Finals Flashcards
It is the inability to identify an object by active touch of hands without visual o sensory information
ASTEREOGNOSIS
It is a reflex action of the eye in response to focusing on a near object then locking at a distant object
ACCOMMODATION REFLEX
What is the result of Rinne’s test with conductive hearing loss?
- Bone conduction is heard longer than the air conduction sound
Identify the cranial nerves being tested on direct/pupillary light reflex:
- OPTIC AND OCULOMOTOR NERVES
To test the ability to discern two nearby objects touching the skin are truly two distinct points and not one:
TWO POINT DISCRIMINATION TEST
What is the result of Rinne’s test in a person with sensorineural loss?
- Air conduction is heard longer than bone conduction, but may not be twice as long
Most common type of color blindness
red-green color blindness
Most common cause of myopia
axial myopia
ALL ARE PART OF THE COCHLEA EXCEPT
-COCHLEAR DUCT
-UTRICLE
-SCALA VESTIBULI
-SCALA TYMPANI
Utricle
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING BELONGS TO THE MIDDLE EAR
-AMPULLAE
-VESTIBULE
-OSSICLE
-COCHLEA
Ossicle
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT FOUND IN THE VASCULAR LAYER OF THE EYE?
-CHOROID -CENTRAL FOVEA -CILIARY BODY -PUPIL
Pupil
THEA XONS OF THE OLFACTORY NEURONS PASS THROUGH THE FORAMINA OF THE ___ TO SYNAPSE WITH MITRAL OR TUFTED CELLS IN THE _____
-NASAL BONE, OLFACTORY BULB
-CRIBRIFORM PLATE,OLFACTORY BULB
-CRIBRIFORM PALE, OLFACTORY TRACT
-NASAL BONE,OLFACTORY TRACT
CRIBRIFORM PLATE,OLFACTORY BULB
AT WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING LOCATIONS DO BLOOD VESSLES AND NERVES ENTER OR EXIT THE EYE?
-ORA SERRATA -FOVEA CENTRALIS -OPTIC CHIASMA -OPTIC DISC
OPTIC DISC
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT TRUE OF OLFACTORY NEURONS
-THE OLFACTORY NEURONS SYPNAPSE WITH CELLS IN THE OLFACTORY BULB.
- THE AXONS OF THE OLFACTORY NEURONS COMBINE TO FORM THE OLFACTORY NERVES
-OLFACTORY NEURONS ARE UNI- POLAR NEURONS
-OLFACTORY NEURONS HAVE RECEPTORS THAT REACT WITH ODORANTS DISSOLVED IN FLUID
OLFACTORY NEURONS ARE UNI- POLAR NEURONS
IDENTIFY THE LOCATION OF THE TASTE AREA OF THE CORTEX
-PRECENTRAL GYRUS
-TEMPORAL LOBE
-POST CENTRAL GYRUS
-THALAMUS
POST CENTRAL GYRUS
A NOCICEPTOR DETECTS
-LIGHT TOUCH
-BALANCE
-PROPRIOCEPTION
-PAIN
Pain
ALL OF THE FOLLOWING ARE IMPORTANT IN BRINGING AN IMAGE TO FOCUS ON THE RETINA WHEN VIEWING AN OBJECT CLOSE TO THE EYE EXCEPT
-FLATTERING OF THE LENSES
-ACCOMODATION OF THE LENSES
-CONSTRICTION OF THE PUPILS
-CONVERGENS OF THE EYES
FLATTERING OF THE LENSES
WHICH TYPE OF PAPILLAE HAVE NO TASTE BUDS WITH THEM?
-VALLATE
-FUNGIFORM
-FOLATE
-FILIFORM
Filiform
IF THE CILIARY MUSCLES CONTRACT, THE SUSPENSORY LIGAMENTS___ AND THE LENS_____
-RELAX, FLATTENS
-PULL, FLATTENS
-PULL, THICKEN
-RELAX,THICKENS
RELAX,THICKENS
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS ONE OF THE SPECIAL SENSES?
-TOUCH
-PAIN
-PROPRIOCEPTION
-BALANCE
Balance
WHEN THE LIGHT STRIKES THE VISUAL PIGMENT RHODOPSIN IS ACTIVATED WHICH IT ACTIVATES___ RESULTING IN THE ____ OF THE ROD CELLS.
-OPSIN, HYPERPOLARIZATION
-TRANSDUCIN,HYPERPOLARIZATION
-OPSIN, DEPOLARIZATION
-TRANSDUCIN, DEPOLARIZATION
TRANSDUCIN,HYPERPOLARIZATION
WHEN LIGHT RAYS DIVERGE AS A RESULT OF REFRACTION, IT IS DUE TOO A SURFACE THAT IS
-CONVEX
-CONCAVE
-CYLINDRICAL
Concave
FROM SUPERIOR TO DEEP, THE THREE MAIN CELL LAYERS OF THE SENSORY RETINA AREA
-PHOTORECEPTORS-BIPOLAR CELLS- GANGLIA CELLS
-GANGLION CELLS- BIPOLAR CELLS- PHOTORECEPTORS
-BIPOLAR CELLS-GANGLION CELLS- PHOTORECEPTORS -PHOTORECEPTORS-GANGLION CELLS- BIPOLAR CELLS
GANGLION CELLS- BIPOLAR CELLS- PHOTORECEPTORS
COMPOSITION OF OTOLITHS
-CALCIUM OXALATE
-CALCIUM PHOSPHATE
-CALCIUM CARBONATE
-CALCIUM BICARBONATE
CALCIUM CARBONATE
FLUID IN THE SCALA VESTIBULI COMMUNICATE WITH FLUID IN THE SCALE TYMPANI BY WAY OF THE
-HELICOTREMA
-EUSTACHIAN TUBE
-ROUND WINDOW
-CANAL OF SCHLEGM
HELICOTREMA
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING CRANIAL NERVE DOES NOT TRANSMIT TASTE SENSATION
-HYPOGLOSSSAL
-GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL
-FACIAL
-TRIGEMINAL
HYPOGLOSSAL
WHICH TYPE OF PAPILLAE HAVE THE MOST SENSITIVE TASTE BUDS ASSOCIATED WITH THEM
-FILIFORM
-VALLATE
-FOLIATE
-FUNGIFORM
FOLIATE
THE___ IS INVOLVED IN THE CONSCIOUS PERCEPTION OF SMELL AND IS LOCATED IN THE __ LOBE.
-OLFACTORY CORTEX; FRONTAL LOBE -INTERMEDIATE OLFACTORY AREA; FRONTAL LOBE -OLFACTORY CORTEX; TEMPORAL LOBE -MEDIAL OLFACTORY AREA; TEMPORAL BONE
OLFACTORY CORTEX; TEMPORAL LOBE
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING PRIMARY TASTES DO NOT CAUSE DEPOLARIZATION OF THE GUSTATORY THROUGH A G PROTEIN MECHANISM
-UMAMI -BITTER -SALTY -SWEET
SALTY
IS THE ABILITY OF THE EYE TO CHANGE ITS FOCUS FROM DISTANT TO NEAR OBJECTS OR FROM NEAR TO DISTANT OBJECTS
-CONTRACTION -REFACTION -ACCOMMODATION -REFLECTION
ACCOMMODATION
THE DEPTH OF FOCUS DETERMINED BY THE FOLLOWING EXCEPT
-DISTANCE FROM THE LENS -FOCAL LENGTH OF THE LENS -APERTURE SIZE -SIZE OF THE IMAGE
SIZE OF THE IMAGE
WHAT IS THE NAME OF THE SPECIALIZED AREA OF A SENSORY NEURON THAT DETECTS A SPECIFIC STIMULUS
-TRACT -VENTRAL ROOT -DORSAL ROOT -RECEPTOR
RECEPTOR
THE LAYER OF THE EYE THAT CONTAINS PHOTORECEPTORS IS THE
-IRIS -SCLERAE -OPTIC DISC -RETINA
RETINA
WHICH REGION OF THE OLFACTORY CORTEX IS CONNECTED TO THE LIMBIC SYSTEM?
-MEDIAL OLFACTORY AREA -INTERMEDIATE OLFACTORY AREA -LATERAL OLFACTORY AREA -SUPERIOR OLFACTORY AREA
MEDIAL OLFACTORY AREA
THE HAIR CELLS FOR HEARING ARE LOCATED WITHIN THE
-UTRICLE -ORGAN OF CORTI -VESTIBULE -MACULA
ORGAN OF CORTI
THE RECEPTOR FOR HEARING ARE LOCATED IN THE
-COCHLEA -VESTIBULE -SACCULAE -SEMICIRCULAR CANAL
COCHLEA
MUSCLE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE CHANGE OF THE SHAPE OF THE LENS IS THE
-SUPERIOR RECTUS MUSCLE -CILIARY MUSCLE -ARRECTOR PILI MUSCLE -ORBICULARIS OCULI
CILIARY MUSCLE
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING PRIMARY TASTES DO NOT REQUIRE A SUBSTANCE TO BIND TO A RECEPTOR ON THE GUSTATORY HAIRS OF TASTE CELLS?
-SOUR -SALTY -BITTER -SWEET
SALTY
THE RECEPTOR CELLS FOR HEARING ARE LOCATED ON THE UPPER SURFACE OF WHAT MEMBRANE?
-VESTIBULAR MEMBRANE -TYMPANIC MEMBRANE -TECTORIAL MEMBRANE -BASILAR MEMBRANE
BASILAR MEMBRANE
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING DESCRIBE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OLFACTION AND GUSTATION
-OLFACTORY SENSATIONS PROVIDE INFORMATION ABOUT SUBSTANCE THAT MAY BE THOUGHT OF AS TASTE
-GUSTATORY HAIRS CAN ALSO DETECT ODORANTS
-OLFACTORY HAIRS CAN ALSO DETECT TASTANTS
-THERE IS NO RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE OLFACTORY AND GUSTATORY SENSES
OLFACTORY SENSATIONS PROVIDE INFORMATION ABOUT SUBSTANCE THAT MAY BE THOUGHT OF AS TASTE
Which cells proliferate to replace lost olfactory cellS
-TUFT CELLS -BASAL CELLS -OLFACTORY CELLS -MITRAL CELLS
MITRAL CELLS
Largest salivary gland
PAROTID GLAND
Gastric secretion is stimulated by the
SECRETION
The greatest amount of stomach secretion takes place during the __
GASTRIC PHASE
All of the following are incorrect pertaining to saliva EXCEPT
CONTAINS LYSOZYME WHICH HAS A WEAK ANTIBACTERIAL ACTION
Which organ secretes trypsin, chymotrypsin, and nucleases?
PANCREAS
Which of the following would be a normal gastric pH?
2.0
The chyme entering the small intestine
BUFFERED BY PANCREATIC BICARBONATE SECRETION
The intramural plexus is associated with the__
PARASYMPATHETIC NS
Which of this hormones causes contraction to the gallbladder?
CHOLECYSTOKININ
all are incorrect about bile EXCEPT
Is synthesize by the gallbladder
adults normally have ___permanent teeth
32
Children have a ___ deciduous TEETH
20
the parietal cells in the lining of the stomach secrete
HCL AND INTRINSIC FACTOR
Which cell the is PROPERLY matched with its secretion
ENTEROCHROMAFFIN- LIKE CELL- HISTAMINE
The liver, gallbladder and pancreas are connected to ducts which enter the ___
duodenum
The “pyloric pump” describes
CHYME MOVING FROM THE STOMACH INTO THE INTESTINE
Describes the successive contraction of constrictor muscles occurs and the epiglottis covers the opening in the larynx
THE PHARYNGEAL PHASE OF SWALLOWING
What prevents food from entering the nasal passage during swallowing
ELEVATION OF UVULA
All of theses are retroperitoneal organs EXCEPT
STOMACH
The acinar cells of the pancreas produce the following EXCEPT
HCO3
Diarrhea may occur as a result of
DAMAGE TO INTESTINAL MUCOSA DUE TO BACTERIAL ENTEROTOXINS
All of theses are functions of the liver EXCEPT
BIOTRANSFORMATION OF MOLECULE
The frenulum is part of the __
TONGUE
The mucosal lining of the colon contains predominantly
GOBLET CELL
What is the common type of motility associate with the descending colon
HAUSTRATIONS
Which of the following organs secretes bile acids
LIVER
Which of the following structures controls the release of pancreatic enzymes and bile into the duodenum
SPHINCTER OF ODDI
Which cell type is PROPERLY matched with it’s secretion?
DELTA CELLS: SOMATOSTATIN
Give 2 signs and symptoms of Cushing’s disease
Obesity, moon face, osteoporosis,
diseases from abnormalities in
metabolism of CHO, CHON and fats,
increases androgens will lead to
amenorrhea, acne and hirsutism
Give 2 functions of Growth hormone
Stimulates/ accelerates body growth
Stimulates the secretion somatomedin C
Identify the 2 hormones produced by thyroid follicle
thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
Give 2 functions of oxytocin
Stimulates uterine contraction
Stimulate ejection of milk in lactating
women
Give 2 functions of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Stimulates the ovarian follicle growth
Stimulates spermatogenesis
Give sign and symptoms of diabetes mellitus
increased thirst and urination.
increased hunger.
fatigue.
blurred vision.
numbness or tingling in the feet or hands.
sores that do not heal.
unexplained weight loss.
Give 2 functions of melatonin
immunomodulation
regulation of circadian rhythms
measurement of day length
sleep initiation
vasomotor control
anti-excitatory actions
antioxidant actions
anti-inflammatory properties
regulation of mitochondrial function
Give 2 functions of hormone inhibin
Secrets GnRH
Synthesizes & Secretes FSH
Give 2 clinical signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism
Cold intolerance
Weight gain
Constipation
Muscle cramps
Fatigue
Dry skin
Give 2 functions of calcium
Building strong bones and teeth.
Clotting blood.
Sending and receiving nerve signals.
Squeezing and relaxing muscles.
Releasing hormones and other chemicals.
Keeping a normal heartbeat.
Give 2 causes of hyperthyroidism
Grave’s Disease
Post surgical thyroidectomy
2 Factor stimulates growth hormone secretion
fasting
hypoglycemia
high amino acids
exercise
stress/trauma
deep sleep
excitement
GHRH
2 Factor that inhibits growth hormone secretion
feeding
hyperglycemia
high free fatty acid
high cortisol
growth hormone
REM sleep
Aging
Somatostatin
Give 2 functions of Luteinizing hormone LH
In males, it stimulates testosterone synthesis in the Leydig cells.
In females, it stimulates follicle to ovulate and mature into a corpus luteum.
Identify the 2 hormones that are secreted by the acidophil cells of the anterior pituitary
Somatotrope
Lactotrope
The receptor cells for hearing are located on the upper surface of what membrane?
Basilar Membrane
The bending of the light that happens at the cornea and lens is
Refraction
Which type of papillae have the most sensitive taste buds associated with them?
Foliate
The threshold for the detection of odors is ___ and adaptation to odors occurs ___
Low, Quickly
Which of the following is not found in the vascular layer of the eye?
Pupil
Which is the last structure to vibrate in this sequence?
Oval Window
It is the ability of the eye to change its focus from distant to near objects or from near to distant objects
Accomodation
The senses for dynamic equilibrium are located in the
Semicircular Canals
Match the following type of receptors: Nocireptors, mechanoreceptor, electromagnetic, chemoreceptor
Rods and cones
Free nerve endings
Pacinian corpuscle
Taste buds
Rod and cones - electromagnetic
Free nerve endings - nociceptors
Pacinian corpuscle - mechanoreceptor
Taste buds - chemoreceptors
Match the following
Steven Power law
Temporal pattern coding
Mueller’s Law
Labelled-line Principle
Steven Power law: the frequency of AP discharge is directly related to the intensity of the stimulus
Temporal pattern coding: can differentiate 2 stimuli from each other base on the way a single receptor discharges AP
Mueller’s Law: when the body is affected by a certain stimulus, it will react to one type of receptor
Labeled-line Principle: ability of afferent neuron to transmit a single type of impulse
Match the following
Semicircular canals
Saccule and utricle
Organ of Corti
Eustachian tube
Saccule canals - determines the position of the head in state motion
Saccule and utricle- sense the sudden rotational movements
Organ of corti - end of organ hearing
Eustachian tube - equalizes air pressure
Enumerate the neurotransmitters for olfaction
Glutamate
Monoamines
Norepinephrine
Somatostatin
Opioids
Adenosine
triphosphate
Match the following receptor: Tonic or phasic
Merkel’s disc
Hair and organs
Bulbous corpuscle
Pacinian corpuscle
Merkel’s disc- tonic receptor
Hair and organs- phasic receptor
Bulbous corpuscle- tonic receptor
Pacinian corpuscle- phasic receptor
Match the following.
Atopognosis
Analgesia
Amorphosynthesis
Astereognosis
Atopognosis- inability to localize body part affected by somatic stimulus
Analgesia- inability/ decrease ability to perceive pain stimulus
Amorphosynthesis- loss of sense of form of his/her own body on opposite side
Astereognosis- inability to identify objects by means of touch w/o the aid of vision
Match the following type of taste to its mechanism
Umami
Salty
Bitter
Sour
Umami- glutamate receptor
Salty- sodium channels
Bitter- G-protein activated
Sour- H+ ions blocking the…
Enumerate the refractive media
Cornea
Vitreous body
Lens
Aqueous humor
Match the following
Pacinian corpuscle
Ruffini
Free nerve endings
Merkel’s disc
Pacinian corpuscle: two-point discrimination
Ruffini: deep pressure and stretch of skin
Free nerve endings: crude touch, tickle, itch and pressure
Merkel’s disc: deep touch and vibration
Match the following stimuli to its higher center
Taste stimuli
Pain stimuli
Sound stimuli
Taste stimuli: olfactory center
Pain stimuli: somesthetic area
Sound stimuli: acoustic center
Touch: somesthetic area
From superior to deep, the three main cell layers of the sensory retina area
Photoreceptors-bipolar cells-ganglia cells
Fluid in the scala vestibuli communicate with fluid in the scala tympani by way of the
helicotrema
The axons of the olfactory neurons pass through the foramina of the ___ to synapse with mitral or tufted cells in the _____
Cribriform plate, olfactory bulb
Why do odors sometimes alter our moods?
Because sensory input from olfaction is routed through the limbic system.
Which of the following belongs to the middle ear?
ossicles
The organs of static equilibrium are within the _____ and employ shifting ______ to set up nerve impulses.
Vestibule; otoliths
Which type of papillae have no taste buds with them?
Filiform
After the inner ear has perceived sound, the sound is dissipated because
Air inside the middle ear dissipates the sound waves
Gastrin secretion will stop when the stomach pH reaches ____
1.5
It is caused by the increase of the intra abdominal pressure by expiring against a closed glottis.
VALSALVA MANEUVER
This Gl neurocrine resembles secretin and is presumed to mediate pancreatic cholera.
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)
A movement of the colon that gradually exposing fecal matter to LI mucosal surfaces.
Mixing movements
Identify the nerve supply of the masticatory muscles.
CN V - Trigeminal Nerve
Which area in the GI has the lowest frequency of slow waves for the
contraction?
stomach
Which gastric cells found in the fundus of the stomach that secretes Intrinsic factor?
Oxyntic (parietal cells)
Match the following neurotransmitter secreted by the ENS
Acetylcholine - stimulates H+ secretion
Bombesin - stimulates gastrin release
Enkephalins - stimulates GI smooth muscle contraction
Serotonin - stimulates gastric motility
Norepinephrine - inhibits GI activity
It is a duct that joins the common bile
duct wherein it secretes a substance that
aids in the digestion of fats.
Cystic duct
A GI hormone which is the most potent in
stimulating gastric H+ secretion.
Gastrin
It is also known as the intrinsic neural
control of the Gl function.
Enteric nervous system
It is a modification in electrical and motor activity of smooth muscles of stomach and SI during fasting.
Migrating motor complex
Which gastric cells found mostly in the antrum that secretes pepsinogen.
Zymogenic/parietal cells
Describe the consistency of the saliva during parasympathetic stimulation
Profuse, thin, or watery saliva
Describe the consistency of the saliva during sympathetic stimulation
Thick, mucus saliva
Identify the duct that drains the submandibular glands
Wharton’s duct
Other name of slow-wave potentials
Basic electrical rhythm
Match the following medical condition to its definition
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome - increase gastrin secretion due to pancreatic tumor
Achalasia - due to failure of the esophageal sphincter to relax
Hirschsprung disease - due to congenital absence of myenteric plexus in the colon
Pernicious anemia - due to a massive illeal resections that result to an impairment of absorption of vitamin B12
Gastric reflux - due to decrease tone of lower esophageal sphincter
Which of these inhibits secreting and motility of the stomach
Enterogastric reflex
Which of the following vitamins are not stored in the liver
Vitamin C
Bands of longitudinal smooth muscle that run the length of the colon are called
Taenia coli
The center of the tooth which is filled with blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissues is called the
pulp
