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psych 202 > midterm > Flashcards

midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

goals of behavioral science

A
  • Describe behavior
  • Predict behavior
  • Determining causes of behavior
    ; Temporal precedence
    ; Covariation of cause and effect
    ; Alternative explanations
  • Explanation of behavior
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2
Q

basic versus applied research

A

Basic research focuses on the advancement of knowledge, rather than solving a problem. However, applied research directs its efforts toward finding a solution to a specific problem.

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3
Q

research questions

A

a question that a study or research project aims to answer.

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4
Q

hypothesis

A

A type of idea or question
 Makes a statement about something that may be
true
 Then test it

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5
Q

predictions

A

anticipate that a certain outcome will occur

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6
Q

method

A

 Participants
 Procedures
 Measures
- Equipment
- Assessments/Questionnaires
 What happened
 Description of types of analyses

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7
Q

participants

A

 How many
 Who are they?
- Exclusion/inclusion criteria
- Demographics
- Where recruited from
- Informed consent/payment

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8
Q

introduction

A

 Problem statement
- General problem needing (further) investigation
 Purpose of the study
 Operational definitions
- General constructs
- Specific methods/instruments
Relevant past research
- Building blocks (leggos)
 Theory/Hypotheses/Predictions
- Significance
 Why is this research important?

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9
Q

abstract

A

 Read first/write last
 Should include brief information from every
section of article
 Approximately 100 to 300 words

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10
Q

discussion

A

 General statement of findings
 Hypotheses/predictions vs. your results
 How do findings fit with past research?
 What do your results mean? Where do they
fit?
 Limitations
 Future research

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11
Q

results

A

Descriptive statistics

paragraph for each dependent variable

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12
Q

Procedures

A

 Instruments
- What are they?
- How are they scored?
- Psychometric properties
- Do they measure what they’re supposed to measure
accurately and in a consistent/reliable way?
- Validity
- Reliability
 What happened exactly
- When and how long did it take?
- Where measured
- Tested individually or in groups?
 Description of type of analyses

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13
Q

theories

A

a systematic body of ideas about topic or phenomenon

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14
Q

sections of a research article

A

 Abstract
 Introduction
 Method
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 Tables/figure captions/figures

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15
Q

irb

A

Institutional Review Board (IRB)/
Human Subjects Committee
* Committees
* IRB training/ IRB approval for studies
– Proposals, pilots and experiments
– Exempt risk, minimal risk, greater than
minimal risk
* Do no harm

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16
Q

research with animals

A
  • Acquisition, care, use, and disposal under
    state and federal regulations
  • All procedures supervised by trained
    personnel
  • Discomfort minimized
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17
Q

confidentiality

A
  • confidentiality will be protected
  • signature and witness to sign
  • parent/guardian/ caregiver sign needed
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18
Q

informed consent

A
  • Name of investigator(s)
  • Purpose and description of study
    – Including where conducted and how much time
    required to participate
  • Participation is
    – Voluntary
    – Can be withdrawn at any time
  • List of costs and benefits
  • Name of someone who can answer questions
    about research
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19
Q

risk in psychological experiments

A

– Physical Harm
– Stress & Distress
– Confidentiality &
Privacy
; the benefits must outweigh the risks

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20
Q

ethics in treatment of human

A
  • A: Beneficence and Non-maleficence
    – Do no harm
  • B: Fidelity and Responsibility
    – Maintaining trust
  • C: Integrity
    – No fraud, misrepresentation of facts
  • D: Justice
    – Fairness, equity
    – Tuskegee experiment
  • E: Respect for people’s Rights and Dignity
    – Rights to privacy, confidentiality, self-
    determination
    – Milgram experiment
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21
Q

variables

A
  • Variable
    – Event, situation, behavior or characteristic
    which varies
  • Dependent variable
    – Outcome variable which is potentially altered
    by the independent variable(s)
  • Independent variable
    – What you manipulate or compar
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22
Q

operational definitions

A

Specifying how variable(s) will be
observed and/or measured in a study
– Cognitive performance
* Reaction time in ms to respond to stimulus
– Stress
* Self report questionnaire, BP, cortisol
– Weight
* Wt. in lb. using a spring scale with participants fully
undressed after 10 hrs. of fasting
Construct
– Memory
– Recovery/rehabilitation
* Instrument
– 10-item word list
– ADL/IADL
* Dependent variable
– Number of words correctly recalled
– Score

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23
Q

operational definitions of variables

A

 Variable is an abstract concept that must be
translated into concrete forms of observation
or manipulation.

 A variable must be defined in terms of the
specific method used to measure or
manipulate it–this is called the operational
definition.

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24
Q

experimental methods

A
  • One variable is manipulated and the other
    variable measured
  • Eliminates the third variable problem
    (confounding)
  • Experimental control
  • Randomization (random assignment)
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25
Q

non experimental methods

A
  • Relationships studied using observations
    or
    measures of the variables of interest
  • Sometimes referred to as the
    correlational method
  • Problems with making causal
    statements using this
    method
  • Two problems with making causal
    statements
    1. Direction of cause and effect
    2. Third variable problem
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26
Q

three validates

A

construct; the adequacy of the operational definitions

internal; the ability to draw conclusions about causal
relationships

external; the extent to which the results can be
generalized to other populations and settings

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27
Q

add ecological validity
how much does your study represent the real world

A
28
Q

reliability

A

The degree to which our measurements
are consistent and contain a minimum of
measurement error

types;
test-retest
inter-rater

29
Q

validity

A

The extent to which a
procedure/instrument measures what
it is intended to measure

types;
Construct validity; the adequacy of the operational definition

Internal validity; the ability to draw conclusions about causal relationships

External validity; the extent to which the results can be
generalized to other populations and setting

30
Q

levels of measurement

A
  • Nominal
  • Ordinal
  • Interval
  • Ratio
31
Q

true score

A

the individual’s score on a measure if there was no error

32
Q

measurement error

A

the difference between a measured quantity and its true value
ex. if an electronic scale is loaded with 1kg of standard weight and the reading is 10002 grams, then the measurement error is = (1002 grams – 1000 grams) = 2 grams.

33
Q

reactivity

A

the condition in which a participant being observed is changed in some way by the act of observation.
- Within an experimental setting, reactivity is viewed as a threat to internal validity because the change in behavior is not due to the experimental manipulation.

34
Q

descriptive statistics

A

purpose of descriptive statistics is
to simplify the organization and
presentation of data
 Central Tendency
 Variability
 Distribution or shape of the data

35
Q

median

A

the value in the middle of a data set

36
Q

mean

A

the average of set values

37
Q

mode

A

set of numbers that appear most often

38
Q

central tendency

A

a summary measure that attempts to describe a whole set of data with a single value that represents the middle or centre of its distribution.
mode. median. mean.

39
Q

variability

A

how far apart data points lie from each other and from the center of a distribution.
measured by:

Range: the difference between the highest and lowest values
Interquartile range: the range of the middle half of a distribution
Standard deviation: average distance from the mean
Variance: average of squared distances from the mean

40
Q

shape

A

 Frequency Distributions
 Normal Distribution

41
Q

correlation

A

a statistical measure that expresses the extent to which two variables are linearly related

42
Q

bivariate

A

involving or depending on two variables

43
Q

regression

A

a measure of the relation between the mean value of one variable (e.g. output) and corresponding values of other variables (e.g. time and cost)

44
Q

path analysis

A

a method to discern and assess the effects of a set of variables acting on a specified outcome via multiple causal pathways

how to write: write names of variables in square boxes and connect the square boxes with arrows

45
Q

quantitative vs qualitative research

A

Quantitative data is numbers-based, countable, or measurable.
Qualitative data is interpretation-based, descriptive, and relating to language.

46
Q

qualitative types

A

phenomenological, ethnographic, grounded theory, historical, case study, and action research.

47
Q

open ended

A

response to survey
ex. How do you think we could improve these meetings?

48
Q

coding schemes

A

a set of codes, defined by the words and phrases that researchers assign to categorize a segment of the data by topic.

49
Q

naturalistic observation

A

qualitative research method where you record the behaviors of your research subjects in real world settings

50
Q

systematic observation

A

method of quantitative data collection that involves one or more observers, observing events, or behaviors, as they occur, and reliably recording their observations in terms of previously structured codes or numerical categories

51
Q

case studies

A

an in-depth study of one person, group, or event.

52
Q

archival research

A

research that involves searching for and extracting information and evidence from original archives

53
Q

content analysis

A

a research tool used to determine the presence of certain words, themes, or concepts within some given qualitative data

54
Q

constructing surveys

A

 Simplicity/clarity
 Double-barreled questions
 Loaded questions
 Negative wording
 Yea- vs. nay-saying

55
Q

Bar graph

A

a diagram in which the numerical values of variables are represented by the height or length of lines or rectangles of equal width

56
Q

effect size

A

measures the strength of the relationship between two variables on a numeric scale.
- tells you the significance
.2
.3
.5

57
Q

Histogram

A

a graph used to represent the frequency distribution of a few data points of one variable

58
Q

Partial correlation

A

a method used to describe the relationship between two variables whilst taking away the effects of another variable, or several other variables, on this relationship.

59
Q

Pearson product-moment
correlation coefficient

A

a measure of the strength and direction of association that exists between two variables measured on at least an interval scale.

60
Q

Predictor variable

A

the name given to an independent variable used in regression analyses

61
Q

Range

A

the spread of your data from the lowest to the highest value in the distribution

62
Q

Scatterplot

A

a type of data display that shows the relationship between two numerical variables

63
Q

Standard deviation

A

a measure of how dispersed the data is in relation to the mean

64
Q

Structural equation modeling

A

a multivariate statistical analysis technique that is used to analyze structural relationships.

65
Q

Variability

A
  • Range: the difference between the highest and lowest values.
  • Interquartile range: the range of the middle half of a distribution.
  • Standard deviation: average distance from the mean.
  • Variance: average of squared distances from the mean

psych 202 (2 decks)

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