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DPY 2201 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following blood vessels has the largest effect on total peripheral resistance?

A

Arterioles

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2
Q

Capillary hydrostatic pressure is increased by

A

increased in venous resistance

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3
Q

In response to severe
hemorrhage

A

haematocrit remains normal

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4
Q

The pressoreceptors located in the ___ respond to stretching by slower the rate of the heart.

A

Aortic sinus

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5
Q

Which of the following is the
property of a cardiac cell to initiate and fire an action potential on its own without external stimulation?

A

automacity

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6
Q

According to poiseulle’s law for
flow along a cylindrical tube

A

resistance to flow is
proportional to vessel length

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7
Q

The first heart sound is caused by the

A

closure of the av valves

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8
Q

T/F systemic circulation carries blood towards the lungs

A

False

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9
Q

The purpose of the medullary cardiac centers is to

A

maintain blood pressure

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10
Q

The cardiac reflex control centers are located within the

A

medulla oblongata

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11
Q

Which of the following blood vessels has the greatest
compliance?

A

Veins

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12
Q

The events associated with blood flow through the heart
during one complete heartbeat.

A

cardiac cycle

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13
Q

Which of the following is not affected by the preload in the heart muscle

A

end diastolic
volume

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14
Q

The second heart sound is caused by the

A

closure of the semilunar valves

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15
Q

When does blood flow into the coronary arteries

A

during ventricular relaxation

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16
Q

The highest pressure exerted by
the heart is called the

A

systolic
pressure

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17
Q

The average blood pressure in an artery is the

A

mean arterial pressure

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18
Q

The ___ layer of an artery
contains the greatest amount of smooth muscle

A

tunica media

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19
Q

The amount of blood pumped by
each ventricle in one minute

A

cardiac output

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20
Q

Three factors that contribute to arterial blood pressure are cardiac output, blood volume
and ___.

A

resistance

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21
Q

Lining of the heart chambers is called

A

endocardium

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22
Q

The superior vena cava enters the ___ of the heart

A

right
atrium

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23
Q

The volume of blood pumped by one ventricle with each heartbeat

A

cardiac output

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24
Q

Edema results from a decrease in

A

plasma oncotic pressure

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25
Q

The __ valve lies between the right atrium and right ventricle

A

tricuspid

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26
Q

Blood from the cardiac muscle
itself drains into the

A

coronary sinus

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27
Q

The membrane closest to the
heart muscle is the

A

visceral pericardium

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28
Q

Which of the following contains blood with a relatively low oxygen content?

A

pulmonary
artery

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29
Q

An abnormally high heart rate is termed

A

tachycardia

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30
Q

Exercise affects cardiac output
by

A

increasing muscle
metabolism and vasoconstriction

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31
Q

located in the atrial septum,
close to the top of the interventricular septum. T/F

A

False

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32
Q

Bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions result from the reaction of ___ with water

A

Carbon Dioxide

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33
Q

States that the pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume

A

Boyle’s law

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34
Q

According to Henry’s law, the
amount of gas that will dissolve in blood plasma or any other liquid is determined by all of the following factors EXCEPT

A

pH of the liquid

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35
Q

The amount of air left in the lungs after a forceful expiration is called

A

RESIDUAL VOLUME

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36
Q

During inspiration, the following mechanism occurs except

A

movement of air from higher pressure to lower pressure

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37
Q

Oxygen binds to the __ Of deoxyhemoglobin

A

heme groups

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38
Q

The increase pulmonary
ventilation that occurs during exercise is called

A

Hyperpnea

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39
Q

the bohr effect is that
hemoglobins

A

Unloads more carbon dioxide at low pH than at high pH

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40
Q

The primary chemical stimulus for breathing is the

A

concentration of Co2 in the blood

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41
Q

External respiration refers to

A

Everything except cellular respiration

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42
Q

The air pressure with the alveoli is called

A

Intrapulmonary pressure

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43
Q

States that gif it were not for the pulmonary surfactants, we should expect the surface
tension in a small alveolus to produce greater pressure than in a larger one, and air would flow from the smaller alveolus into the larger one

A

Laplace’s law

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44
Q

any lung disease that reduces the forced expiratory volume(FEV) but does nit
significantly affect the vital cavity is referred to

A

Obstructive lung disorder

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45
Q

a chest wound can introduce air
into the intrapleural space a condition known as

A

Pneumothorax

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46
Q

the total minute of volume of the lungs is obtained by multiplying the at the rest by the number of breaths per minute -

A

tidal volume

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47
Q

One atmospheric pressure is defined as

A

-760 torr

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48
Q

The tendency of the lungs to get
smaller when the stitching force ceases is called

A

ELASTICITY

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49
Q

It is very difficult, if not impossible to voluntarily overinflate the lungs due to the
strong inhibitory effect of the

A

Herring- Breuer reflex

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50
Q

A restrictive lung disease is most likely to reduce the

A

TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY

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51
Q

Any lung disease that reduces the forced expiratory volume
(EFV) but does not significantly
affect the vital cavity is referred to as

A

CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE

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52
Q

Gas exchange in the lungs happends by the process of ____

A

DIFFUSION

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53
Q

The ability of the lungs to stretch is called

A

COMPLIANCE

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54
Q

Which of the following does NOT belong to the conducting portion of the respiratory system

Bronchi, trachea, alveoli, nose

A

ALVEOLI

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55
Q

During normal, relaxed respiration, about 500cc of air
enters and leaves the lungs with each respiratory cycle, This is called _____

A

TIDAL VOLUME

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56
Q

When there is less oxyhemoglobin in the blood, RBCs produce 2,3 DPG, This metabolic product

A

ENHANCES OXYGEN UNLOADING AT THE
SYSTEMIC CAPILLARIES

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57
Q

Alveolar structure acts to increase pulmonary blood flow and ____

A

COMPLIANCE

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58
Q

The exchange of gases between the blood and the cells is called

A

INTERNAL RESPIRATION

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59
Q

Hyperventilation tends to cause

A

ALKALOSIS

60
Q

A deficiency of lung surfactant
will result in

A

RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME

61
Q

A patient with respiratory
distress, the following muscles were involved during respiration EXCEPT

A

STERNOCLEIDOMASTOIDS

62
Q

Surfactant is produced by which type of cells

A

TYPE II
pneumocytes

63
Q

The volume of air that can be exhaled after normal exhalation is the _____

A

Expiratory reserve volume

64
Q

The permeability of the distal tubule and collecting duct is controlled by

A

ADH

65
Q

increased ammonia in the urine and a continuously elevated RR indicate

A

METABOLIC ACIDOSIS

66
Q

Glomerulonephritis may result in the appearance of albumin in the urine because

A

MORE ALBUMIN ENTERS THE PCT IN THE GLOMERULAR FILTRATE

67
Q

Angiotensin 2 causes the following EXCEPT

A

DECREASED PERIPHERAL RESISTANCE

68
Q

The functional unit of kidney is the

A

Nephron

69
Q

the movement of substances from the filtrate back into the
blood of perItibular capillaries is called

A

Tubular reabsorption

70
Q

if blood pressure decreases,
blood levels of __ will increase

A

All of the above

71
Q

drinking a large amount of beer
results in

A

decrease urine osmolality

72
Q

the micturition reflex can do the following is except

A

can be stimulated by higher centers in the brain

73
Q

which of these conditions produces a large volume of dilluted urine

A

decrease ADH
secretion

74
Q

Renal nerve symphathetic stimulation

A

CAUSES INCREASED SODIUM REABSORPTION FROM THE PCT

75
Q

A decrease in plasma proteins results

A

decreases colloid oncotic pressure

76
Q

Juxtaglomular cell secretes

A

renin

77
Q

Aldosterone secretion from the
adrenal cortex the adrenal cortex is stimulated by
angiotensin ll and

A

ELEVATED BP

78
Q

Collectively, the capillary
endothelium, basement
membrane and podocytes from

A

FILTRATION MEMBRANE

79
Q

Nephrons directly regulate acidbase balance by

A

SECRETING H+ IONS INTO THE FILTRATE

80
Q

The part of the total cardiac output that passes through the kidneys is called the

A

RENAL FRACTION

81
Q

The part of a nephron between bowman’s capsule and the loop of henle is the

A

PCT

82
Q

The __ are specialized portions of the peritubular capillaries that extend deep into the renal medulla

A

vasa recta

83
Q

_____ can be caused by hyperventilation

A

Alkalosis

84
Q

The percentage of filtrate volume reabsorbed in the
proximal tubule is

A

65%

85
Q

IS
DETERMINED BY THE SAME FORCES GOVERNING FILTRATION ACROSS ALL OTHER CAPILLARIES

A

Glomerular filtration rate

86
Q

maximum amount of air exhaled after maximal inspiration

A

vital capacity

87
Q

amount of air that we breathe in and out per breath

A

tidal volume

88
Q

maximal amount of air forcibly expired in addition
to a tidal volume

A

ERV

89
Q

amount of
air left in lungs

A

residual volume

90
Q

The amount of blood ejected at the end of diastole

A

stroke volume

91
Q

Amount ejected per minute

A

cardiac output

92
Q

Amount of blood in the heart at the end of diastole

A

end diastolic volume

93
Q

factors that affect heart rate

A

Vagal activity, catecholamines, temperature (Cold - bradycardia; Warm - Tachycardia) , ions (Potassium and Calcium)

94
Q

Maximum pressure attained during ventricular relaxation

A

Systolic pressure

95
Q

Minimum pressure attained during ventricular relaxation

A

Diastolic pressure

96
Q

Alternate expansion and elastic recoil in each ventricular systole

A

pulse

97
Q

Amount of blood entering the heart

A

Venous return

98
Q

The amount of blood in the ventricles at the end of atrial systole just prior to ventricular contraction

A

Preload

99
Q

Match the ff phases of cardiac cycle:
Atrial systole
Choices:
-rising ventricular pressure results in closing of AV valves
-tension and pressure in the ventricle increase but no blood is ejected from the heart
-pumps only about 20% of blood into ventricles
-blood is pumped from the heart pushing open the semilunar valves
-AV valves and semilunar valves are closed

A

Atrial systole - pumps only about 20% of blood into ventricles

100
Q

Match the ff phases of cardiac cycle
isovolumetric contraction
Choices:
-rising ventricular pressure results in closing of AV valves
-tension and pressure in the ventricle increase but no blood is ejected from the heart
-pumps only about 20% of blood into ventricles
-blood is pumped from the heart pushing open the semilunar valves
-AV valves and semilunar valves are closed

A

Isovolumetric Contraction - tension and pressure in the ventricle increase but no blood is ejected from the heart

101
Q

Match the ff phases of cardiac cycle:
isovolumetric relaxantion
Choices:
-rising ventricular pressure results in closing of AV valves
-tension and pressure in the ventricle increase but no blood is ejected from the heart
-pumps only about 20% of blood into ventricles
-blood is pumped from the heart pushing open the semilunar valves
-AV valves and semilunar valves are closed

A

Isovolumetric Relaxation -AV valves and semilunar valves are closed

102
Q

Match the ff phases of cardiac cycle:
Ventricular systole
Choices:
-rising ventricular pressure results in closing of AV valves
-tension and pressure in the ventricle increase but no blood is ejected from the heart
-pumps only about 20% of blood into ventricles
-blood is pumped from the heart pushing open the semilunar valves
-AV valves and semilunar valves are closed

A

Ventricular systole - rising ventricular pressure results in closing of AV valves

103
Q

Enumerate the 4 physiologic properties of the cardiac muscles.

A

Excitability
Conductivity
contractility
Autorhythmicity

104
Q

Name 3 types of cardiac muscles

A

Atrial muscle
Ventricular muscle
Highly specialized excitatory and conductive fibers

105
Q

2 importance of valves

A

prevents the blood from going back to the previous chamber

Ensures forward movement of the blood

106
Q

Location of apex beat

A

near the left midclavicular line (MCL) in the fifth intercostal space.

107
Q

Give the components of Waldeyer’s ring

A

pharyngeal tonsils
Tubal tonsils
Palatine tonsils
Lingual tonsils

108
Q

Match the following types of Lung disorders

Bronchiolitis

Choices:
Obstructive lung disorder
Restrictive lung disorder

A

Obstructive

109
Q

Match the following types of Lung disorders

Kyphosis

Choices:
Obstructive lung disorder
Restrictive lung disorder

A

restrictive lung disorder

110
Q

Match the following types of Lung disorders

Obesity

Choices:
Obstructive lung disorder
Restrictive lung disorder

A

Restrictive lung disorder

111
Q

Match the following types of Lung disorders

Pneumoconiosis

Choices:
Obstructive lung disorder
Restrictive lung disorder

A

obstructive

112
Q

4 components of blood gas

A

pH
PaO2
PaCO2
HCO3

113
Q

Conscious voluntary effort of breathing

A

Hyperventilation

114
Q

Difficulty of breathing while lying down

A

Orthopnea

115
Q

Temporary cessation of breathing at the end of expiration

A

Apnea

116
Q

Increased breathing due to hypoxia

A

Hyperpnea

117
Q

Give the factor that influence breathing

A

CHANGES IN THE PCO2, PO2 AND PH OF
BLOOD

Arterial blood pressure

HERRING-BREWER REFLEX

CEREBRAL CORTEX

OTHERS: PAINFUL STIMULATION- REFLEX APNEA

118
Q

States that volume is directly proportional to temperature

A

Charles law

119
Q

States that total pressure exerted by mixture of gases is the sum of the pressure of each individual gas

A

Daltons law

120
Q

States that gas volume is inversely proportional to its pressure

A

Boyles law

121
Q

States that the amount of any gas in that mixture that dissolves in the solution is in direct proportion to the partial pressure of that gas.

A

Henrys law

122
Q

Give the components of Paranasal sinuses

A

2 frontal sinuses
2 Maxillary sinuses
2 Sphenoid sinuses
2 Ethmoid sinuses

123
Q

Which anatomical structure is NOT a conducting zone of the lower respiratory tract?

A

Primary, secondary, tertiary bronchi and bronchioles

124
Q

The primary chemical stimulus for breathing is the concentration of …

A

CO2 in the blood

125
Q

Gas exchange in the lungs happens in the process of ___

A

Diffusion

126
Q

A person with severe trauma to the cervical region has damage to the spinal cord if the spinal cord is severed between C3 and C4, what is the likely outcome?

A

The person will be unable to breathe and will have paralysis of the upper
and lower limbs.

127
Q

If the efferent arteriole constricts while the afferent arteriole remains unchanged, the glomerular filtration rate______.

A

Increases

128
Q

Active transport of substances from the blood into the nephron is called___

A

Tubular secretion

129
Q

The part a nephron between Bowman’s capsule and the loop and the loop of Henle is the

A

PCT Proximal convoluted tubule

130
Q

Hypersecretion of aldosterone causes

A

Increases water retentions, high blood sodium levels and alkalosis

131
Q

Glomerulonephritis may result in the appearance of albumin in the urine because

A

More albumin enters the PCT in the glomerular filtrate

132
Q

Which of these substances normally cannot pass through the filtration membrane

Hemoglobin, Insulin, Sodium, Calcium

A

hemoglobin

133
Q

Alkalosis can be caused by

A

hyperventilation

134
Q

Which of these conditions produces a large volume of diluted urine?
-increased angiotensin II
- decreased ADH secretion
- increased aldosterone secretion
- increased renin secretion

A

Decreased ADH secretion

135
Q

Resistance to renal blood flow is chiefly determined by

A

Afferent and efferent arterioles

136
Q

Which of the following substances is the standard substance used to measure the GFR?

A

Insulin

137
Q

Matching type: Macula densa
Choices:
-secrete Renin
-sense change of volume and NaCl concentration of tubular fluid
-site of activation of Vitamin D
-secretes Erythropoietin
-site of maturation of Angiotensin II

A

sense change of volume and NaCL concentration of tubular fluid

138
Q

Matching type: JG cells
Choices:
-secrete Renin
-sense change of volume and NaCl concentration of tubular fluid
-site of activation of Vitamin D
-secretes Erythropoietin
-site of maturation of Angiotensin II

A

secretes renin

139
Q

Matching type: Lacis cells
Choices:
-secrete Renin
-sense change of volume and NaCl concentration of tubular fluid
-site of activation of Vitamin D
-secretes Erythropoietin
-site of maturation of Angiotensin II

A

site of activation of vitamin d

140
Q

Matching type: kidneys
Choices:
-secrete Renin
-sense change of volume and NaCl concentration of tubular fluid
-site of activation of Vitamin D
-secretes Erythropoietin
-site of maturation of Angiotensin II

A

secretes Erythropoietin

141
Q

Matching type: lungs
Choices:
-secrete Renin
-sense change of volume and NaCl concentration of tubular fluid
-site of activation of Vitamin D
-secretes Erythropoietin
-site of maturation of Angiotensin II

A

site of maturation of Angiotensin II

142
Q

Match the following acid-base disorders
1. Persistent vomiting

Choices
- Respiratory acidosis
- Respiratory alkalosis
- Metabolic acidosis
- Metabolic alkalosis

A

persistent vomiting - metabolic alkalosis

143
Q

Match the following acid-base disorders
2. Cholera with severe dehydration

Choices
- Respiratory acidosis
- Respiratory alkalosis
- Metabolic acidosis
- Metabolic alkalosis

A

Cholera with severe dehydration - metabolic acidosis

144
Q

Match the following acid-base disorders

  1. Hyperventilation syndrome

Choices
- Respiratory acidosis
- Respiratory alkalosis
- Metabolic acidosis
- Metabolic alkalosis

A

Hyperventilation syndrome - respiratory alkalosis

145
Q

Match the following acid-base disorders
4. Starvation

Choices
- Respiratory acidosis
- Respiratory alkalosis
- Metabolic acidosis
- Metabolic alkalosis

A

Starvation - Metabolic acidosis

146
Q

Match the following acid-base disorders
5. Asthmaticus

Choices
- Respiratory acidosis
- Respiratory alkalosis
- Metabolic acidosis
- Metabolic alkalosis

A

Asthmaticus - respiratory acidosis

147
Q

Give the factors affecting glomerular filtration rate (5)

A
  • Changes in renal blood flow
  • Changes in gCHP
  • Changes in THP (pressure in bowman’s capsule)
  • Changes in plasma colloid osmotic pressure
  • Changes in filtration coefficient

DPY 2201 (3 decks)

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