uralic

52
Q

What language branches did PIE lead to?

A
  1. Proto Germanic
  2. Proto Italic
  3. Proto Celtic
53
Q

Define Language family

A

oldest reconstructable grouping we can find

54
Q

Branch within a family –

A

sub group that split off within the family

55
Q

What is the IE Language Family?

A

name for group of languages which evolved from original ancient language

56
Q

What are 3/4 sound shifts that made Germanic languages different?

A
  1. P to f in Germanic IE languages
  2. /t/ to / θ/ in Germanic IE
  3. /k/ to /h/\
  4. /kw/ to /hw/
57
Q

Define Grimm’s law

A

pattern of proto-germanic sounf changes

58
Q

What are the 9 English Fricatives?

A

/f/
/θ/
/s/
/ʃ/
/h/
/v/
/ ð/
/z/
/ʒ/

59
Q

What are the voiced English Fricatives?

A

/v/
- Labiodental (Lips + teeth) fricative
- Ex. vin = /vin/
/ ð/
- Voiced interdental (tip of tongue between teeth)
- eth
- Ex. thy
/z/
- Alveolar voiced fricative
- Ex. Zoo = /zu/ was = /waz/
/ʒ/
- postalveolar voiced fricative
- Ex. Beige

60
Q

What are the voiceless English Fricatives?

A

/f/
- Labiodental (Lips + teeth)f ricative
- Ex. fin = /fIn/
/θ/
- Interdental voiceless
- theta
- Ex. thigh
/s/
- Alveolar voiceless consonant
- Ex. miss = /mis/

/ʃ/
- Postalveolar Voiceless fricative
- Ex. Sheep = /ʃhip/
-
/h/
- Glottal Voiceless fricative
- Ex. hid = /h-d/
- Can only occur in onset

61
Q

What are the 2 affricates?

A

/dʒ/
- Voiced affricate
- J sound
- Starts at alveolar + moves to postalveolar
- Combo of stop + Fricatice

/t͡ʃ/
- Ch sound
- voiceless
- Starts at alveolar + moves to postalveolar

62
Q

What are the 10 vowels?

A

/u/
- Postalveolar Place
- Ex. Rude = /rud/
/ʊ/
- Voiced __ place
- Ex. soot = /sʊt/

/i/
- Voiced __ place
- Ee sound
- Ex. knees = /niz/

/ɑ/
- Voiced __ place
- o sound
- Ex. bought = /bɑt/
/æ/
- Voiced __ place
- a sound
- Ex. bat = /baet/
/ə/
- Voiced/voiceless __ place
- a schwa
- unstressed syllables become schwas in fast speech
- ex.

/e/
- Voiced __ place
- Ex. mate /met/
/ɛ/
- Voiced __ place
- Ex. met= /mɛt/

/o/
- Voiced __ place
- Ex. Sew = /so/

/ɪ/
- Voiced/voiceless __ place
- Ih sound
- Ex. hit = /hɪt/
-

63
Q

6 Distinct English Stops

A

/p/
- Bilabial consonant
- Ex. pin = /

/t/
- alveolar consonant
- Ex. tin = /s/
/k/
- velar consonant
- Ex. kin =

/b/
- Bilabial consonant
- Ex. bin = /

/d/
- alveolar consonant
- Ex. dig = /s/
/g/
- velar consonant
- Ex. gate =

64
Q

3 Voiceless English Stops

A

/p/
- Bilabial consonant
- Ex. pin = /

/t/
- alveolar consonant
- Ex. tin = /s/
/k/
- velar consonant
- Ex. kin =

65
Q

3 Voiced English Stops

A

/b/
- Bilabial consonant
- Ex. bin = /

/d/
- alveolar consonant
- Ex. dig = /s/
/g/
- velar consonant
- Ex. gate =

66
Q

What are aspirated stops?

A

Voiceless stops (/p/ /t/ /k/ ) become aspirated [pʰ, tʰ, kʰ] when they are at the start of word + followed by a vowel

67
Q

Phonotactic constraints

A

limits on how sounds can go together to make words

68
Q

Mental dictionary (lexicon)

A

set of sounds + each set is associated with a meaning

69
Q

Maximize Onsets principle

A

always try to make it as big as possible

70
Q

What are the 8 places of articulation for English Speakers?

A
  1. Bilabial - both lips
  2. Labiodental - lip to teeth
  3. Interdental - tongue between teeth
  4. Alveolar - bump on the roof of mouth
  5. Postalveolar - behind alveolar
  6. Palatal – roof of mouth
  7. Velar – back of mouth
  8. Glottal – throat
71
Q

What sounds are found in bilabial place?

A
  1. Bilabial - both lips
    o /b/ /p/ /m/
72
Q

What sounds are found in labiodental place?

A
  1. Labiodental - lip to teeth
    o /v/, /f/
73
Q

What sounds are found in interdental place?

A
  1. Interdental - tongue between teeth
    o /θ/, / ð/
74
Q

What sounds are found in alveolar place?

A
  1. Alveolar - bump on the roof of mouth
    o /t/ /d/ /z/ /s/ /n/ /l/
75
Q

What sounds are found in postalveolar place?

A
  1. Postalveolar - behind alveolar
    o /ʃ/ /ʒ/
76
Q

What sounds are found in palatal place?

A
  1. Palatal – roof of mouth
    o /j/
77
Q

What sounds are found in velar place?

A
  1. Velar – back og mouth
    o /k/ /g/
78
Q

What sounds are found in glottal place?

A
  1. Glottal – throat
    o /h/
79
Q

5 manners of articulation

A
  • /d/ - stop the air (stop
  • /z/ - continuous with friction (fricative)
  • /n/ - nasal (air through nose)
  • /l/ - smooth airflow (
  • /ch/ - stop then with friction (affricate)

LING 101 (6 decks)

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