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Biodiversity > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

King Philip Came Over for Good Sex

A

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

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2
Q

Biosphere

A

All space occupied by living things on Earth

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3
Q

Ecosystem

A

A region containing interacting abiotic and biotic factors

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4
Q

Community

A

Population of species that occur together in the same space and time

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5
Q

Population

A

Individuals of the same species that co-occur in space and time

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6
Q

Individual

A

Living entities that are genetically and physically discrete

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7
Q

What predicts patterns of biodiversity?

A

Solar Angles of Incidence
Geography
Rain Shadows
Wind

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8
Q

typological species concept

A

Species are distinct morphological types

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9
Q

evolutionary species concept:

A

A species is one lineage evolving separately from other lineages

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10
Q

biological species concept:

A

“a group of actually or potentially interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups” (Mayr 1950).

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11
Q

Taxonomy:

A

The description of how species are related to one another.
–Linnaean system of binomial nomenclature (Genus species)

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12
Q

phylogenetic species concept

A

asserts that the way to define a species is through measuring genetic similarities, differences, and distances among populations or groups of populations

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13
Q

Evolutionary species concept=

A

A species is one lineage evolving separately from other lineages

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14
Q

Biological species concept=

A

Reproductive isolation. Species are individuals that breed together to produce viable offspring

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15
Q

Phylogenetic species concept=

A

measuring genetic similarities, differences, and distances among populations or groups of populations. Common ancestral lineage distinguishable from other such groups

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16
Q

Living systems (biotic) are dependent upon non- living (abiotic) factors

A

Atmosphere, Biosphere, Hydrosphere, Lithosphere,

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17
Q

Ecology

A

The scientific study of the relationships between organisms and their environment. Physical, Chemical, Biological

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18
Q

What affects species distributions?

A

Abiotic Factors, Biography, Dispersal, Behavior, Biotic interactions, Distributions and abundance of organisims

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19
Q

Biogeography

A

is the study of the geographic distribution of living things and the abiotic factors that affect their distribution

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20
Q

Primary producers=

A

autotrophs convert energy and carbon from inorganic sources (usually from the sun) into biomass – which can then be consumed by heterotrophs

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21
Q

optimum range

A

–A certain level where organisms grow or
survive best
–Organisms do less well at higher or lower levels
–They do not survive at extremes

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22
Q

Range of tolerance:

A

the entire range allowing
any growth

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23
Q

Limits of tolerance:

A

the high and low ends of the range of tolerance

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24
Q

Zones of stress:

A

between the optimal range and high or low limit of tolerance

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25
Q

major abiotic factors

A

Temperature Light
Water availability Elevation
Soil types
Temperature Light [Depth] Salinity Oxygen
Soil types pH

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26
Q

Landscape

A

a cluster of interacting ecosystems

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27
Q

Biome:

A

a large area with the same climate and
vegetation
–Can often be predicted by rainfall and temperature
–There are no sharp boundaries between biomes

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28
Q

Biosphere:

A

the huge system formed by all living things

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29
Q

Latitudinal Gradients in Species Richness

A

Species richness generally increases from middle and high latitudes to the equator.
Most groups of organisms are more species-rich in the tropics than they are at higher latitudes.
Well-documented decline in species richness as one moves from low to high latitudes.

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30
Q

Mechanical Weathering (Soil Formation)

A

Breakdown of rock into smaller particles from the combined action of water, wind, and plants

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31
Q

Chemical Weathering (Soil Formation)

A

Action of chemical processes such as oxidation, hydrolysis, and reduction

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32
Q

Soil depth matters

A

Influenced by slope, weathering, parent materials, and vegetation

The deeper the soil, the deeper roots can penetrate.

Deeper soils also can hold more water and minerals.

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33
Q

Lentic Biomes:

A

Lakes (Still)

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34
Q

Lotic Biomes

A

Rives (Flowing)

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35
Q

House Sparrow

A

Order: Passeriformes
Family: Passeridae
Genus: Passer
Species: House Sparrow

Common; found in most parts of the world.

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36
Q

Interspecific Competition:

A

between individuals of different species

37
Q

Intraspecific Competition:

A

between individuals of the same species

38
Q

Interference competition:

A

direct aggressive interaction between individuals.

39
Q

Exploitative competition:

A

competition to secure resources first.

40
Q

Keystone species:

A

play a crucial role in maintaining ecosystem structure
–prevent other species from taking over an area –allow other, less-competitive species to flourish

41
Q

niche

A

The set of environmental conditions (abiotic and biotic) in which an organism can survive and reproduce.

42
Q

Fundamental Niche

A

Physical conditions under which a species might live in the absence of interactions with other species

43
Q

Realized Niche

A

Physical conditions under which a species might live when restricted by interactions with other species

44
Q

Fundamental vs. realized niche

A

Bimodal

45
Q

Competition / Niche:

A

No two species can occupy the same realized niche; eventually one will out- compete the other

46
Q

Niche Partitioning

A

When species in a community use limiting factors (i.e. resources) in different ways, i.e. they occupy different realized niches

47
Q

Autotrophs
/ Photosynthesis

A

autotrophs convert energy and carbon from inorganic sources (usually from the sun) into biomass – which can then be consumed by heterotrophs

48
Q

Heterotrophs

A

eat things (including autotrophs)

49
Q

Water Budgets

A

All organisms regulate their internal water concentration by balancing water inputs with water outputs.

These inputs and outputs different between plants and animals, and between terrestrial and aquatic animals.

50
Q

Water Potential in plants

A

High water potential (Soil → Low water potential (Tree Canopy)

51
Q

wilting

A

Reduces surface area
– Turgor pressure drops- reduces water content of cells – Decreases transpiration & reduces photosynthesis

52
Q

Water acquisition: terrestrial plants

A

Drier climates lead to bigger deeper roots than wetter climates

Thick waxy cuticles

Store water

53
Q

Competition: Light Partitioning in Forests

A

Adaptations for different levels of light

54
Q

Bryophyta=
mosses

A

15,000-25,000 species
– 450 million years
– 2nd most diverse group (after angiosperms)
– (mostly) no roots! Use hairlike rhizoids to cling to anchor and for nutrient uptake
– Act like sponges- absorbing water and storing it
– Early colonizers in disturbed areas-
– help to stabilize soil, retain moisture

55
Q

chory (dispersal strategies

A

Seed dispersal by:
* Animal (zoochory)- Bats
* Wind (anemochory)
* Water (hydrochory)- Coconuts
* Methods originating from the parent plant or diaspore (autochory) * Unassisted (Barochory)
* Dispersal prevented (atelochory, antitelochory)

56
Q

Endozoochory

A

via ingestion by animals (the dispersal mechanism for most tree species).

57
Q

How do we measure biodiversity?

A

–Species Richness (alpha diversity)
–Diversity indices (evenness)
–Diversity of species among communities (beta diversity)

58
Q

Species Richness= alpha diversity

A

–𝜶= sum of unique species in an area
–Does not account for relative abundance of
species

59
Q

Alpha-diversity

A

Measuredlocally,ata
single site

60
Q

Beta-diversity

A

Measures the uniqueness; the difference between two sites

61
Q

Gamma-diversity

A

Measured over a large scale, same concept as alpha-diversity

62
Q

Evolution

A

A process that changes the properties of populations of organisms over the course of generations.

63
Q

conditions required for evolution to occur:

A
  1. Variation in a characteristic (must be heritable)
  2. Leads to differences in survival and reproduction (fitness) among individuals in the population through environmental interactions
64
Q

Fitness

A

the proportionate contribution made by an individual to future generations relative to other individuals in the same population
–in a particular environment with a given set of environmental conditions, individuals with characteristics that confer higher rates of survival and reproduction have more offspring
–those characteristics are more frequent in the next generation

65
Q

Adaptations

A

Any heritable behavioral, morphological, or
physiological trait that has evolved through
the process of natural selection

66
Q

What causes Evolution requires phenotypic variation among individuals that is heritable.

A

Genes

67
Q

Allele=

A

An allele is a variant form of a gene.

Humans are called diploid organisms because they have two alleles at each genetic locus, with one allele inherited from each parent. Each pair of alleles represents the genotype of a specific gene.

68
Q

Genotypes & Phenotypes

A

Genotypes are described as homozygous if there are two identical alleles at a particular locus and as heterozygous if the two alleles differ. Alleles contribute to the organism’s phenotype, which is the outward appearance of the organism.

69
Q

Qualitative trait

A

characteristic that shows a small number of discrete phenotypic categories
–often encoded by a single protein-coding gene

70
Q

Quantitative trait

A

characteristic that shows a continuous distribution of phenotypes
–often encoded by two or more genes
–phenotype could be affected by the environment

71
Q

Gene expression (shown through phenotype) is often affected by environmental conditions

A

–Environmental conditions can show continuous variation
– temperature
– precipitation
– sunlight –predation level
–The changes in these conditions can cause the phenotype produced by a given genotype to vary continuously

72
Q

Acclimation

A

phenotypic plasticity in response to current environmental conditions that is reversible

73
Q

allele frequency

A

represents the incidence of a gene variant in a population.

74
Q

Genetic Differences

A

Variation as a result of differences in the genome

75
Q

Phenotypic Plasticity

A

Variation as a result of environmental influences

76
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

occurs when the mean phenotype has higher fitness than the phenotypes at either end of the distribution
–Birth weight in human babies

77
Q

Disruptive selection

A

occurs when the phenotypes at both ends of the distribution have higher fitness than the mean phenotype
– The selective pressure can be different at each extreme

78
Q

Phenotype

A

Genes + Environment

79
Q

Genetic drift

A

–Extremely important, particularly in small
populations

a process that occurs when genetic variation is lost because of random variation in mating, fecundity, mortality, and inheritance

80
Q

Founder Effects

A

A small number of individuals leave a large population to colonize a new area and bring with them only a small amount of genetic variation.

81
Q

Reading a phylogeny

A

Remember: Root, Taxa, Nodes

82
Q

Drosophila melanogaster (the common fruit fly)

A

Often used for understanding evolution because of:

  • Short life cycle (~3 weeks
    from egg to adult)
  • Fast reproductive rate
  • Simple genetic structure &
    easy to detect changes
83
Q

Abiotic Pollen delivery modes

A

wind
– water (uncommon)
– especially gymnosperms, but also many angiosperms
– saves on petals & nectar, but costs more in pollen

84
Q

Biotic Pollen Delivery modes

A

– insects (everywhere)
– birds (in some regions)
– bats, lizards (uncommon)
– especially angiosperms (ancestral)
– requires investment in attractants, (usually) reward

85
Q

What is pollination?

A

The transfer of pollen from the anthers of a flower to the stigma of the same flower or of another flower.

86
Q

Angiosperms

A

flowering plants

87
Q

Identifying
bees

A

Hairy, 3 distinct body segments, Eyes cover less of face, 4 wings, longer antenna

88
Q

Bivalvia;

A

Scallops

Biodiversity (2 decks)

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