FINAL Flashcards
what are the types of strokes
- haemorragic stroke: rupture causes bleeding
- ischemic stroke: clot blocks blood to brain
What is FAST
F: face drooping
A: arm weakness
S: speech difficulty
T: time to call 911
warning signs of stroke are
- weakness
- trouble speaking
- vision problems
- headache
- dizziness
modifiable risk factors for stroke are
- hypertension
- hypercholesterolemia
- partial fibrillation
- diabetes
- smoking
- overweight
- physical inactivity
- XS alcohol
- stress
non modifiable risk factors for stroke are
- age (over 65)
- gender (women lower risk before menopause)
- ethnicity (African American or South Asian)
- family history
- prior stroke
symptoms of stroke are
- numbness or weakness on one side of body
- confusion, dizziness, trouble speaking
- trouble seeing out of one eye
- vomiting
- body tired
- trouble walking
effects of a stroke include
- paralysis/ weakness to one side of body
- vision issue
- communication problem
- personality changes
- depresssion
what are treatment options for stroke
- medications for clots
- injection of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)
- tPA injected in brain
- remove clot using stent retriever
- surgical blood vessel repair
time for treatment for stroke is important because
- without fast treatment, chance of reducing stroke damage decreases
the arteries most frequently affected in stroke are
middle cerebral artery
what pathological remark have scientist found for parkinsons
- results from degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in substantial nigra
- Lewy bodies develop inside nerves cells
what are the different symptoms in different stages of Parkinson’s
stage 1: mild symptoms one one side, friends notice
stage 2: symptoms bilateral, minimal diability, gait affected
stage 3: significant slowing, dysfunction severe
stage 4: severe symptoms, walking limited, bradykinesia
stage 5: cachectic, complete invalidism, unable to walk/stand
treatment for Parkinson’s includes
increasing dopamine or inhibit actions of acetylcholine in brain
drugs used to increase dopamine are
-levodopa
- selegiline
- amantodine
- carbidopa
- talcopone
what important remark have scientist found for alzehmiers
- plaques deposits of beta-amyloid build in nerve cells
- tangles of twisted fibers called tau build up
risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease are
age, genetics, lifestyle, head trauma, clinical depression, Down syndrome, environmental
treatment for Alzheimer’s is
antidepressants, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, NMDA antagonist
symptoms for different stages of alzhemiers are
stage 1: normal
stage 2: very mild cognitive decline
stage 3: mild cognitive decline
stage 4: moderate cognitive decline
stage 5: moderately severe
stage 6: severe
stage 7: very severe
how long does alzhemiers affect for
what can we do to prevent alzhemiers
morphology of RBC in sickle cell disease are
RBC are hard, sticky, and shaped like sickles
sickle cell anemia is what type of disorder
inherited red blood cell disorder
normal structure of hemoglobin is
round and move through small blood tubes
what causes sickle cell disease
single amino acid substitution of valine replacing glutamine in 6th position of beta chain of globin
what race is primary affected in sickle cell disease
African americans predominantly affected
what is cause of death for people with sickle cell disease
acute chest syndrome
treatment for sickle cell disease
- pain medicine
- heating pads
- hydroxyurea
- blood transfusion
lab tests in sickle cell disease
hemoglobin electrophoresis used to measure and id types of hemoglobin in blood
symptoms of sickle cell disease
- fever, chest pain, difficulty breathing, priapism, leg ulcer
life of normal RBC vs. sickle cells
normal RBC 120 days
sickle cells 10-20 days
what are the two major causes of COPD
chronic bronchitis and emphysema
symptoms of COPD include
- shortness of breath
- chronic cough
- chest tightness
- fatigue
- mucus
what can cause COPD
- smoking and prolonged exposure to harmful gases (ex. second hand smoke, industrial smoke, dust)
risk factors for COPD is
- history of childhood respiratory infections
- genetic makeup
- increasing age
ways to prevent/slow COPD
- stop smoking, avoid second hand smoke
what medications are given for COPD
- bronchodilators: relaxes muscles around airways
- steroids: reduce inflammation
- oxygen therapy: helps with shortness of breath
describe stage 1 COPD
airflow limitation, no symptoms or chronic cough XS mucus
describe stage 2 COPD
- airflow limitation worsens, start of symptoms (shortness of breath) with cough and sputum production
describe stage 3 COPD
- limitations to airflow significant, shortness of breath evident, fatigue quickly
describe stage 4 COPD
quality of life impaired and COPD exacerbations are life threatening, chronic respiratory failure often
what are the methods to maintain quality of life for those with COPD
- quit smoking
- get vaccines
- use rescue inhalers
- take medications
- work with pulmonary specialist
- eat well for energy
volumes and capacities in COPD
FEV1 reading during the different stages of COPD
stage 1: > 80%
stage 2: 50-79%
stage 3: 30-49%
stage 4: < 30%
what is the function of nephrons
transfer waste products from blood to urine
- about 1 million per kidney
functions of kidneys are
- remove toxic waste products
- remove XS water and salt
- control BP
- produce epo
- help keep calcium and phosphate
- maintain proper pH
filtration rate per minute, per hour, per day
90-120 mL/min
180 L per day
risk for kidney disease are
- age more than 60
- hypertension and diabetes
- cardiovascular disease
- family history
- race (African american) and hispanics
treatment for ESKD
- hemodialysis: remove impurities from blood
factor for intervention in CKD
prerenal cause of kidney disease
- caused by conditions that reduce blood flow to kidney
- high amount of nitrogen waste in blood
renal cause of kidney disease
- glomerular disease
- leads to ESRD
post renal cause of kidney disease
- an obstruction of some kind
- ex. bladder cancer, uric acid crystals
nephrotoxic drugs
acetaminophen, aspirin, NSAIDs, ibuprofen
lab exams in CKD
- serum creatinine (for GFR)
- protein-creatinine ratio
- examination of urine sediment
- imaging of kidneys
- serum electrolytes
stages of CKD
stage 1: GFR >90
stage 2: GFR 60-89
stage 3: GFR 30-59
stage 4: 15-29
stage 5: < 15
types of multiple sclerosis
- relapsing remitting
- secondary progressive
- primary progressive
- progressive relapsing
symptoms of multiple sclerosis
- fatigue
- vision problems *
- numbness and tingling *
- muscle spasms
- mobility problems *
- pain
- depression/anxiety
risk for MS include
- type 1 diabetes, thyroid disease, inflammatory bowl disease
- women
- age 20-40
lab exams for diagnosis of MS are
- MRI
- results from spinal tap (CSF)
- evoked potential tests
treatment for MS include
- immune suppressors
- management of treatments
- psychotherapy
