MIDTERM Flashcards
what lipoprotein is high in coronary disease
LDL
risk factors for coronary disease
- having hypertension, diabetes, high cholesterol, obesity and sedentary lifestyle
- African American, male, XS alcohol, stress, smoking and family history
- high C protein levels
high homocysteine levels
what is arteriosclerosis
stiffening or hardening of artery walls
what is atherosclerosis
narrowing of artery because of plaque build up
function of coronary arteries
supply blood to myocardium and deliver blood nutrients
treatment for atherosclerosis are
- angioplasty
- coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)
- carotid endarterectomy
what is anigoplasty
small mesh tube placed in artery to keep open
what is coronary artery bypass grafting
healthy blood vessel used to bypass blocked artery
what is carotid endarterectomy
surgery to remove plaque buildup from carotid arteries in neck
myocardial infarction is the
destruction or death of myocardial cells due to insufficiency of oxygen
what medical treatments (drugs) are given for coronary disease
- cholesterol lowering drugs
- aspirin (blood thinner to reduce blood clots)
- beta blockers (lower heart rate and bp)
-nitroglycerin (control chest pain)
-ACE inhibitors (lower bp) - digitalis (increase strength of heart)
what is angia
chest pain due to ischemia or reduced blood supply to heart
what is considered hypertension
systolic above 120-129
diastolic less than 80
what are the risk factors for hypertension
- ethnicity (African american)
- increased age >35
- family history
- obesity
- smoking
- XS alcohol
what are the different types of hypertension
prehypertension, stage 1 and stage 2
what is considered prehypertension
SBP >120 and <139
DBP >80 and <89
what is considered stage 1 hypertension
SBP 140-159
DBP 90-99
what is considered stage 2 hypertension
SBP >160
DBP >100
what are the complications of prolonged hypertension
vessel trauma and arteriosclerosis
- damage to heart, kidneys, NS, and eyes
- damage to blood vessels
what is the effect of salt in the diet
it can raise blood pressure
what is the function of the liver
- blood processing factory
- nutrient storage
- remove toxins
- remove damaged RBC
- regulate nutrient in blood
- secrete bile
- metabolism of everything
what are the different enzymes in the liver
- alanine aminotransferase
what is cirrhosis
- late stage of scarring of the liver
the complications of cirrhosis are
- ascites
- encephalopathy
- spontaneous bacterial pertionitis
- hepatorenal syndrome
- splenomegaly (low platelets)
- portal hypertension
stages of cirrhosis are
- liver cell necrosis
- inflammatory cell infilate
- fibrosis
- nodular regeneration
what is metabolic syndrome
- cluster of disorders of your body’s metabolism
what are the different factors in metabolic syndrome
- high bp
- high insulin
- XS body weight
- abnormal cholesterol levels
signs and symptoms of metabolic syndrome are
central obesity, high bp, high triglycerides, low HDL, insulin resistance
how is diagnosis made for metabolic syndrome
need three of the following traits:
- abdominal obesity
- >150 mlg of triglycerides
- bp of 130/85 or higher
- HDL lower than 50 in women and 40 in men
treatment for metabolic syndrome is
diet and exercise
what life style choices are recommended to reduce risk of metabolic syndrome
- lose weight, exercise, stop smoking, and fiber rich foods
what is type 1 diabetes
cell that produce insulin are destroyed resulting in insulin dependence
what is type 2 diabetes
blood glucose high due to lack of insulin production and insulin resistance
what is gestational diabetes
diabetes that occurs in pregnant women
what is H1C
measurement of average blood sugar in the past 3 months
what factors contribute to development of obesity
energy intake, biological factors, energy expenditure, psychosocial, genetics, socio economic factors
the causes of diabetes are
sedentary lifestyle, genes, overweight, too much food intake
what is treatment for type 1 diabetes
treated with insluin
the effects of insulin are
- increase glucose utilization in skeletal muscle
- suppress hepatic glucose production
- inhibit lipolysis
what is the first line of treatment for type 2 diabetes
metformin
ascites is caused by
accumulation of free fluid in peritoneum
how to check for ascites
check serum ascites albumin gradient
purpose of troponin test
test for myocardial damage
purpose of creatine kinase test
specific for when skeletal muscle damage is not present
high c protein levels are associated with
increased atherosclerosis and high risk for coronary heart disease
high homocysteine levels associated with
damage to artery walls and increase risk of clots
alkaline phosphatase
produced in bile ducts, intestine, kidney
bilirubin
product that results from destruction of old red blood cells
albumin
is synthesized by liver
prothrombin time is
necessary for blood clotting
management of ascites
salt restrict, fluid restrict, diuretics
what medications are given for metabolic syndrome
weight loss: meridia and xenical
insulin sensitizers: thiuazolidiendiones and metformin to decrease insulin resistance
medications to control metabolic syndrome individual risk factors include:
- aspirin to reduce risk of heart attack
- lower blood pressure medications
- medications to lower cholesterol (niacin, statins, and fibrates)
