Final Flashcards
With a booming economy, William Levit sees an opportunity to use military methods to mass produce homes on farmland. Houses were broken down into 27 stages and could be put up in one day, and by 1958 there were 38k sold for 10k each. Suburbs
Levittowns
Born with the last name Little, changed because Little was never his name due to slavery. Quit Islam and became a civil rights leader, rejecting nonviolence and inspiring the Black Panthers.
Malcolm X
One of Carter’s highest foreign policy achievements, 1977. Was a safer method of traveling commercially and militarily, but belonged to the United States. Carter found this unfair and gave it back, getting criticisms from republicans but gradually gave it back by 2000.
Panama Canal
1948-1949. After Germany was split, Berlin was as well, and soviets blocked out traveling points for all of Berlin. The US flew planes over anyway despite the risk, but were never shot down because Stalin didn’t want to start another world war. Lost public opinion and opened it back up in 1949.
Berlin blockade
Expanded new deal in the 60s. A war on poverty to shift the economy. Done by LBJ, 200 laws/programs for education, healthcare, housing. Medicare, Medicaid, food stamps, NEA. Public transportation, schools, voting rights, PBS, civil rights, equal opportunity clause.
The great society.
Bobby Seale and Huey Newton inspired by Malcolm X, self defense. Police alert patrol used arms to defend themselves, but more energy was put into social programs targeted at poor black people. 60s
Black panthers
Leader of the Vietnam independence movement, fought back the French after they returned after WW2. In 1950 started to gain money and weapons from China. A nationalist, but called a communist. Lead the North in the war and promised land to voters.
Ho Chi Minh
Wisconsin Senator during the 1950s red scare. During a speech claimed to have a list of 250 communists. Conducted hearings that lead to over 2k employees being fired. Started accusing army officials and was debunked.
Joseph McCarthy
Founded the national farm workers association in Through a series of marches, national consumer boycotts, and fasts, the United Farm Workers union attracted national headlines, gained labor contracts with higher wages and improved working conditions, galvanizing the Chicano movement. Got the Nobel peace prize after death.1962
Cesar Chavez
natives weren’t considered citizens in the late 60s, so the movement started so they could embrace their cultures and not live in only reservations. Self governance, better education, jobs, recognition of history, culture, and religions. Alcatraz had a protest that showed all american land was native land
American Indian movement
homosexuality was seen as a mental disorder and a weakness for communism. A gay bar that paid off police was raided in 1969 unprompted. Many protested and outnumbered the police, and when they shoved trans people and attacked the crowd, they fought back. The coverage showed gays holding hands and abandoned respectability politics. the first pride parades started a year later
Stonewall Riot
1972, five men met at watergate hotel to break into the national democratic committee to get Nixon reelected. After being caught, it was revealed that NIxon’s team had hired them, and Nixon controlled the watergate information, altering tapes that were sent to the public. It became clear he was involved and he resigned in 1974
Watergate
Written by Betty Friedan in the 50s after being denied from writing about it in the magazines. Housewives were unhappy, and she made others not feel so alone. Became a handbook for the feminist movement
The Feminine Mystique
When LBJ was claiming success in Vietnam, Vietnam soldiers reported on their losses and lack of direction. Credible people must be telling the truth, so there was a distrust in the presidency that pushed the counter culture movement
Credibility gap
If anyone attacks one of us, everyone attacks back. 1949, included Iceland, Scotland, Wales, England, Norway, Denmark, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Italy, Greece, Turkey, west Germany, Portugal. US military bases in all these countries with missiles targeting soviets.
NATO/ North American Treaty Organization
1973, decided upon by the Supreme Court that claimed the right to privacy meant the government can’t intrude on the privacy of one’s body. Most people didn’t care much, but it later became central to the culture wars.
Roe v. Wade
Considered Carter’s biggest victory in 1978. Met privately with the leaders of Israel and Egypt over the conflict between Israel and Muslim neighbors. He was able to get the two countries to agree to the peace deal still in place today.
Camp David accords
Prevalent in the 80s and put a huge downfall in the gay community. A sexually transmitted disease ignored by Reagan. Little to no research was done and over a hundred thousand young gay men in cities died. Eventually the FDA and CDIC were given funding to research
AIDS
Americans had to withdraw after scheduled attacks by North Korea. 1968. Shattered confidence in America since before, LBJ was claiming victory.
Tet offensive
American feminist movement group that advocated for the rights of women in 60s US. Wanted access to child care, colleges, more prestigious jobs.
National organization for women/NOW
LBJ gained support from this in 1963. Body of water in the north, Johnson claimed that a naval ship was accidentally in North Korea water space and fired at twice. Told the people to write in to congressmen to fight against communists. The ship turned out to actually be a spy ship shot at by a fishing boat.
Gulf of Tonkin
1956, authorized the building of highways throughout the nation, which would be the biggest public works project in the nation’s history. Needed for transportation and defense
Interstate highway bill
During the 1978 Iranian revolution, they took over the US embassy and held 52 people hostage for 444 days. Jimmy Carter made this a big movement and announced he was going to stay in the White House and put all his attention to getting the hostages out, and wouldn’t do anything that would put them in danger. Released on Reagan’s inaugaration. Huge media presence
Iran hostage crisis
First satellite to orbit Earth during the 50s space race between the US and the Soviet Union. Soviet satellite.
Sputnik
A black man who played baseball for the dodgers, an all white team, in the 40s. Was picked due to being resilient, and the image of the dodgers winning the World Series and celebrating together gave a strong message about segregation.
Jackie Robinson
A republican in the 30s, but most democrats agreed with his laissez faire theory. Tried to put programs in place and raise taxes, but it didn’t work and just made him seem uncaring. Told the public that the depression was normal and would end. Pocket liners called Hoover flags, newspapers Hoover blankets, etc. the face of the depression
Herbert Hoover
Became a big issue in the 70s. Inflation with high unemployment and a slow-growing economy. Japan and Germany became better at manufacturing. Reaganomics helped recover
Stagflation
Bombing groups during the anti war movement who planted bombs in buildings, until three members blew themselves up and they claimed responsibility for all bombings.
Weathermen
Published about Vietnam and leaked against the will of Nixon in 1971. revealed that the United States had expanded its war with the bombing of Cambodia and Laos, coastal raids on North Vietnam, and Marine Corps attacks. Distrust in government
Pentagon papers
To achieve desegregation, white kids were bused to schools in areas with a large black population and vice versa. Sparked a culture war due to government involvement. Opened by Charlotte NC and West Charlotte High was a great example, but in Boston parents were anti bussing. Protests were huge after a white student was high
Busing
Clean water, clean air act in 1969 by the nixon White House. Federal agency meant to make sure the water we drink and air we breathe is safe. Regulations on pollution in cars
EPA/environmental protection agency
a leader in black history, contributed against struggles and to the civil rights transformation in America. Civil rights, split with Washington over sacrificing rights for the vote of the south. Founded the NAACP.
WEB Dubois
Killed in 1968. A pastor, leader of the SCLC. Committed to non violence.
MLK
Lynched for hitting on a white woman by her husband and brother in law. His mother decided on an open casket funeral to showcase the violence of racism. Murderers found not guilty and later bragged about the case.
Emmett Till
Sat on a segregated bus and didn’t get up for a white person. Was arrested, and inspired the montgomery bus boycott held by the NAACP and segregation was later outlawed on buses in 1956
Rosa Parks
Defined civil rights as a moral issue
JFK
Signed the civil rights act of 1964
LBJ
previous secretary of NYC’s NAACP, became a leader of SCLC. Organized non-violence camps to teach black people how to respond to violence from the Montgomery bus boycott
Ella Baker
Founded by Dubois, led the Brown Vs case. Sued the government over the Rosa Parks case. Targeted one thing at a time in the 50s for desegregation like schools, buses, libraries, etc. Used protests, disobedience, and the media.
NAACP/national association for the advancement of colored people
Lead by MLK, took a more nonviolent approach. Baptist church, also lead by Ella Baker. Held nonviolence camps. Launched project C and protested, held sit-ins.
SCLC/southern church leader conference
an area in NYC that was a huge part of the roaring twenties and brought black culture into the mainstream with jazz and people like Duke Ellington
Harlem Renaissance
Brown sued the school board due to wanting his daughters to go to a nearby school, Thurgood Marshall of the NAACP brought a psychologist to childrens schools and won the case. 1954
brown vs the board of education
post-WW2, black people started to point out the hypocrisy in criticizing Germany but not the south. Victory abroad and victory at home
Double v movement
1964, signed by LBJ. Predicted democrats would lose the south for two generations.
civil rights act
Black and white people riding buses to check on segregation. Attacked by the KKK 1961-1964
freedom rides
50s housing being built according to the people living in them. Black areas had worse food, funding, stores, schools
redlining
Founded the national women’s party, held a protest outside Wilson’s white house and held hunger protests in jail. Anti war, pro womens rights 20s
Alice Paul
redefined the first lady position and held over 348 press conferences, was often viewed as the mastermind behind it. allowed marian anderson to sing at the lincoln memorial when the women’s rights group wouldn’t allow her. Advocate for women’s rights
Eleanor Roosevelt
Author of the feminine mystique, wrote for magazines and noticed the housewife issue
Betty friedan
supported the 15th amendment and got wilson to sign the 19th to gain women’s support. Focused on lobbying and the states
NAWSA
younger women wanted more autonomy, big part of 70s feminist movement
NOW/national organization of women
Began in clubs and grew in the 20s. Stereotypes of angry women. Wanted the right to vote, but fear women will become more like men
suffrage
passed by wilson and one vote, gave women the right to vote 1919
19th amendment
movement in the 30sthat encouraged women to work in the place of men during WW2. Often factory jobs that didn’t offer black women as many opportunities
rosie the riveter
an ideal in the 50s that led to medicating housewifes blight, promoted household items with the image of women, made men unrest with ptsd and jobs, man in the grey suit. Unhappy suburban life
conformism
a competition in the 50s that promoted an impossible ideal woman and was cause for much protest in the 70s
miss america
1972, focused on women but included everyone. Trying to be passed since the 20s but hasn’t passed senate, house, or the states. Often thought to take away instead of give
equal rights amendment
an idea promoted by mcarthyism that homosexuality was a weakness for communists. Men arrested and often sent to camps 40s-60s. lots of gays in cities since they could leave small towns, mental illness
lavendar scare
Republicans often wanted to represent this group. Born from anti-protesting sentiment. Criticism of counter culture, wanted to protect war, families, christianity, etc. Pro american
silent majority
seen as drugs, sex, and rock and roll. Anti conformist and didn’t trust the government. Seen as a threat to the american way with how they left cities, slept around, etc.
counter culture
More men and explosives were sent despite knowing that the war was unwinnable. Claimed everything was okay and they were winning, but so much funding and time and focus was going into it that people began to mistrust the government. The south ended up losing after american troops were sent home. LBJ personally selected where bombs would fall. 60k american deaths. Troops pulled 1973 but all gone 1975, south lost immediately.
vietnam war
Went on TV to claim that vietnam was going well, spent a lot of money on the war on the idea of not wanting to be the president that lost a war. Lost the white south with the civil rights act
LBJ
Vietnam increased this due to causality rates. Especially popular with college students, because people could get out of the war by going to college. Were assaulted by police officers in Chicago in the late 60s. Made a gap amongst democrats. Over 80% of colleges started strikes and Kent State’s protest resulted in four deaths. Basically ended in 70s due to the violence.
anti-war movement
April 1980, an attempted rescue that failed. Eight helicopters tried to come to Iran’s desert during a sand storm. Completely failed, at least two crashed. Bad publicity.
iranian hostage crisis rescue
The american government sold arms to Iran for money to support people in Nicaguaga who were fighting the Sandinistas. Were promised to release american hostages from lebanon. Claimed to had overlooked the whole thing “out of concern” for the hostages after denying it was true
Reagan and Iran
1982, america will not overthrow another govenrment. Ignored because how could we denounce communism but allow it somewhere else?
Boland amendment
Regularly wanted traditional, simpler times. Cut funding to programs that helped women and children, using a woman who had stolen from these welfare programs as a “welfare queen” poster child. Against the EEA.
Reagan and women’s rights
would’ve given equal employment opportunities to government contracted companies. Reagan disapproved due to not believing in government involvement
Equal employment act/civil restoration act
Workers who follow the rules vs hippies. Abortion. AIDS. Homosexuality and Anita Bryant. Begun by the equal rights amendment in 1972. Vietnam, anti war. Popular in 70s and 80s, most common subjects abortion and gay rights
culture wars
Strong economic relations to America, but had huge class divides. Castro eventually took over, and the United States staged an attack that failed. Florida was flooded with middle class immigrants. JFK dropped bombs on Cuba painted to be unmarked, but the US were the only ones with airforce in 1961. Castro then allied with the soviet union who sent a boat that may had had missiles, and a blockade was placed. Got exiles to invade and throw over disguised. Didn’t go well
Cuba/bay of pigs
1971, Nixon put this in place, didn’t show any increase in demand and therefore caused shortages that affected the economy. Paid in time
price ceilings
Created cars that were cheaper, higher quality, and gave more miles per gallon than American cars. Contributed to stagflation due to this new competition
Japan/German manufacturing
Fuel shortages skyrocketed gasoline prices and how much could be given per person was decreased, when America was relying too much on foreign oil that wasn’t available to them due to their support of Israel in the middle east war
Oil crisis 1973
Drop in iranian production due to the revolution once again led to skyrocketing prices
oil crisis 1979
Ford’s only well known welfare program, meant to encourage personal savings and spending less on goods.
Whip inflation now
1995 due to disagreements between a republican house and democrat president. Three weeks, people relying on government couldn’t get their money. Wanted to balance the federal budget his way instead of cutting on core programs. Did want to cut taxes and programs, but not core ones. Republicans were threatening to shut down the government and Clinton’s approval ratings made them cry uncle
governemnt shutdown clinton
had claimed that he would not increase taxes, but later had to negotiate higher taxes in 1990 with a democratic congress to justify domestic spending. All Clinton did in reelection was point out this mistrust.
Bush
Bombed in the middle eastern war and sent troops
NATO under Clinton
Put more focus on domestic terrorism issues and domestic policy
Clinton
an act by Hillary Clinton that was too complicated to sell to the public
health care initiative
replaced aid to poor families that gave money directly to mothers, but kept old welfare to keep the elderly vote. Blocked grants with strings attached
personal responsibility and work opportunity act 1996
Due to the faster manufacturing rate and the ease, consumerism skyrockets and the price of creating consumer goods goes down, making prices cheaper and the rich richer, but having a bad effect on labor countries. The longest period of economic expansion. capital flow more easily but crashes more likely
the effect of the internet on the economy
Invaded Kuwait and sent back out by American troops, but didn’t interfere any more than that due to the boland agreement.
Iraq war
was an American marine biologist, writer, and conservationist whose influential book Silent Spring (1962) and other writings are credited with advancing the global environmental movement.
Rachel Carlson
A political ad by Bush against Dukakis that struck racial fears from prison passes
Willie Horton ad
Bank owners, after their regulations were lessened by reagan, gave out loans more easily, including Bush’s son. Loans and savings were lost and taxpayers had to pay over 124 billion dollars.
90s banks
- can’t discriminate based on disabilities
Wheelchair ramps, cutouts, public transportation, bathroom access, elevators. Captioning for deaf people, guide dogs
Opened things up because he was a WW2 veteran who lost the use of his arm for a while, partnered this bill with the republican head of Senate who was also a veteran that lost the use of his arm permanently
Seen as pro-veteran, helped disabled people
Bush’s ADA/americans with disabilites act
Four police officers beat a black man in 1991 LA and were found not guilty, causing rioting and 54 deaths. later, Bush’s department of justice found two guilty of violating civil rights federal laws
Rodney King
Both Clinton and Bush supported this. Made there be little red tape or regulations for trading and selling across Canada, US, and Mexico boarders. Perot claimed jobs would be taken since manufacturing was cheaper in mexico and was right
NAFTA/ north american free trade agreement
Was a plan to get healthcare out to Americans, as many working class families would go in debt for medical care, which was absurd compared to other countries. ended up not working because he put his wife to it, and due to culture wars, it was disliked
Bill/Hillary Clinton and healthcare reform
1993 policy that gay people can’t be kicked out of the military if they don’t talk about it. Culture wars believed this weakened the military
don’t ask don’t tell
An attempt to present a democratic president who was “tough on crime”
We start to see a lot more harsher judgements and sentiments for things considered petty or nonviolent crimes beforehand
The beginnings of where we are today; all western democracies, nobody except China have more percentage of people in jail than the US
Clintons 1994 crime bill
Advocated that the less government, the better. Wanted social security and medicare defunded.
Newt Gingrich
Clinton and Gore were this, the idea of democrats who wanted to keep some welfare but ultimately make government less powerful
neoliberalism
The third great awakening brought upon white Protestant evangelicals, Reagan was the poster child. Culture wars. The new deal had expanded government’s role, and the 70s had democrats pushing civil rights and liberal reforms. After the government proved themselves unable to be trusted, and the economy worsened, Goldwater’s campaign plants many seeds and the silent majority only increased this.
rise of conservatism
Politically active religious conservatives, anti feminism, abortion, porn, rock, and homosexuality. Promoted traditional values.
Moral majority
Economic growth in the 80s and the end of stagflation, increased deficits and increase in income inequality
Reaganomics result
Under Reagan’s foreign relations wing, the Berlin Wall falls and Eastern Europe separates from USSR control.
Fall of soviet union
1948 under Truman, took years to complete but was done
Desegregation of the military
Younger black power movement by 1965 that broke away from SCLC due to generational differences. Wanted a better life and more access, rejected the baby steps of SCLC
SNCC
1975 took over for Nixon, vetoed over 90 bills due to democratic congress. Found bussing to be overreaching. Pardoned Nixon and made it impossible to win later.
Ford
An anti war university in which police opened fire on students, killing four. All black campus that killed two kids
Kent State/Jackson State
Scandal from Clinton revealed after his accusations of using insider knowledge to purchase land. Divided people on him lying under oath.
Monica Lewinsky
Reason of Iranian protests. Brought to the US for medical care and sparked outrage over the dictators enemies.
Shah
A dog whistle, because it was the place where three civil rights workers were murdered (possibly by police) to talk about states rights
Reagan in Philadelphia
First woman on the Supreme Court in the 80s
Sandra Day O’Connor
An idea promoted by Reagan of women (typically black) “milking the system” and cutting programs by 25%
Welfare queen
1965, black southerners regained the suffrage that had been stripped from them. Poll tax and literacy tests eliminated
Voting rights act
The first gay rights organization in 1951, founded by Harry Hat. Worked to portray gays as average americans
Mattachine society
Announced my Nixon after gaining presidency in 68. Slowly withdrawing troops from Vietnam. Didn’t end the war or the anti war movement. Instead sent troops into Cambodia and disrupted the place
Vietnamization
