Midterm Flashcards
Taxon
Node
Indicate a common ancestor
Sister taxa
Paraphyletic
All members of the group have a common ancestor- but not a unique one
Monophyletic
All members of the group have a unique common ancestor
Species
Order
Class
Phylum
Kingdom
Aristotle
Believed organisms were divinely created and did not evolve. Used a ladder system from least to most complex
Van Leeuwenhoek
“Father of microbiology”- compound microscope
Linnaeus
“Father of modern taxonomy”- nested phylogenies and binomial nomenclature
Darwin
Evolution
Whittaker
Proposed five kingdom classification
Margolis
Endosymbiosis
Woese
Used ribosomal DNA and molecular data to split prokaryotes (K Monera) into 2 groups (Archaea & Bacteria), creating a 3 domain system
Archaea
Bacteria
Eukarya
Endosymbyosis
Chemoautotroph
Carries out chemosynthesis
Photoautotroph
Carries out photosynthesis
Chemoheterotroph
Animals like us
Photoheterotroph
RARE- energy source is light, gets carbon from organic compounds
Isogamy
Both gametes have similar morphology/ size
“+” individual can only mate with a gamete of another sign “-“, “*”, etc to increase genetic diversity
Anisogamy
Gametes have different morphology/ sizes
eg. sperm & egg
Parthenogenesis
An asexual form of reproduction in which an embryo develops without a gamete combining with another gamete.
Name the five Eukaryote supergroups
Excavata
Chromalveolata
Rhizaria
Archeplastida- plantae
Unikonta- fungi, animalia
Name the major groups of Archiplastida
Red Algae
Chlorophytes
Charophytes
Embryophytes
Red Algae live primarily in _____ ______ waters, and have a modified alternation generations with ______ sporophytes
clear tropical
two
When did plants invade land?
at least 475 million YA
What traits are shared between charophytes and embryophytes?
List the 5 traits shared by all embryophytes
Alternation of generations
Sporangia
Gametangia
“dependent” embryos (zygote-> embryo)
Apical meristems
Apical Meristem
Mitotic cell division at root and shoot tips
List the ten phyla of embryophytes– vascular or not? seeds?
Liverworts- NV, NS
Mosses- NV, NS
Hornworts- NV, NS
Club & spike mosses- V, NS
Ferns & Horsetails (pterophytes)- V, NS
Cycads- V, S
Conifers- V, S
Gingko- V, S
Gnetophyta- V, S
Angiosperms- V, S
Name the two types of vascular tissue and their functions
Xylem- transport water & inorganic nutrients
Phloem- transport carbs
Protonemata
Haploid filaments of cells that will eventually grow into the adult gametophyte (mosses)
Rhizoid
Root-like structure in non-vascular plants located under the thallus
List the three non-vascular plant phyla
Liverworts, Hornworts, Mosses
Sorus (sori)
Spore- producing structures on underside of fern leaves
List the four phyla of gymnosperms
Coniferophyta
Cycadophyta
Ginkgophyta
Gnetophyta
List the major groups (clades) of Angiosperms
Water lilies
Anise and relatives
Magnoliids
Monocots
Dicots
Date of origin of earth
4.5 BYA
Date of origin of prokaryotes
3.5 BYA
Date of origin of unicellular eukaryotes
2.1 BYA
Date of origin of multi-cellular eukaryotes
1.5 BYA
3 fundamentals of living things
Metabolism
Biosynthesis
Reproduction