Midterm Flashcards
Which of the following blood vessels has the largest effect on total peripheral resistance?
Arterioles
Capillary hydrostatic pressure is increased by
increased in venous resistance
In response to severe
hemorrhage
haematocrit remains normal
The pressoreceptors located in the ___ respond to stretching by slower the rate of the heart.
Aortic sinus
Which of the following is the
property of a cardiac cell to initiate and fire an action potential on its own without external stimulation?
automacity
According to poiseulle’s law for
flow along a cylindrical tube
resistance to flow is
proportional to vessel length
The first heart sound is caused by the
closure of the av valves
T/F systemic circulation carries blood towards the lungs
False
The purpose of the medullary cardiac centers is to
maintain blood pressure
The cardiac reflex control centers are located within the
medulla oblongata
Which of the following blood vessels has the greatest
compliance?
Veins
The events associated with blood flow through the heart
during one complete heartbeat.
cardiac cycle
Which of the following is not affected by the preload in the heart muscle
end diastolic
volume
The second heart sound is caused by the
closure of the semilunar valves
When does blood flow into the coronary arteries
during ventricular relaxation
The highest pressure exerted by
the heart is called the
systolic
pressure
The average blood pressure in an artery is the
mean arterial pressure
The ___ layer of an artery
contains the greatest amount of smooth muscle
tunica media
The amount of blood pumped by
each ventricle in one minute
cardiac output
Three factors that contribute to arterial blood pressure are cardiac output, blood volume
and ___.
resistance
Lining of the heart chambers is called
endocardium
The superior vena cava enters the ___ of the heart
right
atrium
The volume of blood pumped by one ventricle with each heartbeat
cardiac output
Edema results from a decrease in
plasma oncotic pressure
The __ valve lies between the right atrium and right ventricle
tricuspid
Blood from the cardiac muscle
itself drains into the
coronary sinus
The membrane closest to the
heart muscle is the
visceral pericardium
Which of the following contains blood with a relatively low oxygen content?
pulmonary
artery
An abnormally high heart rate is termed
tachycardia
Exercise affects cardiac output
by
increasing muscle
metabolism and vasoconstriction
located in the atrial septum,
close to the top of the interventricular septum. T/F
False
Bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions result from the reaction of ___ with water
Carbon Dioxide
States that the pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume
Boyle’s law
According to Henry’s law, the
amount of gas that will dissolve in blood plasma or any other liquid is determined by all of the following factors EXCEPT
pH of the liquid
The amount of air left in the lungs after a forceful expiration is called
RESIDUAL VOLUME
During inspiration, the following mechanism occurs except
movement of air from higher pressure to lower pressure
Oxygen binds to the __ Of deoxyhemoglobin
heme groups
The increase pulmonary
ventilation that occurs during exercise is called
Hyperpnea
the bohr effect is that
hemoglobins
Unloads more carbon dioxide at low pH than at high pH
The primary chemical stimulus for breathing is the
concentration of Co2 in the blood
External respiration refers to
Everything except cellular respiration
The air pressure with the alveoli is called
Intrapulmonary pressure
States that gif it were not for the pulmonary surfactants, we should expect the surface
tension in a small alveolus to produce greater pressure than in a larger one, and air would flow from the smaller alveolus into the larger one
Laplace’s law
any lung disease that reduces the forced expiratory volume(FEV) but does nit
significantly affect the vital cavity is referred to
Obstructive lung disorder
a chest wound can introduce air
into the intrapleural space a condition known as
Pneumothorax
the total minute of volume of the lungs is obtained by multiplying the at the rest by the number of breaths per minute -
tidal volume
One atmospheric pressure is defined as
-760 torr
The tendency of the lungs to get
smaller when the stitching force ceases is called
ELASTICITY
It is very difficult, if not impossible to voluntarily overinflate the lungs due to the
strong inhibitory effect of the
Herring- Breuer reflex
A restrictive lung disease is most likely to reduce the
TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY
Any lung disease that reduces the forced expiratory volume
(EFV) but does not significantly
affect the vital cavity is referred to as
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE
Gas exchange in the lungs happends by the process of ____
DIFFUSION
The ability of the lungs to stretch is called
COMPLIANCE
Which of the following does NOT belong to the conducting portion of the respiratory system
Bronchi, trachea, alveoli, nose
ALVEOLI
During normal, relaxed respiration, about 500cc of air
enters and leaves the lungs with each respiratory cycle, This is called _____
TIDAL VOLUME
When there is less oxyhemoglobin in the blood, RBCs produce 2,3 DPG, This metabolic product
ENHANCES OXYGEN UNLOADING AT THE
SYSTEMIC CAPILLARIES
Alveolar structure acts to increase pulmonary blood flow and ____
COMPLIANCE
The exchange of gases between the blood and the cells is called
INTERNAL RESPIRATION
Hyperventilation tends to cause
ALKALOSIS
A deficiency of lung surfactant
will result in
RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME
A patient with respiratory
distress, the following muscles were involved during respiration EXCEPT
STERNOCLEIDOMASTOIDS
Surfactant is produced by which type of cells
TYPE II
pneumocytes
The volume of air that can be exhaled after normal exhalation is the _____
Expiratory reserve volume
The permeability of the distal tubule and collecting duct is controlled by
ADH
increased ammonia in the urine and a continuously elevated RR indicate
METABOLIC ACIDOSIS
Glomerulonephritis may result in the appearance of albumin in the urine because
MORE ALBUMIN ENTERS THE PCT IN THE GLOMERULAR FILTRATE
Angiotensin 2 causes the following EXCEPT
DECREASED PERIPHERAL RESISTANCE
The functional unit of kidney is the
Nephron
the movement of substances from the filtrate back into the
blood of perItibular capillaries is called
Tubular reabsorption
if blood pressure decreases,
blood levels of __ will increase
All of the above
drinking a large amount of beer
results in
decrease urine osmolality
the micturition reflex can do the following is except
can be stimulated by higher centers in the brain
which of these conditions produces a large volume of dilluted urine
decrease ADH
secretion
Renal nerve symphathetic stimulation
CAUSES INCREASED SODIUM REABSORPTION FROM THE PCT
A decrease in plasma proteins results
decreases colloid oncotic pressure
Juxtaglomular cell secretes
renin
Aldosterone secretion from the
adrenal cortex the adrenal cortex is stimulated by
angiotensin ll and
ELEVATED BP
Collectively, the capillary
endothelium, basement
membrane and podocytes from
FILTRATION MEMBRANE
Nephrons directly regulate acidbase balance by
SECRETING H+ IONS INTO THE FILTRATE
The part of the total cardiac output that passes through the kidneys is called the
RENAL FRACTION
The part of a nephron between bowman’s capsule and the loop of henle is the
PCT
The __ are specialized portions of the peritubular capillaries that extend deep into the renal medulla
vasa recta
_____ can be caused by hyperventilation
Alkalosis
The percentage of filtrate volume reabsorbed in the
proximal tubule is
65%
IS
DETERMINED BY THE SAME FORCES GOVERNING FILTRATION ACROSS ALL OTHER CAPILLARIES
Glomerular filtration rate
maximum amount of air exhaled after maximal inspiration
vital capacity
amount of air that we breathe in and out per breath
tidal volume
maximal amount of air forcibly expired in addition
to a tidal volume
ERV
amount of
air left in lungs
residual volume
The amount of blood ejected at the end of diastole
stroke volume
Amount ejected per minute
cardiac output
Amount of blood in the heart at the end of diastole
end diastolic volume
factors that affect heart rate
Vagal activity, catecholamines, temperature (Cold - bradycardia; Warm - Tachycardia) , ions (Potassium and Calcium)
Maximum pressure attained during ventricular relaxation
Systolic pressure
Minimum pressure attained during ventricular relaxation
Diastolic pressure
Alternate expansion and elastic recoil in each ventricular systole
pulse
Amount of blood entering the heart
Venous return
The amount of blood in the ventricles at the end of atrial systole just prior to ventricular contraction
Preload
Match the ff phases of cardiac cycle:
Atrial systole
Choices:
-rising ventricular pressure results in closing of AV valves
-tension and pressure in the ventricle increase but no blood is ejected from the heart
-pumps only about 20% of blood into ventricles
-blood is pumped from the heart pushing open the semilunar valves
-AV valves and semilunar valves are closed
Atrial systole - pumps only about 20% of blood into ventricles
Match the ff phases of cardiac cycle
isovolumetric contraction
Choices:
-rising ventricular pressure results in closing of AV valves
-tension and pressure in the ventricle increase but no blood is ejected from the heart
-pumps only about 20% of blood into ventricles
-blood is pumped from the heart pushing open the semilunar valves
-AV valves and semilunar valves are closed
Isovolumetric Contraction - tension and pressure in the ventricle increase but no blood is ejected from the heart
Match the ff phases of cardiac cycle:
isovolumetric relaxantion
Choices:
-rising ventricular pressure results in closing of AV valves
-tension and pressure in the ventricle increase but no blood is ejected from the heart
-pumps only about 20% of blood into ventricles
-blood is pumped from the heart pushing open the semilunar valves
-AV valves and semilunar valves are closed
Isovolumetric Relaxation -AV valves and semilunar valves are closed
Match the ff phases of cardiac cycle:
Ventricular systole
Choices:
-rising ventricular pressure results in closing of AV valves
-tension and pressure in the ventricle increase but no blood is ejected from the heart
-pumps only about 20% of blood into ventricles
-blood is pumped from the heart pushing open the semilunar valves
-AV valves and semilunar valves are closed
Ventricular systole - rising ventricular pressure results in closing of AV valves
Enumerate the 4 physiologic properties of the cardiac muscles.
Excitability
Conductivity
contractility
Autorhythmicity
Name 3 types of cardiac muscles
Atrial muscle
Ventricular muscle
Highly specialized excitatory and conductive fibers
2 importance of valves
prevents the blood from going back to the previous chamber
Ensures forward movement of the blood
Location of apex beat
near the left midclavicular line (MCL) in the fifth intercostal space.
Give the components of Waldeyer’s ring
pharyngeal tonsils
Tubal tonsils
Palatine tonsils
Lingual tonsils
Match the following types of Lung disorders
Bronchiolitis
Choices:
Obstructive lung disorder
Restrictive lung disorder
Obstructive
Match the following types of Lung disorders
Kyphosis
Choices:
Obstructive lung disorder
Restrictive lung disorder
restrictive lung disorder
Match the following types of Lung disorders
Obesity
Choices:
Obstructive lung disorder
Restrictive lung disorder
Restrictive lung disorder
Match the following types of Lung disorders
Pneumoconiosis
Choices:
Obstructive lung disorder
Restrictive lung disorder
obstructive
4 components of blood gas
pH
PaO2
PaCO2
HCO3
Conscious voluntary effort of breathing
Hyperventilation
Difficulty of breathing while lying down
Orthopnea
Temporary cessation of breathing at the end of expiration
Apnea
Increased breathing due to hypoxia
Hyperpnea
Give the factor that influence breathing
CHANGES IN THE PCO2, PO2 AND PH OF
BLOOD
Arterial blood pressure
HERRING-BREWER REFLEX
CEREBRAL CORTEX
OTHERS: PAINFUL STIMULATION- REFLEX APNEA
States that volume is directly proportional to temperature
Charles law
States that total pressure exerted by mixture of gases is the sum of the pressure of each individual gas
Daltons law
States that gas volume is inversely proportional to its pressure
Boyles law
States that the amount of any gas in that mixture that dissolves in the solution is in direct proportion to the partial pressure of that gas.
Henrys law
Give the components of Paranasal sinuses
2 frontal sinuses
2 Maxillary sinuses
2 Sphenoid sinuses
2 Ethmoid sinuses
Which anatomical structure is NOT a conducting zone of the lower respiratory tract?
Primary, secondary, tertiary bronchi and bronchioles
The primary chemical stimulus for breathing is the concentration of …
CO2 in the blood
Gas exchange in the lungs happens in the process of ___
Diffusion
A person with severe trauma to the cervical region has damage to the spinal cord if the spinal cord is severed between C3 and C4, what is the likely outcome?
The person will be unable to breathe and will have paralysis of the upper
and lower limbs.
If the efferent arteriole constricts while the afferent arteriole remains unchanged, the glomerular filtration rate______.
Increases
Active transport of substances from the blood into the nephron is called___
Tubular secretion
The part a nephron between Bowman’s capsule and the loop and the loop of Henle is the
PCT Proximal convoluted tubule
Hypersecretion of aldosterone causes
Increases water retentions, high blood sodium levels and alkalosis
Glomerulonephritis may result in the appearance of albumin in the urine because
More albumin enters the PCT in the glomerular filtrate
Which of these substances normally cannot pass through the filtration membrane
Hemoglobin, Insulin, Sodium, Calcium
hemoglobin
Alkalosis can be caused by
hyperventilation
Which of these conditions produces a large volume of diluted urine?
-increased angiotensin II
- decreased ADH secretion
- increased aldosterone secretion
- increased renin secretion
Decreased ADH secretion
Resistance to renal blood flow is chiefly determined by
Afferent and efferent arterioles
Which of the following substances is the standard substance used to measure the GFR?
Insulin
Matching type: Macula densa
Choices:
-secrete Renin
-sense change of volume and NaCl concentration of tubular fluid
-site of activation of Vitamin D
-secretes Erythropoietin
-site of maturation of Angiotensin II
sense change of volume and NaCL concentration of tubular fluid
Matching type: JG cells
Choices:
-secrete Renin
-sense change of volume and NaCl concentration of tubular fluid
-site of activation of Vitamin D
-secretes Erythropoietin
-site of maturation of Angiotensin II
secretes renin
Matching type: Lacis cells
Choices:
-secrete Renin
-sense change of volume and NaCl concentration of tubular fluid
-site of activation of Vitamin D
-secretes Erythropoietin
-site of maturation of Angiotensin II
site of activation of vitamin d
Matching type: kidneys
Choices:
-secrete Renin
-sense change of volume and NaCl concentration of tubular fluid
-site of activation of Vitamin D
-secretes Erythropoietin
-site of maturation of Angiotensin II
secretes Erythropoietin
Matching type: lungs
Choices:
-secrete Renin
-sense change of volume and NaCl concentration of tubular fluid
-site of activation of Vitamin D
-secretes Erythropoietin
-site of maturation of Angiotensin II
site of maturation of Angiotensin II
Match the following acid-base disorders
1. Persistent vomiting
Choices
- Respiratory acidosis
- Respiratory alkalosis
- Metabolic acidosis
- Metabolic alkalosis
persistent vomiting - metabolic alkalosis
Match the following acid-base disorders
2. Cholera with severe dehydration
Choices
- Respiratory acidosis
- Respiratory alkalosis
- Metabolic acidosis
- Metabolic alkalosis
Cholera with severe dehydration - metabolic acidosis
Match the following acid-base disorders
- Hyperventilation syndrome
Choices
- Respiratory acidosis
- Respiratory alkalosis
- Metabolic acidosis
- Metabolic alkalosis
Hyperventilation syndrome - respiratory alkalosis
Match the following acid-base disorders
4. Starvation
Choices
- Respiratory acidosis
- Respiratory alkalosis
- Metabolic acidosis
- Metabolic alkalosis
Starvation - Metabolic acidosis
Match the following acid-base disorders
5. Asthmaticus
Choices
- Respiratory acidosis
- Respiratory alkalosis
- Metabolic acidosis
- Metabolic alkalosis
Asthmaticus - respiratory acidosis
Give the factors affecting glomerular filtration rate (5)
- Changes in renal blood flow
- Changes in gCHP
- Changes in THP (pressure in bowman’s capsule)
- Changes in plasma colloid osmotic pressure
- Changes in filtration coefficient
