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S3: RADT 110 Image Analysis > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

The patient demographic requirements for radiographic images include all of the following except

A

technologist’s identification.

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2
Q

Which of the following is true about image markers?
1. They are entirely radiopaque.
2. They should be reversed before being placed on the IR.
3. They should be positioned as close to the median plane as possible.
4. They will be magnified if positioned on the imaging table or patient.

A

4 only

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3
Q

What is the marker placement for the projection of PA cranium?

A

laterally on the side being identified

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4
Q

What is the marker placement of the projection of lateral hand?

A

Anywhere within the exposure field

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5
Q

Elongation occurs in all of the following situations except when the

A

central ray and IR are perpendicular and the part is angled.

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6
Q

For an open joint space to be obtained, the central ray must be aligned _____ to the joint.

A

parallel

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7
Q

When the central ray is angled, the structure situated _____ is projected the most.

A

farther away from the IR

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8
Q

Three images were obtained on the same structure with a computed radiography system.
Image 1 was obtained using a 48-inch source–image receptor distance (SID) and a 5-inch object–image receptor distance (OID);
image 2 was obtained using a 48-inch SID and a 3-inch OID;
image 3 was obtained with a 48-inch SID, a 3-inch OID, and a larger IR.
Which image will demonstrate the sharpest recorded detail?

A

Image 2

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9
Q

A small focal spot should be used for each of the following situations except when

A

the milliamperage setting is above 300.

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10
Q

An image demonstrating motion and adequate density was obtained using 100 mA at 0.5 seconds. If the time is changed to 0.25 seconds, what mA should be used to maintain density?

A

200 mA

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11
Q

Minimizing size distortion is accomplished by which of the following?
1. Using the longest feasible SID
2. Using the shortest possible OID
3. Increasing the angle of the CR
4. Placing the part as close to the IR as possible

A

1,2 and 4 only

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12
Q

True or False :The quality of spatial resolution of a digital imaging system is mainly defined by
1. the size of the matrix.
2. the size of the pixel within the matrix.

A

True

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13
Q

What is the location on a histogram graph of air/gas?

A

Right

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14
Q

What is the location on a histogram graph of bone?

A

Left

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15
Q

What is the location on a histogram graph of fat?

A

Right

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16
Q

What is the location on a histogram graph of soft tissue?

A

Center

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17
Q

All of the following are guidelines for producing optimal image histograms except
A -choose the correct body part and projection from the workstation menu.
B -leave minimal background in the exposure field through tight collimation.
C -use the smallest possible IR and cover at least 50% of it.
D -erase the imaging plate if the IR has not been used for a few days.

A

C

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18
Q

When is the examination or body part selected when using the DR system?

A

Before the radiation exposure

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19
Q

Which of the following CR cassette sizes will provide the greatest recorded detail?

A

8 ´ 10 inch

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20
Q

Saturation indicates

A

overexposure of the IR.

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21
Q

When an image resembles a double exposure, the type of artifact demonstrated is a(n) _____ artifact.

A

phantom image

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22
Q

Which of the following patient conditions demonstrates high subject contrast?

A

Dense bones

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23
Q

Which of the following patient conditions demonstrates low subject contrast?

A

High fat content

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24
Q

Which of the following patient conditions demonstrates high subject contrast?

A

Dense bones

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25
Q

If a projection does not differentiate the densest and thickest structures in the VOI, adjusting the _____ is necessitated.

A

kVp

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26
Q

A PA chest projection was obtained using a grid with a recommended 40-inch focal range with a 72-inch SID. Where would the grid cutoff be demonstrated on the projection?

A

Peripherally

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27
Q

What is the technical adjustment required with the patient condition of osteoporosis?

A

–8 kVp

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28
Q

What percentage of kVp adjustment doubles the density on an image?

A

15%

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29
Q

An AP abdomen projection was obtained using 85 kVp at 10 mAs. The resulting image demonstrated excessively low contrast, although the density was acceptable. What new technique could be used to obtain the projection with equal density but higher contrast?

A

72 kVp at 20 mAs

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30
Q

A rotated left lateral chest projection demonstrates the heart shadow posterior to the sternum. Which is the anteriorly positioned lung?

A

Right

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31
Q

A left lateral chest projection with poor positioning demonstrates the humeri soft tissue superimposed over the anterior lung apices. How was the patient positioned for such an image to be obtained?

A

The humeri were positioned at a 90-degree angle with the body.

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32
Q

The last rib is attached to the ____ vertebra.

A

twelfth

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33
Q

T or F: Body Habitus and IR placement

Hypersthenic = CW
Sthenic = LW
Hyposthenic = LW
Asthenic = LW

A

True

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34
Q

The IP joint spaces on finger projections are open and demonstrated without distortion when the.( choose all that apply )
1. central ray is aligned parallel with the IP joint spaces.
2. central ray is aligned perpendicular to the IP joint spaces.
3. IP joints are aligned parallel with the IR.
4. IP joints are aligned perpendicular to the IR.

A

1 and 4

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35
Q

Which of the following technical factors should be chosen when 20 mAs is desired and the patient being imaged has difficulty remaining still?

A

400ma at 0.05 sec

36
Q

A PA hand projection obtained with the hand flexed (flexion at digits 2-5 MCP joints) demonstrates
1. foreshortened phalanges.
2. the thumb in a lateral projection.
3. closed IP joint spaces.
4. foreshortened metacarpals.

A

1,2,3 and 4

37
Q

The trapezium is demonstrated without superimposition of other anatomy on a lateral wrist projection when the patient

A

depresses the distal first metacarpal.

38
Q

A lateral wrist projection obtained with the wrist in slight internal rotation demonstrates the

A

distal scaphoid anterior to the pisiform and radius anterior to the ulna.

39
Q

To take advantage of the anode heel effect when imaging a forearm,

A

the wrist is positioned at the anode end of the x-ray tube.

40
Q

An IR that is large enough to extend at least 1 inch (2.5 cm) beyond the elbow and wrist joints for a forearm projection is

A

needed to record the elbow and wrist on the image.

41
Q

Which of the following projections is used to prevent crossing of the forearm bones?

A

AP projection

42
Q

What is demonstrated in the projection for the lateral finger?

A

Phalanges demonstrate concavity on one side and convexity on the other.

43
Q

What is demonstrated in the projection for the PA finger?

A

Phalanges demonstrate equal concavity.

44
Q

What is demonstrated in the projection for the PA oblique finger?

A

Phalanges demonstrate more concavity on one side than on the other.

45
Q

Which side of the arm is positioned against the IR for the lateral second finger projection?

A

Radial

46
Q

Which side of the arm is positioned against the IR for the lateral fourth finger projection?

A

Ulnar

47
Q

A less than optimal PA finger projection demonstrates unequal soft tissue width and midshaft concavity on each side of the phalanges. The side of the phalanges with the greatest midshaft concavity is facing the shortest finger metacarpal. All of the following are true about this projection except that the

A

projection will demonstrate more soft tissue width on the lateral surface.

48
Q

An optimal AP elbow projection is obtained when

A

the radial head superimposes the lateral aspect of the proximal ulna by 0.25 inch (0.6 cm).

49
Q

Which of the follow statements is true as demonstrated on a lateral elbow projection?

A

When the wrist is in a lateral projection, the radial tuberosity is superimposed by the radius.

50
Q

To properly position an AP humerus, place the elbow at the _____ end of the tube, _____ the hand and wrist, and align the humeral condyles _____ with the IR.

A

anode; supinate; parallel

51
Q

To prevent longitudinal scapular foreshortening when obtaining an AP shoulder projection on a patient with excessive thoracic kyphosis, the

A

central ray should be angled cephalically until it is aligned perpendiular to the scapular body.

52
Q

A poorly positioned AP shoulder projection demonstrating most of the articulating surface of the glenoid cavity

A

will also demonstrate the medial clavicular end superimposing the vertebrae.

53
Q

Accurate alignment of the central ray and glenoid cavity on an inferosuperior axial shoulder projection

A

will demonstrate the lateral edge of the coracoid process base aligned with the inferior glenoid cavity.

54
Q

The vertebral and lateral borders of the scapular body are demonstrated without superimposition on a tangential supraspinatus outlet projection. The medial scapular border is demonstrated next to the ribs, and the lateral border is visualized laterally. How should the patient or central ray be repositioned to obtain an optimal image?

A

Increase the degree of patient rotation.

55
Q

On a PA oblique sternal projection (RAO position) with accurate positioning, the
1. manubrium is demonstrated to the left of the heart shadow.
2. posterior ribs are magnified.
3. sternum is demonstrated within the heart shadow.
4. lung markings are blurred.

A

2, 3 and 4

56
Q

The right SC joint and right side of the manubrium are superimposed by the thoracic vertebrae on a PA oblique sternum projection (RAO position). Such a projection is produced when the

A

patient rotation is less than the required amount.

57
Q

A less than optimal lateral sternum projection that does not demonstrate the sternum in profile and visualizes the superior heart shadow extending anterior to the sternum

A

could be improved by rotating the right thorax anteriorly.

58
Q

For a PA oblique sternal projection (RAO position),
1. 40-inch (100-cm) SID is used.
2. the patient’s midcoronal plane is angled 15 to 20 degrees with the IR.
3. a long exposure time is used.
4. costal breathing is used

A

1,2,3 and 4

59
Q

An AP shoulder projection with accurate positioning demonstrates the
1. glenoid fossa in profile.
2. glenohumeral joint centered within the collimated field.
3. superolateral scapular border without thorax superimposition.
4. superior scapular angle superior to the midclavicle.

A

2 and 3 only

60
Q

T or F: An AP shoulder projection obtained with the humeral epicondyles positioned parallel with the IR demonstrates the:
greater tubercle in profile laterally.
humeral head in profile medially.

A

True

61
Q

T or F: An AP shoulder projection obtained in a patient whose upper midcoronal plane was tilted anteriorly demonstrates the:
lesser tubercle in profile laterally.
scapular body with increased thoracic cavity superimposition.

A

False

62
Q

T or F: Under which of the following conditions is it necessary to use a grid for an axial shoulder projection?
The kilovoltage used is above 80.
The inferosuperior measurement is over 4 inches (10 cm).

A

True

63
Q

T or F: An AP oblique shoulder projection (Grashey method) with accurate positioning demonstrates:
the glenoid fossa in profile and facing superiorly.

A

False

64
Q

T or F: An AP oblique shoulder projection (Grashey method) with accurate positioning demonstrates:
An open glenohumeral joint space.
A longitudinally foreshortened clavicle.
The glenohumeral joint in the center of the collimated field.

A

True

65
Q

T or F: The arms of the Y on a PA oblique scapular Y shoulder projection are formed by the:
coracoid and acromion

A

True

66
Q

An optimal lateral knee projection demonstrates

A

superimposed femoral condyles.

67
Q

For an AP oblique second toe projection, the toe is rotated

A

45 degrees medially.

68
Q

Which aspect of the foot is placed parallel with the IR for a routine lateral foot projection?

A

Lateral

69
Q

An AP hip projection obtained with the patient’s leg in external rotation demonstrates
1. the lesser trochanter in profile.
2. a foreshortened femoral neck.
3. the greater trochanter in profile.
4. the femoral neck without foreshortening.

A

1 and 2 only

70
Q

A poorly positioned 45-degree AP oblique ankle projection demonstrates the calcaneus obscuring the distal aspect of the lateral mortise and the distal fibula. How should the positioning setup be adjusted to obtain an optimal projection?

A

Dorsiflex the foot to a 90-degree angle with the lower leg.

71
Q

An optimal AP axial foot projection demonstrates all the following except

A

the calcaneus without talar superimposition.

72
Q

An internally rotated AP oblique knee projection demonstrates the tibia partially superimposed over the fibular head. How should the positioning setup be adjusted to obtain and optimal projection?

A

Increase the degree of internal rotation.

73
Q

Where should the central ray be centered for an AP axial projection of the foot?

A

Base of the third metatarsal

74
Q

An AP hip projection with accurate positioning demonstrates the
1. lesser trochanter in profile.
2. greater trochanter in profile.
3. femoral neck without foreshortening.
4. sacrum rotated toward the affected hip.

A

2 and 3 only

75
Q

A less than optimal AP hip projection demonstrating the lesser trochanter in profile

A

will also demonstrate a foreshortened femoral neck.

76
Q

An externally rotated AP oblique knee projection that was taken with the knee rotated more than 45 degrees will demonstrate the

A

fibula located in the center of the tibia.

77
Q

The (above or below) placement of the patella in relationship to the femorotibial joint space on an AP knee projection is or can be affected by ( Hint: Which of the 2 out of the 4 options below)
1. patellar (dislocation) subluxation.
2. knee rotation.
3. knee flexion.
4. foot inversion.

A

1 and 3 only

78
Q

A cross-table lateromedial knee projection demonstrates the medial femoral condyle distal to the lateral femoral condyle. To obtain an optimal projection,

A

adduct the patient’s leg.

79
Q

Which of the following statements is not true about an AP pelvis projection obtained with the patient rotated toward the right hip?

A

The left obturator foramen will be narrower than the right foramen.

80
Q

An AP pelvis projection obtained with the patient rotated toward the left hip demonstrates
1. the symphysis pubis rotated toward the left hip.
2. a narrower right iliac wing.
3. a narrower left obturator foramen.
4. the sacrum and coccyx rotated toward the right hip.

A

1, 2, 3, and 4

81
Q

The central ray angulation used for AP axial sacroiliac joints projections

A

produces an image without sacroiliac joint foreshortening.

82
Q

A less than optimal axial calcaneus projection demonstrates an obscured talocalcaneal joint space and an elongated calcaneus tuberosity. The projection was obtained with the

A

patient’s foot dorsiflexed beyond the required vertical position.

83
Q

An AP projection of the sacroiliac joints taken with insufficient central ray angulation will

A

demonstrate the inferior sacrum without symphysis pubis superimposition.

84
Q

If the medial talar dome were positioned distal to the lateral talar dome on a lateral foot projection, which of the following is true?

A

The patient’s proximal tibia was elevated.

85
Q

The tangential knee projection (Merchant method) which requires a special film holder can also be described as a(n) ____ projection.

A

superoinferior

86
Q

A less than optimal AP axial toe projection demonstrates more soft tissue width on the lateral side than on the medial side of the phalanges. Which of the following is true about this projection?

A

The toe needs to be rotated laterally to obtain an optimal projection.

87
Q

An accurately positioned lateral foot projection demonstrates all the following except

A

the distal metatarsals at the center of the exposure field.

S3: RADT 110 Image Analysis (8 decks)

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