Midterm Flashcards
is a state of emotional, psychological, and social wellness evidenced by satisfying interpersonal relationships, effective behavior and coping, positive self-concept, and emotional stability.
Fulfill life responsibilities, function effectively and are satisfied with their Interpersonal relationship and themselves.
MENTAL HEALTH
A clinically significant behavioral or psychological syndrome or pattern that occurs in an individual and is associated with present distress or disability or with significantly increased risk of suffering or death, pain, disability or an important loss of freedom (APA)
Mental Illness
It is when someone lacks the ability to manage day to day events and/or control their behavior so that basic physical and emotional needs are threatened or unmet.
mental illness
an extreme mental disturbance involving distorted perceptions of reality and irrational behavior; basically, a complete break with reality.
psychosis
“Mental Health Nursing is a specialized field of nursing which focuses on meeting the mental health needs of the consumer, in partnership with family, significant others and the community in any setting. It is a specialized interpersonal process embodying a concept of caring….”
The Psychiatric/mental Health Nursing
– is an interpersonal process that promotes and maintains pt behavior that contributes to integrated functioning.
- a specialized area of nsg practice, employing the wide range of explanatory theories of human behavior as its science and purposeful use of self as its art (ANA 2000)
PSYCHIATRIC NURSING
Cause: Punishment of wrongdoing
- divine or demonic
- (Aristotle 382-322 BC) amounts of blood water, and yellow and black bile control emotions
- aimed at resorting balance through bloodletting, starving, and purging
Ancient Times
Primitive beliefs and superstitions were strong
Priest performed exorcisms to rid evil spirits; incarceration, flogging & starving.
EARLY CHRISTIAN (1-1000AD)
St Mary of Bethlem Hospital in England (1547)
- charge visitors for amusement; bleeding, bathing, vomiting, purging, forced feeding, ridiculing; Tx: ABC
Bicetre (France) – attendants “ringmasters
RENAISSANCE (1300-1600)
Philippe Pinel ( France) and William Tuke ( England) pioneered humane tx of mentally ill.
ASYLUM – safe refuge or haven offering protection; unchained, fed, clothed & abolished whips
- upheld human dignity
DOROTHEA DIX (1800s , U.S.A)
- State hospitals; alleviate suffering with adequate shelter, nutritious food & warm clothing
Benchmark 1:PERIODS OF ENLIGHTENMENT (1790s)
pioneered humane tx of mentally ill.
Philippe Pinel ( France) and William Tuke ( England)
safe refuge or haven offering protection; unchained, fed, clothed & abolished whips
- upheld human dignity
asylum
State hospitals; alleviate suffering with adequate shelter, nutritious food & warm clothing
DOROTHEA DIX (1800s , U.S.A)
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939): focused on
understanding the mind and mental illness; focus on life experience
- introduced: motivation, catharsis (release from emotions), meaning of dreams, psychoanalysis, id, ego, supergo, free association
- challenged society to view person objectively.
Emil Kraepelin (1856-1926) : began classifying mental
disorders according to their symptoms; brain pathology
Eugene Bleuler (1857-1939) : coined the term
Schizophrenia
Benchmark 2: Period of Scientific Study
focused on
understanding the mind and mental illness; focus on life experience
- introduced: motivation, catharsis (release from emotions), meaning of dreams, psychoanalysis, id, ego, supergo, free association
- challenged society to view person objectively.
Sigmund Freud
began classifying mental disorders according to their symptoms; brain pathology
Emil Kraepelin (1856-1926
Chlorpromazine ( Thorazine); Lithium
Imipramine (Tofranil)
MAOI ( Monoamine oxidase inhibitor)
Haloperidol ( Haldol)
Tricyclic antidepressants, were introduced 10 years after
Benzodiazepines
Advantages:
Shorter hospital confinement
Noise and chaos diminished
Reduced agitation, psychotic thinking, depression
Benchmark 3:PERIOD OF PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS ( 1950)
were introduced 10 years after
Tricyclic antidepressants
Benzodiazepines
Advantages
-Shorter hospital confinement
-Noise and chaos diminished
-Reduced agitation, psychotic thinking, depression
the enactment of the Community Mental Health Center Act.
DEINSTITUTIONALIZATION
A deliberate shift from institutional care in state hospitals to community facilities began (community treatment centers & community living arrangements)
Benchmark IV:
PERIOD OF COMMUNITY MENTAL HEALTH ( 1960s)
A deliberate shift from institutional care in state hospitals to community facilities began (community treatment centers & community living arrangements)
DEINSTITUTIONALIZATION
Increase in brain research (funding)
Significant change in public awareness
Nursing more educated
Benchmark V: Decade of the Brain 1990s
Due to revolving door effect.
A. Community based care
> Cost Containment Managed Care
B. Managed Care
> people receive care based on need rather
than on request
C. Case Management
MENTAL ILNESS IN THE 21ST CENTURY
The first american Psychiatric Nurse
LINDA RICHARDS
1ˢᵗ Psychiatric Nursing Textbook (1920)
Harriet Bailey “Nursing Mental Disease”
1ˢᵗ Psychiatric Nursing Theorist
Hildegard Peplau “Interpersonal Relations in Nursing” (1952), Interpersonal Techniques : The Crux of Psychiatric Nursing ( 1962); NPI
“Nursing Therapy” 1968
focusing on clients psychosocial needs and strengths
June Mellow
FIRST TRAINING Hospital for nurses in 1882
Insulin Shock Therapy( 1935)
Psychotherapy ( 1936)
ECT ( 1937)
Mc LEAN HOSPITAL, Belmont Massachussetts
First school of Nursing to include psychiatric Nursing in its curriculum
John Hopkins (1913)
-Material and spiritual
- Tx: rituals, ceremonies; “babaylan (shaman). Sorcerer
Pre-Spanish
- Act of sorcery “mangkukulam”, “manggagaway”
- Tx: Herbolarios
Spanish
Hospicio de san Jose
Early 19ᵗʰ Century
Civil Hospital
San Lazaro Hospital (Dr. Elias Domingo)
American Era (1900s)
Japanese Occupation (1941)
electroshock
first known as INSULAR PSYCHOPATHIC HOSPITAL, situated on a hilly piece of land in Barrio Mauway, Mandaluyong, Rizal and was formally opened on December 17, 1928
later known as the NATIONAL MENTAL HOSPITAL. 1946. On November 12, 1986 - NATIONAL CENTER FOR MENTAL HEALTH thru Memorandum Circular No. 48 of the Office of the President. On January 30, 1987, NCMH was categorized as a Special Research Training Center and hospital under Department of Health.
The National Center for Mental Health (NCMH) Public Works Act 3258
psychiatrist at the National Center for Mental Health in Mandaluyong City, said one of the most common brain diseases among Filipinos is schizophrenia, which afflicts one percent of the total population.
Dr. Noel Reyes
president of the Philippine Psychiatrists’ Association, said some of the factors that trigger the disease include stress factors like traffic, loss of loved ones, disasters and even bombings.
Among overseas Filipino workers, she said said seamen were found to be the most vulnerable to mental disorders because they tend to rely on alcohol or drugs to ease their homesickness.
Dr. Lourdes Ignacio
Drug addicts or substance abusers have dual diagnosis
substance addiction or substance dependence, and psychiatric disorder whether it’s depression, anxiety
Factors Influencing Mental Health
INDIVIDUAL OR PERSONAL
Interpersonal
Sociocultural
