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Midterm! Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 voiceless fricatives in English?

A
  1. fin
  2. thin
  3. sin
  4. shin
  5. him
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2
Q

8 places of articulation for English Speakers:

A
  1. Bilabial - both lips
  2. Labiodental - lip to teeth
  3. Interdental - tongue between teeth
  4. Alveolar - bump on the roof of mouth
  5. Postalveolar - behind alveolar
  6. Palatal – roof of mouth
  7. Velar – back og mouth
  8. Glottal – throat
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3
Q

When + where did 1st language start?

A
  • Started in 60,000 BC
  • In African Savannah
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4
Q

Define Dialect

A
  • any variety of a language
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5
Q

Separate languages…

A

CANNOT understand each other

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6
Q

How does politics interfere with languages?

A

Politics can make separate languages count as 1
Can also count mutually intelligible dialects as 2 separate languages

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7
Q

Define BORDERLINE

A

2 dialects are kind of mutually intelligible but almost separate

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8
Q

Define Mutual Intelligible

A

Distinguish dialects from 2 different languages

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9
Q

Dialect Continuums

A

a series of language varieties spoken across some geographical area such that neighboring varieties are mutually intelligible, but the differences accumulate over distance so that widely separated varieties may not be

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10
Q

How do dialects change?

A

2 sub groups separate –> kids in each generation change words, sounds + systems –> changes add up over generations –> 2 groups are unable to understand each other

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11
Q

How man languages today?

A
  • Over 6-7000+ languages
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12
Q

Define Pidgins

A

simplified not-fully developed system mix of 2+ languages, no one’s native language

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13
Q

Define Creoles

A

often start as pidgins but kids make them complex + systematic languages

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14
Q

Creoles provide evidence of what

A

Proof that kids have an innate ability to create a complete language

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15
Q

True or False: A group of deaf children can create a full signed, complex, systematic language on their own

A

True

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16
Q

What is Tok Pisin a mix of?

A

a pidgin mix of Melanesian languages + English

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17
Q

How did kids turn Tok Pisin into a full language?

A

o New forms of agreement
o New tense systems
o New pronouns
o Expanded vocab.

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18
Q

BC Pidgin

A

Chinook Jargon

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19
Q

Define Prescriptive

A

judges non-standard dialects as wrong, inferior, sub-standard

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20
Q

Define Descriptive

A

studies, describes language without judgement

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21
Q

What is RP?

A

UK prestige standard dialect created 200 yrs ago

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22
Q

RP characteristics

A
  1. R-dropping when /r/ is in coda + kept elsewhere
    a. Sometimes r is replaced with ə, a schwa
  2. æ (mostly North America) vs. ɑ (mostly RP)
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23
Q

Characteristic of North American Dialect

A
  1. t becomes flap / ɾ/ in between vowels + remains same elsewhere
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24
Q

What is a flap /ɾ/ ?

A

voiced alveolar sound that is the fast version of /d/

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25
AAVE Characteristics
1. r dropping in some instances - 2. regularized past tense – instead of I wrote it would be I writted
26
Cockney: frog
road
27
Cockney: trouble
wife
28
Cockney: nuclear sub
pub
29
Cockney: battle cruiser
boozer, bar
30
Cockney custard
televison
31
Cockney north
mouth
32
Cockney jam
a-holes
33
Cockney aristotle
bottle
34
Cockney ping-pong
strong
35
Cockney tiddly wink
drink
36
Cockney bird's nest
chest
37
Cockney characteristicsv
1. R-dropping when /r/ is in coda + kept elsewhere 2. T becomes glottal stop /ʔ/ in fast speech in between 2 vowels and in coda 3. Theta /θ/ becomes /f/ in fast speech 4. /h/ becomes glottal stop /ʔ/ at start of words in fast speech 5. Regular l before a vowel, L  w elsewhere
38
What is /ʔ/
a voiceless sound glottal stop made in throat occurs when words begin with a vowel
39
How many stops in English?
6 Distinctive stops
40
What are the English stops?
/pbdtkg/
41
What are the 2 types of transcription?
Broad + Narrow
42
Explain Broad transcription
o with // brackets o includes only significant (distinctive) sounds. Ignores fully predictable details o aka. underlying form o Ex. / itər /
43
Explain Narrow transcription
o with [] brackets o includes some of the predictable shifts (flapping, glotal stops) o aka. Surface o Ex. [ ʔiɾər ]
44
2 FN languages in Van
* Halkomelem * Squamish
45
What are the 3 mutually intelligible (MI) dialects of Halkomelem?
- Island (SE Vancouver, Nanaimo- Hul'q'umín'um’ - Downriver (UBC area) - hǝn̓q̓ǝmin̓ǝm - Upriver (Fraser Valley, Chilliwack - Halq'eméylem
46
Why are there different names for the Halkomelem dialects?
Shifts of /n/ > /l/ (in one variety) – Upriver /l/ > / n/ (in another) – Downriver
47
Define Cognate
- 2 words that come from same historical root - Often look similar + have same meaning - Not always obvious
48
How do you spell witch in IPA in old + new English?
Older version - /hw/ - Witch – /hwɪtʃ/ New version - /w/ - Witch - /wɪtʃ/
49
Who are Indo Europeans?
people whose lounguage evolved into Greek English, Persian, Sanskrit, Hindi
50
Time frame for Proto-Indo-European
6000-8000 yrs ago
51
What are some non PIE languages?
Basque + Uralic
52
What language branches did PIE lead to?
1. Proto Germanic 2. Proto Italic 3. Proto Celtic
53
Define Language family
oldest reconstructable grouping we can find
54
Branch within a family –
sub group that split off within the family
55
What is the IE Language Family?
name for group of languages which evolved from original ancient language
56
What are 3/4 sound shifts that made Germanic languages different?
1. P to f in Germanic IE languages 2. /t/ to / θ/ in Germanic IE 3. /k/ to /h/\ 4. /kw/ to /hw/
57
Define Grimm's law
pattern of proto-germanic sounf changes
58
What are the 9 English Fricatives?
/f/ /θ/ /s/ /ʃ/ /h/ /v/ / ð/ /z/ /ʒ/
59
What are the voiced English Fricatives?
/v/ - Labiodental (Lips + teeth) fricative - Ex. vin = /vin/ / ð/ - Voiced interdental (tip of tongue between teeth) - eth - Ex. thy /z/ - Alveolar voiced fricative - Ex. Zoo = /zu/ was = /waz/ /ʒ/ - postalveolar voiced fricative - Ex. Beige
60
What are the voiceless English Fricatives?
/f/ - Labiodental (Lips + teeth)f ricative - Ex. fin = /fIn/ /θ/ - Interdental voiceless - theta - Ex. thigh /s/ - Alveolar voiceless consonant - Ex. miss = /mis/ /ʃ/ - Postalveolar Voiceless fricative - Ex. Sheep = /ʃhip/ - /h/ - Glottal Voiceless fricative - Ex. hid = /h-d/ - Can only occur in onset
61
What are the 2 affricates?
/dʒ/ - Voiced affricate - J sound - Starts at alveolar + moves to postalveolar - Combo of stop + Fricatice /t͡ʃ/ - Ch sound - voiceless - Starts at alveolar + moves to postalveolar
62
What are the 10 vowels?
/u/ - Postalveolar Place - Ex. Rude = /rud/ /ʊ/ - Voiced __ place - Ex. soot = /sʊt/ /i/ - Voiced __ place - Ee sound - Ex. knees = /niz/ /ɑ/ - Voiced __ place - o sound - Ex. bought = /bɑt/ /æ/ - Voiced __ place - a sound - Ex. bat = /baet/ /ə/ - Voiced/voiceless __ place - a schwa - unstressed syllables become schwas in fast speech - ex. /e/ - Voiced __ place - Ex. mate /met/ /ɛ/ - Voiced __ place - Ex. met= /mɛt/ /o/ - Voiced __ place - Ex. Sew = /so/ /ɪ/ - Voiced/voiceless __ place - Ih sound - Ex. hit = /hɪt/ -
63
6 Distinct English Stops
/p/ - Bilabial consonant - Ex. pin = / /t/ - alveolar consonant - Ex. tin = /s/ /k/ - velar consonant - Ex. kin = /b/ - Bilabial consonant - Ex. bin = / /d/ - alveolar consonant - Ex. dig = /s/ /g/ - velar consonant - Ex. gate =
64
3 Voiceless English Stops
/p/ - Bilabial consonant - Ex. pin = / /t/ - alveolar consonant - Ex. tin = /s/ /k/ - velar consonant - Ex. kin =
65
3 Voiced English Stops
/b/ - Bilabial consonant - Ex. bin = / /d/ - alveolar consonant - Ex. dig = /s/ /g/ - velar consonant - Ex. gate =
66
What are aspirated stops?
Voiceless stops (/p/ /t/ /k/ ) become aspirated [pʰ, tʰ, kʰ] when they are at the start of word + followed by a vowel
67
Phonotactic constraints
limits on how sounds can go together to make words
68
Mental dictionary (lexicon)
set of sounds + each set is associated with a meaning
69
Maximize Onsets principle
always try to make it as big as possible
70
What are the 8 places of articulation for English Speakers?
1. Bilabial - both lips 2. Labiodental - lip to teeth 3. Interdental - tongue between teeth 4. Alveolar - bump on the roof of mouth 5. Postalveolar - behind alveolar 6. Palatal – roof of mouth 7. Velar – back of mouth 8. Glottal – throat
71
What sounds are found in bilabial place?
1. Bilabial - both lips o /b/ /p/ /m/
72
What sounds are found in labiodental place?
2. Labiodental - lip to teeth o /v/, /f/
73
What sounds are found in interdental place?
3. Interdental - tongue between teeth o /θ/, / ð/
74
What sounds are found in alveolar place?
4. Alveolar - bump on the roof of mouth o /t/ /d/ /z/ /s/ /n/ /l/
75
What sounds are found in postalveolar place?
5. Postalveolar - behind alveolar o /ʃ/ /ʒ/
76
What sounds are found in palatal place?
6. Palatal – roof of mouth o /j/
77
What sounds are found in velar place?
7. Velar – back og mouth o /k/ /g/
78
What sounds are found in glottal place?
8. Glottal – throat o /h/
79
5 manners of articulation
* /d/ - stop the air (stop * /z/ - continuous with friction (fricative) * /n/ - nasal (air through nose) * /l/ - smooth airflow ( * /ch/ - stop then with friction (affricate)

LING 101 (6 decks)

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