Midterm Flashcards
A safety net program by FDR after the Great Depression. Retired workers and handicapped provided with payment through taxed paychecks through the pension program. Monthly money to elders and the unemployed
Social security
The blitz is ended to create camps meant to kill scapegoats such as Jews, gays, communists, and socialists. Gas chambers were the main method due to the money and psychological costs of guns. Was not found out by the big three until 1943 and the public later. 6 million Jews and 4 million others killed
Holocaust
All japanese American citizens were required to leave home and work in camps for the remainder of the war. They only had 48 hours, could bring one bag, and received little to no money from their house
Japanese American Internment
A man who accused communists left and right, created a social movement called McCarthyism. Took inspiration from HUAC and claimed he had a list of 250 communists. Downfall when he went after the military
Joseph McCarthy
July 1945, the big three meet again in a suburban town outside Berlin. Truman replaces FDR and Stevenson replaces Churchill. Here, the Yalta agreement was argued against by Truman, who also dropped the news of the atomic bombs on Stalin
Potsdam
First Lady to FDR, filled in for him quite often and took a big role in politics. Held 348 press conferences and had her own newspaper column. Banned male reporters to encourage women reporters. FDR used her opinions to test limits. Left the DR and got Marian Anderson to sing at Lincoln Hall
Eleanor Roosevelt
Reform program. Works progress admin, an unemployment program. A job program for building infrastructure across the country including schools, parks, and more. Hired over 8 million people and built 124k bridges and 116k buildings.
WPA
The Levit family saw an opportunity in the uprise in marriages, and employed military tactics to create 38k houses
Levittowns
A black baseball player chosen to play for the white league due to his resilience, won the World Series and showed white and black people could work together
Jackie Robinson
Giving money to western countries to help rebuild from American government taxes. Soviets marketed this as being in debt to America.
Marshall plan
1948-1949: Soviets cut out traveling points in Berlin, and Americans sent planes over to bring supplies. Eventually Stalin looked too bad and unblocked. Could’ve sparked a war
Berlin blockade
House un American activities committee, investigated communist activity. Often violated the 1st amendment and put many Hollywood stars on black lists for promoting communism.
HUAC
First woman on the cabinet, first secretary on the department of labor. Promoted the social security act.
Francis Perkins
Brought cheap electricity to the rural areas using dams and power plants. Created jobs during the new deal.
Tennessee valley authority
African American leader who was involved with civil rights. Believed racial inequality to be a source and was against plessy vs. NAACP founder.
WEB Dubois
The 13th amendment, introduced for reconstruction
Abolished slavery in the united states
Weakened the 13th. Free black people (through the freedmen’s bureau) could be a part of a farmer’s system for a portion of the harvest, but often ended up in a cycle of debt caused by needing to purchase tools to do this work.
Sharecropping
14th amendment, introduced for reconstruction
Equal protection amongst all citizens
Weakened the 14th amendment, southern states started to test segregation laws at the local level before Plessy vs made it legal
Segregation
A city in New Orleans began segregating bus sections, causing a man named David Plessy to sue the city manager. The case reached the Supreme Court and the “separate but equal” law was established
Plessy vs Ferguson
15th amendment, introduced for reconstruction
Voting can’t be restricted on the basis of race
Weakened the 15th amendment. Included the grandfather clause, poll taxes, and targeted literacy tests
Voting requirements
Not as well funded as white schools due to wealth disparity (richer neighborhoods meant richer schools)
Black schools
A black woman journalist who often exposed African american injustice. After her friend (who had tensions rising with a fellow grocery store owner) was lynched after a brawl, and she realized it was a way to keep them in control.
Ida B Wells
Done with the excuse of protecting white women, but was a way to keep black people from speaking up for themselves.
Lynching
Made legal by Plessy Vs Ferguson. Separate but equal. Whites made decisions and blacks had to listen. Anti ethnic mixing
Segregation
Black people pointed out the hypocrisy in the criticisms of the holocaust while discrimination (lynching, voting rights, education, segregation) was still rampant back home. Victory against fascism, victory back home
Double v movement
As suburbs became more popular, the mass produced houses began to segregate between the rich and poor, and white and black. This caused lower property values, acts not doing much for black peoples, and less property tax for schools, plus lower health and higher policing. Richer homes meant more time, higher incomes, more funded.
redlining
July 1948. Grew up around racism, but was encouraged to take action after black veterans were lynched. Needed the black vote. Fully succeeded six years later
Truman desegregating the military
founder of the NAACP. A leader in African american history, split with Washington after not wanting to give up rights to please the south.
Dubois
Founded by Dubois, still around post-WW2. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Fought for Brown Vs
NAACP
Didn’t want to send daughter to a far away black school. Went to the Supreme Court, and eventually desegregated schools
Brown vs the board of education
The head attorney chosen by NAACP for Brown Vs. Brought a child psychologist to Alabama who, using dolls, proved insecurity in black children.
Thurgood Marshall
FDR, Churchill, and Stalin. Three men with big egos telling everyone else what to do
the big three
Elected over Hoover, did the new deal, one of the big three. Elected four times
FDR
England prime minister, well liked. One of the big three. In power during WW2 when England was being bombed. Couldn’t help america during the war due to a failing economy. During Potsdam, he lost his election and was called back
Winston Churchill
new prime minister and member of the big three after churchill. Elected because England was tired of getting into wars
Stevenson
Leader of the Soviet Union.one of the big three. Killed more than Hitler in the end, wanted a second front from FDR as his people were dying.
Joseph Stalin
February 1945, a city in a small island in Ukraine. The big three met and knew they were going to defeat the Germans
Yalta
Stalin wanted this and exchanged it for helping FDR in Japan. Later, Truman argued against this deal when FDR died
Yalta agreement, second front and agricultural germany, occupation in germany
July 1945, the new big three (Stevenson, Truman, Stalin) met in a suburban town just outside of Berlin. It was more of a victory lap/party.
Potsdam
Wasn’t told about the Yalta agreement, since FDR kept him from knowing anything as his VP. He believed modern society was the future and that FDR wouldn’t agree. Stalin took this as America not caring about the soviet union
Truman
A project splitting uranium atoms in the deserts of New Mexico to make atomic weapons. Truman got the call about these tests while in Potsdam and told Stalin, and it may had been taken as a threat
Manhattan project
We’re good, you’re bad, socialists and communists are evil. The government knew soviet missiles couldn’t reach us, but citizens didnt. Many were paranoid of soviet spies. Rights were violated
Red scare
A married Jewish couple who were giving atomic secrets and put to death due to the red scare
Rosenbergs
- Germany was split between the americans, French, British, and soviets. Berlin was in the soviet section but split similarly. Soviets cut off traveling points in protest of the rest of the country being modernized. America risked a third war and flew planes over to provide supplies. Stalin stopped due to looking like the bad guy
Berlin blockade
war amongst capitalists, middle class, communists, etc. Wanted help from England but couldn’t receive it due to focusing efforts at home. Called upon the United States and Truman sent weapons and money
Greece
Containment of communism, can’t do anything about where it already is but can prevent it from spreading
Truman doctrine
Shown in the Truman doctrine and in Greece’s war, number one US policy
Containment
Iceland, Scotland, wales, England, Norway, Denmark, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Italy, Greece, turkey, west germany, Portugal. If you attack one of us, you attack all of us. Military bases in all these countries with nuclear missiles targeting soviets
NATO/North American treaty organization
Russia, Poland, east germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Moldova, Bulgaria. Had nuclear missiles but no rocket technology until the 70s. Bases targeted European countries instead
Warsaw pact
1945-1989. No actual war occurred. Nuclear threat with Russia gaining missile technology that could reach america in the 70s, began after WW2. Intensified the red scare
Cold war
Hollywood was seen as a talking piece for communism, blacklists were created after the HUAC began investigating these claims and caused a brief downfall before movies had to be extremely pro-american
Hollywood blacklist
Gay employees fired in fear of being corrupted by communism or forced to spy. Followed an era of community since gays could leave small town life. Sex crime panic, especially with gay men. “Treatment” allowed arrest, and McCarthy called homosexuality a risk
Lavender scare
Organized a parade and the national woman’s party, protested Woodrow Wilson and got arrested for a silent protest, went on a hunger strike and got the story out
Alice Paul
Allowed women the right to vote
19th amendment
A part of progressivism, caused a stereotype of angry women. Wanted the woman vote in 20s
Women’s suffrage
Began to prey on women’s insecurities in order to promote makeup and other beauty products
Advertising in the 20s
After being denied permission to play in the constitutional hall by the Dr, Eleanor resigned her membership and got her to sing at the Lincoln memorial
Marian Anderson
Due to men being gone for war, women had to take their jobs. Rose to 50%
Women workers
An advertising campaign to encourage women to work, and an identity for these women
Rosie the Riveter
Treated unequally and not offered as many jobs
Black women
Moved to the suburbs with her husband and wrote for women’s magazines, wrote a book “the feminist mystique” pointing out this grooming to be housewives
Betty Friedan
The new ideal goal for middle class women, encouraged to do all the household work instead of working and criticized for not finding satisfaction in this and given medication
Housewife
Women’s magazines written by men, using images of women to promote household items and supplies, and encouraging women to be housewives while criticizing them for not liking it.
Advertising in the 50s
Increased in the 20s with a successful economy, the middle class had extra spending money and advertising circled around this. Credit helped
Consumerism
Being able to spend money you didn’t yet have and pay it back over time. Ended up racking up debts and caused the depression
Credit
Too much money was given out, so others lost money they couldn’t give back. Couldn’t be paid back, caused depression
Loans
Loans were given out for this, crashed and pushed the depression
Stock market, Wall Street crash of 29
A series of programs by FDR to help the people out of the depression
New Deal
Unemployment program, developed the underdeveloped part of the country with electricity and transportation, created jobs and electricity.
TVA/Tennessee valley authority
Unemployment program, targeted unemployment in the cities. Shipped out young men to rural areas to send money back and clean up the environment
CCC/Civilian Conservation Corps
Unemployment program, built infrastructure across the country including schools and parks. Put money into the economy to fix it
WPA/works progress administration
Safety net program, helping those hit by natural disasters with taxpayer money
FERA/federal emergency relief act
Safety net program, retired workers and handicapped provided with payment through paychecks of working class
SSA/social security admin
Economic security program, ensure confidence in the stock market to get more to invest since many lost money via the stock market. Stock cops watched transactions
SEC/security exchange commission
Economic security program, confidence in banks after being closed for a while. Insured even if they close, and insures deposits to get money back in the economy. Guarantees you won’t lose your money
FDIC/federal deposit insurance coporation
Provided soldier jobs and more jobs for women, later rose the standard for living
WW2 lifting us out of depression
Half of american families entered this, nuclear family, advertising and consumer goods
Middle class
An increase in household items like washing machines, dishwashers, vacuums, etc. due to the middle class having spending money, and could be bought on credit. Advertised towards women
Consumer goods
With soldiers coming back, the average age dropped as even teen magazines started promoting this
Marriage/children boom
Towns created by the masses for middle class families that were bought for cheap and stimulated the economy. The ideal life
Suburbs
Housing segregation and redlining caused suburban homeowners to have more time and therefore money, better schools, etc while lower classes didn’t
Wealth gap 50s
Germany, Italy, Great Britain, and France sign this, by which Czechoslovakia must surrender its border regions and defenses (the so-called Sudeten region) to Nazi Germany. German troops occupy these regions between October 1 and 10, 1938.
Munich agreement
American B-29 bomber dropped the world’s first deployed atomic bomb over the Japanese city. The explosion immediately killed an estimated 80,000 people; tens of thousands more would later die of radiation exposure.
Hiroshima
provided World War II veterans with funds for college education, unemployment insurance, and housing. Stimulated the economy by putting more people in college and getting them houses (consumer culture)
GI bill
1956, authorized the building of highways throughout the nation, which would be the biggest public works project in the nation’s history. Needed for transportation and defense
interstate highway bill
First satellite to orbit earth during the Cold War space race
Sputnik
Inspired by the historic bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama, in 1955, Baker co-founded the organization In Friendship to raise money to fight against Jim Crow Laws in the deep South.
Ella Baker
led the Soviet Union during the height of the Cold War, serving as premier from 1958 to 1964. *he initiated a process of “de-Stalinization” that made Soviet society less repressive.
Nikita Khrushchev
Founded by an interracial group of pacifists, sit ins in northern cities to integrate restaurants
CORE/congress of racial equality
Linking black struggles worldwide
Black internationalism
Separated to communist north and anti south in 1945 between America and Soviets
Korea
kept the immigration quota in place after it previously was loosened, and deported suspected communist immigrants
McCarren-Walter act
Americans moved west and western cities grew, life centered around the car, suburban life
Going west
Replaced economic independence and democratic participation as central definitions of freedom. Demonstrated the superiority to communism. Ford cars, TV sets
Consumer culture
white collar workers outnumbering blue collar, less factory workers, successful unions, 70% working women
50s workforce
A boycott sparked by Rosa parks refusing to give up her seat
Montgomery bus boycott
Trained in the black church, resonated with many, linked with internationalism.
MLK
Coalition of black ministers and activists to press for desegregation, knew they couldn’t gain their rights without intervention. Pushed to have these movements come to pass
SCLC/southern Christian leadership conference
After Plessy Vs was overturned with Brown vs Board, nine kids went to a white highschool
Little Rock nine
A group who accused 10 people in Hollywood of pro-communist messaging, especially Jews, with photocopied membership cards. Embarrassed congress but made Hollywood pledge against communism
HUAC/house of un american activities committee
Had free democratic elections, but the chosen leaders were pro-union. The US, who had oil and fruit companies in these places, accused these leaders of being communist and the CIA assassinated them and replaced them with dictators so we would have cheap access to oil and fruit
Iran and Guatemala
Expanded to black people because of Truman, increased
Social security and minimum age
50s union membership increased, and a lot of the factory workers got to live in the suburbs. Established the right to unions
Wagner act
