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FINAL Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

what are the types of strokes

A
  • haemorragic stroke: rupture causes bleeding
  • ischemic stroke: clot blocks blood to brain
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2
Q

What is FAST

A

F: face drooping
A: arm weakness
S: speech difficulty
T: time to call 911

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3
Q

warning signs of stroke are

A
  • weakness
  • trouble speaking
  • vision problems
  • headache
  • dizziness
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4
Q

modifiable risk factors for stroke are

A
  • hypertension
  • hypercholesterolemia
  • partial fibrillation
  • diabetes
  • smoking
  • overweight
  • physical inactivity
  • XS alcohol
  • stress
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5
Q

non modifiable risk factors for stroke are

A
  • age (over 65)
  • gender (women lower risk before menopause)
  • ethnicity (African American or South Asian)
  • family history
  • prior stroke
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6
Q

symptoms of stroke are

A
  • numbness or weakness on one side of body
  • confusion, dizziness, trouble speaking
  • trouble seeing out of one eye
  • vomiting
  • body tired
  • trouble walking
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7
Q

effects of a stroke include

A
  • paralysis/ weakness to one side of body
  • vision issue
  • communication problem
  • personality changes
  • depresssion
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8
Q

what are treatment options for stroke

A
  • medications for clots
  • injection of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)
  • tPA injected in brain
  • remove clot using stent retriever
  • surgical blood vessel repair
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9
Q

time for treatment for stroke is important because

A
  • without fast treatment, chance of reducing stroke damage decreases
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10
Q

the arteries most frequently affected in stroke are

A

middle cerebral artery

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11
Q

what pathological remark have scientist found for parkinsons

A
  • results from degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in substantial nigra
  • Lewy bodies develop inside nerves cells
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12
Q

what are the different symptoms in different stages of Parkinson’s

A

stage 1: mild symptoms one one side, friends notice
stage 2: symptoms bilateral, minimal diability, gait affected
stage 3: significant slowing, dysfunction severe
stage 4: severe symptoms, walking limited, bradykinesia
stage 5: cachectic, complete invalidism, unable to walk/stand

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13
Q

treatment for Parkinson’s includes

A

increasing dopamine or inhibit actions of acetylcholine in brain

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14
Q

drugs used to increase dopamine are

A

-levodopa
- selegiline
- amantodine
- carbidopa
- talcopone

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15
Q

what important remark have scientist found for alzehmiers

A
  • plaques deposits of beta-amyloid build in nerve cells
  • tangles of twisted fibers called tau build up
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16
Q

risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease are

A

age, genetics, lifestyle, head trauma, clinical depression, Down syndrome, environmental

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17
Q

treatment for Alzheimer’s is

A

antidepressants, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, NMDA antagonist

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18
Q

symptoms for different stages of alzhemiers are

A

stage 1: normal
stage 2: very mild cognitive decline
stage 3: mild cognitive decline
stage 4: moderate cognitive decline
stage 5: moderately severe
stage 6: severe
stage 7: very severe

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19
Q

how long does alzhemiers affect for

A
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20
Q

what can we do to prevent alzhemiers

A
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21
Q

morphology of RBC in sickle cell disease are

A

RBC are hard, sticky, and shaped like sickles

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22
Q

sickle cell anemia is what type of disorder

A

inherited red blood cell disorder

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23
Q

normal structure of hemoglobin is

A

round and move through small blood tubes

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24
Q

what causes sickle cell disease

A

single amino acid substitution of valine replacing glutamine in 6th position of beta chain of globin

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25
Q

what race is primary affected in sickle cell disease

A

African americans predominantly affected

26
Q

what is cause of death for people with sickle cell disease

A

acute chest syndrome

27
Q

treatment for sickle cell disease

A
  • pain medicine
  • heating pads
  • hydroxyurea
  • blood transfusion
28
Q

lab tests in sickle cell disease

A

hemoglobin electrophoresis used to measure and id types of hemoglobin in blood

29
Q

symptoms of sickle cell disease

A
  • fever, chest pain, difficulty breathing, priapism, leg ulcer
30
Q

life of normal RBC vs. sickle cells

A

normal RBC 120 days
sickle cells 10-20 days

31
Q

what are the two major causes of COPD

A

chronic bronchitis and emphysema

32
Q

symptoms of COPD include

A
  • shortness of breath
  • chronic cough
  • chest tightness
  • fatigue
  • mucus
33
Q

what can cause COPD

A
  • smoking and prolonged exposure to harmful gases (ex. second hand smoke, industrial smoke, dust)
34
Q

risk factors for COPD is

A
  • history of childhood respiratory infections
  • genetic makeup
  • increasing age
35
Q

ways to prevent/slow COPD

A
  • stop smoking, avoid second hand smoke
36
Q

what medications are given for COPD

A
  • bronchodilators: relaxes muscles around airways
  • steroids: reduce inflammation
  • oxygen therapy: helps with shortness of breath
37
Q

describe stage 1 COPD

A

airflow limitation, no symptoms or chronic cough XS mucus

38
Q

describe stage 2 COPD

A
  • airflow limitation worsens, start of symptoms (shortness of breath) with cough and sputum production
39
Q

describe stage 3 COPD

A
  • limitations to airflow significant, shortness of breath evident, fatigue quickly
40
Q

describe stage 4 COPD

A

quality of life impaired and COPD exacerbations are life threatening, chronic respiratory failure often

41
Q

what are the methods to maintain quality of life for those with COPD

A
  • quit smoking
  • get vaccines
  • use rescue inhalers
  • take medications
  • work with pulmonary specialist
  • eat well for energy
42
Q

volumes and capacities in COPD

A
43
Q

FEV1 reading during the different stages of COPD

A

stage 1: > 80%
stage 2: 50-79%
stage 3: 30-49%
stage 4: < 30%

44
Q

what is the function of nephrons

A

transfer waste products from blood to urine
- about 1 million per kidney

45
Q

functions of kidneys are

A
  • remove toxic waste products
  • remove XS water and salt
  • control BP
  • produce epo
  • help keep calcium and phosphate
  • maintain proper pH
46
Q

filtration rate per minute, per hour, per day

A

90-120 mL/min
180 L per day

47
Q

risk for kidney disease are

A
  • age more than 60
  • hypertension and diabetes
  • cardiovascular disease
  • family history
  • race (African american) and hispanics
48
Q

treatment for ESKD

A
  • hemodialysis: remove impurities from blood
49
Q

factor for intervention in CKD

A
50
Q

prerenal cause of kidney disease

A
  • caused by conditions that reduce blood flow to kidney
  • high amount of nitrogen waste in blood
51
Q

renal cause of kidney disease

A
  • glomerular disease
  • leads to ESRD
52
Q

post renal cause of kidney disease

A
  • an obstruction of some kind
  • ex. bladder cancer, uric acid crystals
53
Q

nephrotoxic drugs

A

acetaminophen, aspirin, NSAIDs, ibuprofen

54
Q

lab exams in CKD

A
  • serum creatinine (for GFR)
  • protein-creatinine ratio
  • examination of urine sediment
  • imaging of kidneys
  • serum electrolytes
55
Q

stages of CKD

A

stage 1: GFR >90
stage 2: GFR 60-89
stage 3: GFR 30-59
stage 4: 15-29
stage 5: < 15

56
Q

types of multiple sclerosis

A
  • relapsing remitting
  • secondary progressive
  • primary progressive
  • progressive relapsing
57
Q

symptoms of multiple sclerosis

A
  • fatigue
  • vision problems *
  • numbness and tingling *
  • muscle spasms
  • mobility problems *
  • pain
  • depression/anxiety
58
Q

risk for MS include

A
  • type 1 diabetes, thyroid disease, inflammatory bowl disease
  • women
  • age 20-40
59
Q

lab exams for diagnosis of MS are

A
  • MRI
  • results from spinal tap (CSF)
  • evoked potential tests
60
Q

treatment for MS include

A
  • immune suppressors
  • management of treatments
  • psychotherapy

medical syndromes (2 decks)

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