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psych 202 > final > Flashcards

final Flashcards

1
Q

goals do behavioral science

A
  • describe behavior
  • predict behavior
  • determining causes of behavior:
    temporal precedence
    covariation of cause and effect
    alternative explanations
  • explanation of behavior
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2
Q

quantitive

A

numbers-based, countable, or measurable.

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3
Q

qualitative data

A

interpretation-based, descriptive, and relating to language

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4
Q

between v within subjects

A
  • “between” means that you’re comparing different conditions between groups
  • “within” means you’re comparing different conditions within the same group.

ex. between: investigating the efficacy of three different drugs for treating depression, one group of depressed individuals would receive one of the drugs, a different group would receive another one of the drugs, and yet another group would receive the remaining drug.

ex. within: All participants could be tested both while using a cell phone and while not using a cell phone and both during the day and during the night. This would mean that each participant was tested in all conditions.

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5
Q

basic versus applied research

A
  • basic (national science foundation)
    (experimental/Theoretical work without any particular application or use in view)
    (principles and theories)
  • applied (national insitutes of health)
    (original investigation undertaken to get new knowledge)
    (focuses of solution)
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6
Q

hypothesis

A
  • type of idea or question
    -makes statement about something that may be true
  • then test it
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7
Q

theory

A

a systematic body of ideas about a topic or phenomenon

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8
Q

predictions

A

anticipate that a certain outcome will occur

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9
Q

discussion

A
  • general statement of finding
  • hypotheses/predictions vs your results
  • how do finding fit with past research
  • what do results mean and where do they fit
  • limitations
  • future research
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10
Q

results

A
  • descriptive stats
  • paragraph for each dependent variable
    ( type of analysis, between or within subject, results of stats test, mens or percentages)
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11
Q

methods

A
  • participants (how many, who are they, demographics, where were they recruited)
  • procedure (what are they, how are they scored, psychometric properties (validity/reliability)
  • description of type of analysis
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12
Q

introduction

A
  • problem statement
  • purpose of the study
  • operational definitions: general constructs/ specific methods/instruments
  • relevant past research
  • theory/hypotheses/predictions
    -significance
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13
Q

abstract

A
  • read first/ write last
  • should include brief info from every section of article
    -approx 100-300
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14
Q

sections of a research article

A
  • abstract
  • intro
  • method
  • results
  • discussion
  • reference
  • tables/figure captions/figures
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15
Q

I R B

A
  • committees
  • IRB trining/ IRB approval for studies : proposals, pilots and experiments
    exempt risk. minimal risk, greater than minimal risk
  • do no harm
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16
Q

special populations

A
  • subjects to who federal regulations apply
    ex. juveniles or prisons
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17
Q

Multiple-baseline research

A
  • special type of single-subject design
  • This type of research is an adaptation of the reversal model and the traditional AB model
  • In the reversal model, a treatment is applied after a subject has developed a pattern.
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18
Q

semi experimental research design

A

ex . Field experiment.
- researchers manipulate an independent variable and measure changes in the tested, dependent variable.

  • Although field experiments generalize extremely well, it’s not possible to eliminate extraneous variables. This can limit the usefulness of any conclusions.
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19
Q

Correlational Research Designs

A

In correlational research designs, groups are studied and compared, but researchers cannot introduce variables or manipulate independent variables.

ex.
case control study
observational study

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20
Q

confidentiality v Anonymity

A

Anonymity means you don’t know who the participants are
ex. research does not know Jill is Jill

confidentiality means you know who they are but remove identifying information from your research report
ex. research knows it is jills info but will not disclose that in the report

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21
Q

three ethical principles

A
  1. beneficence : risks and benefit
  2. respect for persons : informed consent
  3. justice : selection of participants
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22
Q

descriptive research

A
  • Descriptive research is used to describe characteristics of a population or phenomenon being studied
  • It does not answer questions about how/when/why the characteristics occurred
  • Rather it addresses the “what” question
    ex. case studies
    naturalistic observation
    surveys
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23
Q

ethics in treatment of human

A
  • Institutional approval
  • Informed consent
  • Consent for audiotape and images
  • Special populations
  • Foregoing informed consent
  • Inducements to participate
  • Deception
  • Debriefing
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24
Q

ratio

A
  • a quantitative scale where there is a true zero and equal intervals between neighboring points
  • highest and most informative scaling
    ex. amount of money, height, age, weight
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25
Q

interval

A
  • a numerical level of measurement which places variables in order
  • known and equal distance between each value on the scale
    ex. temp, credit score, SAT score
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26
Q

designs which allow statement

A

true experiments

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27
Q

ordinal

A
  • the data can be categorized and ranked

ex. low medium high
agreement level, income,

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28
Q

control/third/extraneous variable

A

all the same thin; the variable will make sure the experiment can be done again

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29
Q

nominal

A

numbers have no value
- does not have rank or order
- categories
ex. gender
zip code
marriage status
college major

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30
Q

interval/ratio/descriptive stats

A

Mean
 Median
 Mode
 Variability (SD)
 Frequency distributions
(tables and graphs)

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31
Q

nominal/ descriptive stats

A

Percentages
 Counts
 Mode
 Bar Graph
 Chi-Square (Ҳ2)

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32
Q

levels of measurement
ranked from low to high

A

Nominal: the data can only be categorized.
Ordinal: the data can be categorized and ranked.
Interval: the data can be categorized and ranked, and evenly spaced.
Ratio: the data can be categorized, ranked, evenly spaced and has a natural zero

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33
Q

likert scale

A

interval no true variable; equal interval between
ex. 5 point likert scale
very satisfied to not satisfied

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34
Q

single subjects designs

A
  • An individual “case” is the unit of intervention and unit of data analysis.
  • which the subject serves as his/her own control, rather than using another individual/group.
  • ex. a researcher might establish a baseline of studying behavior for a disruptive student (A), then introduce a treatment involving positive attention from the teacher (B), and then switch to a treatment involving mild punishment for not studying (C).
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35
Q

power

A

to tell if there is a difference between variables

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36
Q

factorial design

A

iv: two or more
- this is where we determine if we have an interaction

37
Q

correlations

A

relationships between variables

38
Q

counterbalancing

A

order effects
- want to make sure the order of the stimuli is counterbalanced so we can get rid of other reason why we might get result

39
Q

sampling issues

A

nonrandom/non probability sampling
- csuf dining hall

40
Q

snowball type of design

A

giving survey to friends and telling them to give to people they know

41
Q

meta analysis

A

where researchers combine the findings from multiple studies to draw an overall conclusion.

42
Q

informed consent

A
  • confidentiality will be protected
    -signature and witness to signature
  • parent/guardian/caregiver signature if needed
43
Q

risk benefit analysis

A

comparison between the risks of the situation and its benefits

44
Q

debriefing

A
  • a formal version of providing emotional and psychological support immediately following a traumatic event
  • the goal of psychological debriefing is to prevent the development of post-traumatic stress disorder and other negative sequelae.
45
Q

variables

A

event, situation, behavior or characteristic which varies

46
Q

operational definitions

A

 Variable is an abstract concept that must be
translated into concrete forms of observation
or manipulation.
 A variable must be defined in terms of the
specific method used to measure or
manipulate it–this is called the operational
definition

Specifying how variable(s) will be
observed and/or measured in a study
– Cognitive performance
* Reaction time in ms to respond to stimulus
– Stress
* Self report questionnaire, BP, cortisol
– Weight
* Wt. in lb. using a spring scale with participants fully undressed after 10hrs of fasting

47
Q

non experimental vs experimental

A
  1. Artificiality
    - Field experiment versus lab experiment;
    weighing the advantages and disadvantages of
    each
  2. Ethical and practical issues
    - nonexperimental methods may be necessary
    - ex post facto design

Experimental research is the type of research that uses a scientific approach towards manipulating one or more control variables and measuring their defect on the dependent variables,

non-experimental research is the type of research that does not involve the manipulation of control variables.

48
Q

non randomized trials

A
  • Less expensive to conduct
  • Faster
  • May be only evidence available
  • Can provide converging evidence for
    randomized clinical trials

ex. A clinical trial in which the participants are not assigned by chance to different treatment groups. Participants may choose which group they want to be in, or they may be assigned to the groups by the researchers.

49
Q

case control studies

A
  • Can be done more quickly than cohort
    studies
  • Less reliable than either randomized
    controlled trials or cohort studies

*A study that compares two groups of people: those with the disease or condition under study (cases) and a very similar group of people who do not have the disease or condition (controls)

50
Q

cohort studies

A
  • a type of epidemiological study in which a group of people with a common characteristic is followed over time to find how many reach a certain health outcome of interest
  • ex. People who became parents in the same year. People who retire at the same time. All of the students who went to a particular school during a certain time period
51
Q

crossover (random)

A

where you assess 2 or more interventions. In this design, all participants receive all the interventions, but the order in which they get the interventions is randomized

  • For example, if you have 3 interventions, participants will be randomised to one of the 3 sequences (ABC or ACB or BCA)
52
Q

parallel designs (randomization)

A
  • a type of clinical study in which two or more groups of participants receive different interventions
  • Participants are assigned to one of the treatment arms at the beginning of the trial and continue in that arm throughout the length of the trial.
  • Assignment to a group usually is randomized.
53
Q

randomized controlled clinical trials

A
  • A study in which the participants are divided by chance into separate groups that compare different treatments or other interventions.

ex. types of trials parallel, crossover, and factorial designs.

54
Q

systematic review

A
  • A high-level overview of primary research on a
    particular research question

– Tries to identify, select, synthesize and appraise all high quality research evidence relevant to that question in order to answer it

55
Q

Randomized controlled clinical trials

A
  • A study in which the participants are divided by chance into separate groups that compare different treatments or other interventions
  • ex. compare diabetic patients with implanted insulin pumps against diabetic patients who receive multiple insulin injections (the control group)
56
Q

Sequential research designs

A
  • Similar to longitudinal designs, sequential research features participants who are followed over time
  • similar to cross-sectional designs, sequential research includes participants of different ages.
57
Q

developmental research designs

A

cross-sectional, longitudinal, and sequential.

58
Q

longitudinal method

A
  • cohort effect
  • attrition
  • time and money
59
Q

program evaluation

A
  • method for collecting, analyzing, and using data to examine the effectiveness and efficiency of programs and, as importantly, to contribute to continuous program improvement.
  • needs assessment
    -program theory assessment
    ex. drug abuse resistance education
    ex. well elderly study
60
Q

Quasi experimental

A
  • studies that aim to evaluate interventions but that do not use randomization
  • demonstrate causality b/w an intervention and an outcome
  • the independent variable can not be randomly assigned because it is an innate difference of the participants themselves.
  • A memory task with a group of clinically depressed participants compared to a control group of non-depressed participants
61
Q

what is the difference between non experimental vs experimental methods

A

nonexperimental:
two problems with making causal statements
1. direction of cause and effect
2. third variable problem

experimental
one variable is manipulated and the other variable measured
- eliminates the third variable problem (confounding)
- independent variable (manipulated variable) (cause)
- dependent variable (measured variable)(effect)

62
Q

three validities

A

Construct validity
– the adequacy of the operational definitions

 Internal validity
– the ability to draw conclusions about causal
relationships

 External validity
 the extent to which the results can be
generalized to other populations and settings

63
Q

ecological validity

A
  • examines whether the results of a study can be generalized to real-life settings
  • significance: examines whether the results of a study can be generalized to real-life settings
64
Q

reliability

A

The degree to which our measurements
are consistent and contain a minimum of
measurement error

test-retest
* Inter-rater
* Internal consistency
– Chronbach’s alpha
– Split-half reliability

65
Q

predictive validity

A

does measure predict future behavior
- on the job performance ?

66
Q

content validity

A

does measure assess appropriate content ?

67
Q

face validity

A
  • looks okay
  • looks to measure what it is suppose to measure
  • look at items for appropriateness
68
Q

external validity

A

the extent to which the results can be
generalized to other populations and settings
ex. all has to do with replication of the study

69
Q

Internal validity

A

the ability to draw conclusions about causal
relationships
- piece of evidence you are giving supports the claim you gave
- effects in the research are because of the manipulation of dependent variable

ex. if a researcher hypothesizes that using a particular mindfulness app will reduce negative mood. good

70
Q

construct validity

A

the adequacy of the operational definition(s)
- how well do findings reflect reality
ex. someone measures weight using self report (bad)

71
Q

validity

A

The extent to which a
procedure/instrument measures what
it is intended to measure

Construct validity
Internal validity
External validity

72
Q

true score

A
  • is the individual’s score on a measure if there was no error
  • Some classic theories of measurement believe that a true score can be estimated through repeated testing
73
Q

measurement error

A

the difference between a measured quantity and its true value

74
Q

reactivity

A

psychological phenomenon that happens when someone changes the way they behave because they know they’re being observed

75
Q

theory

A

a systematic body of ideas about a topic or phenomenon

76
Q

theory

A

a systematic body of ideas about a topic or phenomenon

77
Q

results

A
  • descriptive stats
  • paragraph for each dependent variable
    ( type of analysis, between or within subject, results of stats test, mens or percentages)
78
Q

bar graph

A

a diagram in which the numerical values of variables are represented by the height or length of lines or rectangles of equal width.

79
Q

central tendency

A
  • a summary measure that attempts to describe a whole set of data with a single value that represents the middle or centre of its distribution
80
Q

criterion validity

A

use the predictor variables hours studied and hours of sleep the night before the test to predict the value of the criterion variable test score.

81
Q

descriptive stats

A

a means of describing features of a data set by generating summaries about data samples.

82
Q

effect size

A

a value measuring the strength of the relationship between two variables in a population

83
Q

frequency distribution

A

visual displays that organise and present frequency counts so that the information can be interpreted more easily.

Frequency distributions can show absolute frequencies or relative frequencies, such as proportions or percentages.

84
Q

histogram

A

a diagram consisting of rectangles whose area is proportional to the frequency of a variable and whose width is equal to the class interval
- tells you: the frequency of numerical data using rectangles
- A histogram is the graphical representation of quantitative data.

85
Q

mean

A

the average of a data set, found by adding all numbers together and then dividing the sum of the numbers by the number of numbers.

86
Q

median

A

the middle value in a set of data

87
Q

mode

A

set of data is the value in the set that occurs most often

88
Q

Sequential research designs

A
  • Similar to longitudinal designs, sequential research features participants who are followed over time
  • similar to cross-sectional designs, sequential research includes participants of different ages.
89
Q

parallel designs (randomization)

A
  • a type of clinical study in which two or more groups of participants receive different interventions
  • Participants are assigned to one of the treatment arms at the beginning of the trial and continue in that arm throughout the length of the trial.
  • Assignment to a group usually is randomized.

psych 202 (2 decks)

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