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Archeology (NA) > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What is Archaeology

A

the study of material traces left behind by past people, and the people themselves.

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2
Q

The Nature/Culture Divide

A

the west says that culture and nature are separate, but indigenous cultures suggest otherwise. John Muir wanted to reduce human impacts on nature (preservation), Henry Ford wanted to extract value from and master nature (Industry), and Gifford Pinchot wanted a sustainable use of resources (Conservation).

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3
Q

Relationship Between Place & People

A

people shape places shape people - why location is important (can also talk about nature/culture divide)

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4
Q

Uniformitarianism

A

the idea that the way things are changing now are the way things have always changed

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5
Q

Catostrophism

A

the idea that the world is consistently stable and changes are due to catastrophes

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6
Q

Punctuated Equilibrium

A

the idea that the world is steady, then there is a big change, then the word becomes steady again

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7
Q

Epistemology

A

how we know the world

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8
Q

Archeology & Science

A

similar to other sciences (research design, data collection, test hypotheses, maintain objectivity)
unlike other sciences (close connection to our subject matter - need to move past biases (ex: religious))

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9
Q

Artifacts & Material Culture

A

aka “stuff” and byproducts of “stuff”

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10
Q

Ecofacts

A

environmental samples/environment that humans had impact on (ex: domesticated corn)

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11
Q

Taphonomy

A

the study of site formation processes - natural processes cover and preserve

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12
Q

Feature

A

can’t physically be removed without change (in situ)

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13
Q

Primary v. Secondary Refuse

A

primary refuse is in situ (where it was and remained - activity areas intact - think wallet dropped on ground). secondary refuse was moved to a secondary location - collectively disposed (think landfill)

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14
Q

In Situ

A

in the original place it was left

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15
Q

The Grid

A

intentional archaeological survey - map a grid and work in squares, digging at specific points and noting what they find in the grid (including depth)

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16
Q

Pedestrian Survey

A

walking over the land in an organized fashion, nothing surface features of archaeological importance

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17
Q

Shovel Test Pits

A

on intervals, dig a hole straight down and check for features

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18
Q

Remote Sensing

A

there are tools (such as ground penetrating radar) that allow archaeologists to sense if there are things underground without digging

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19
Q

Visibility

A

things such as vegetation may cover up a site and make it hard to find

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20
Q

Obtrusiveness

A

some sites may be too large and too hard to get into

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21
Q

Provenience

A

3D location (spatial context) of an object

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22
Q

Archaeology as Controlled Destruction

A

controlled destruction - will not be leaving everything as it was, but try to note to the best of its abilities

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23
Q

Ground Penetrating Radar

A

radio waves go down until they hit an object, then bounce back up. the data is collected and shows where an object may be.

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24
Q

Proton Magnetometer

A

measures protons to see alterations in soil - if something has been dug and reburied for example

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25
Q

Trace Element Analysis

A

source the raw material to find out where the object came from by using its chemical makeup

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26
Q

Nuetron Activation Analysis

A

using nuetrons to figure out distinct chemical, which helps find the chemical makeup of an object for trace element analysis

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27
Q

X-ray Florescence

A

analyzes the elements in an object, finding the chemical makeup for trace element analysis

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28
Q

Experimental Archaeology

A

recreate objects now to see how could be used (ex: spear throwers)

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29
Q

Ethnoarchaeology

A

ask and research similar people in current day to figure out how an object was used

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30
Q

Use Wear Analysis

A

morphology studies - examine surfaces and edges to figure out the function (wear patterns)

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31
Q

Wear Patterns

A

morphology studies - the pattern of how surfaces and edges were used (examined in use wear analysis)

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32
Q

Zooarchaeology

A

faunal analysis - tell animal, species, and sex (sexual dimorphism), age at death (bone fusion, tooth eruption), and preparation practices (burn patterns, cut marks)

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33
Q

Paleoethnobotany

A

study of plants - can tell species of plant and part of the plant (seed, nut, wood, pollen, phytolith)

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34
Q

Environmental Reconstruction w/ C3/C4

A

analysis of carbon isotopes in animal remains. trees and grasses are photosynthesized different ways (c3 trees - like c13, c4 grasses - don’t like c13) - used to reconstruct the environment

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35
Q

Pathways

A

photosynthesis pathways: c3 (trees use, which doesn’t use c13) and c4(grasses use - does use c13)

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36
Q

Relative v Absolute Dating

A

relative - no specific date (older/younger)
absolute - specific date

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37
Q

Stratigraphy

A

look at land levels to determine age w/ law of superposition

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38
Q

Law of Superposition

A

stuff on bottom older than stuff on top

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39
Q

Radioactive Decay Dating

A

can see how long something has been decaying (moving from unstable to stable)- shows age
ex: potassium decays to argon with a half life of 1.2 billion years - shows last time a volcano erupted (good for ancient sites - Laetoli footprints in Tanzania)

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40
Q

C14 Dating

A

C14 is unsable, so decomposes. Has a half life of 5730 yrs and before decomposition, there are 1trillion c12 for every c14.
Only used on once living things - can see how long something has been dead
Accurate for 200-50000 years ago (AMS extends)

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41
Q

Dendrochronology

A

use tree rings to date

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42
Q

Calibrating C14 Dates

A

dendrochronology helps adjust c14 dates, as carbon dating can be skewed by solar radiation

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43
Q

Obsidian Hydration Analysis

A

obsidian absorbs water when cut open - can see when last cut open

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44
Q

Paleomagnetism

A

there is a magnetic north that is constantly changing - when heat up an immovable artifact will indicate (through particles) magnetic north at the time it was made, and can date from there

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45
Q

Conflicts btwn Archaeologists and Indigenous Peoples

A

Archaeology has not been inclusive, and has a history steeped in colonialism.
1620: Pilgrims dug into graves
1840s: Samuel Morton created a cranial library to prove inferiority of Indigenous people - graves and battlefields were looted
Moundbuilder Controversy
not acknowledging the continuation of Native Americans

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46
Q

Antiquities Act of 1906

A

all pre-colonial archaeological sites “archaeological resources” - controlled by archaeologists (not by NA… double standard)

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47
Q

NMAIA

A

1989: Smithsonian has to inventory, document, and repatriate funerary artifacts and human remains
1996: add sacred objects and objects of cultural patrimony

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48
Q

NAGPRA

A

1990 - any places with possession and control of artifacts that receive federal funds have to make inventories in cases of repatriation

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49
Q

Joe Watkins

A

Indigenous Archaeologists - wrote readings

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50
Q

Kennewick Example

A

1996 - discovery of human remains that were 9200 years old in WA. Anthropologists tried to stop return to the local tribal group (eventually found that the remains were closely related to this group, despite some differences)

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51
Q

Repatriation

A

Given back to original tribe

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52
Q

Antiquarians

A

“Indiana Jones archaeology”
collecting stuff for stuffs sake (no relationships or context)

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53
Q

Moundbuilder Myth

A

federal government sent people to mounds - shifted to collecting information and learning (rather than assume “mound builder people made”
Cyrus Thomas

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54
Q

Cyrus Thomas

A

looked past bias and realized mounds made by indigenous people - developed methodology

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55
Q

Federal Interventions

A

1881 - fund smithsonian to study the mounds (while communities separated by the mounds)
1803 - post purchase of Louisiana territory - Lewis and Clark

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56
Q

Indigenous Removal

A

removed from places with economic and political values (ex: Andrew Jackson Indian Removal Act of 1930 - Trail of Tears)

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57
Q

Morrill Act

A

1862: land grant colleges (originally architecture but then expanded) - higher education

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58
Q

GI Bill

A

funding for education for WWII vets – increase in people studying archaeology

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59
Q

New Deal Archaeology

A

WPA - created jobs to bolster economy - would find sites that created a need for archaeology. Led to an increase in archaeologists (many African American Women)

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60
Q

Works Progress Administration

A

to create jobs during the great depression - led to an increase in archaeological sites found

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61
Q

Harriet Smith

A

very successful black female archaeologist - led her own digs

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62
Q

ociety for American Archaeology

A

New generation of archaeologists standardized archaeological methods. Raised public awareness for archaeologists.

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63
Q

National Historic Preservation Act

A

protected archaeological sites by checking development and infrastructure projects

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64
Q

The Short Chronology

A

1969: National Historic Preservation Act
1969: NEPA (environment)
CRM (cultural resource management) archaeology
1990: Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act

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65
Q

Folsom Point Discovery

A

1927: found folsom point between ribs of an ice age bison
doubled imagined time span of the earth

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66
Q

Cultural Evolution

A

informed most early 20th century archaeology (large part of colonialism)
savagery - barbarism - civilization
stratigraphic excavation - documented long term sequences of cultural history

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67
Q

Boas and critique of Evolution

A

anthropologist
thought evolutionary models were ethnocentric - observe local differences without universalizing - culture history

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68
Q

Culture History

A

paradigm until 1960s - defining groups in terms of unique material traits (archaeological cultures)
typology and seriation
things = people

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69
Q

Processual/New Archaeology

A

Walter Taylor - 1948 critiqued culture history as too descriptive
Lewis Binford - archaeology as a science - testing hypotheses
bands - tribes - cheifdoms - states

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70
Q

Lewis Binford

A

key thinker behind “new” archaeology

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71
Q

Postprocessual Archaeology

A

challenged ideas of power relationships in the past
connects political ideas and archaeology
considered multiple perspectives - interpretation is key

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72
Q

Ian Hodder

A

thinker behind postprocessual archaeology

73
Q

Wounded Knee (19th & 20th Century)

A

1890: Massacre at Pine Ridge, SD - tipping point after US gov encroached on Native land and treaties were broken
threatened by Wovoka and the Ghost Dance
1973: treaties broken - AIM occupied for 73 days - gun fire exchanged

74
Q

AIM

A

American Indian Movement - founded in 1968 for more rights for Native Americans

75
Q

Archaeological Theory

A

how data is interpreted and understood is guided by theory and paradigms

76
Q

Why We Need It

A

stops from imposing our sensibilities onto the past and justified what is done
guides methods and assumptions

77
Q

Typology

A

part of culture history - categorize cultures of objects to make sequences

78
Q

Diffusion

A

spread of traits over space and time (studied in culture history)

79
Q

Independent Invention

A

similar groups invent similar items independent of each other - keep in mind when using objects to prove contact

80
Q

Archaeological Cultures

A

recurring group of artifacts, etc from a period/region

81
Q

Normativity

A

categorize past histories according to our standards (our norms)

82
Q

Extrasomatic Means of Adaptation

A

how culture was defined - objects (cultures) are humans way of adapting to the environment

83
Q

Middle Range Theory

A

look for comparisons between the beginning and today and fill in the past

84
Q

Systems theory or Structural Functionalism

A

seeing society as a complex system - work together to create harmony

85
Q

Cultural Process

A

ethics and social values and how they are transferred across generations

86
Q

Equifinality

A

different events causing same outcome

87
Q

Contemporary Archaeological Theory

A

All 3 still present, with non-dualistic approaches also coming into play.

88
Q

Contact

A

assumes that two previously separate things come together
archaeologists use to refer to different people coming together (“first” contact)
connotes short-term connection without long-term change… be careful
ex: glass beads

89
Q

Pop. Narratives about NA Colonialism

A

one way street, overwhelming and straightforwards, civilization, NA as all the same, disappearance… makes indigenous people seem weak

90
Q

The double edged Sword

A

first slice: “terra nullius” - incapable of change or progression
second slice: idea that they have changed too much - losing authenticity and vanishing

91
Q

Pueblo Revolt

A

1680-1693
Po’Pay leads a resistance movement (knotted ropes) - burned churches etc - had control for 13 years
1692 - Spanish retook control; 1693: Pueblo retried (violent response)
some altercations between traditionalists and converted indigenous people

92
Q

The Complexities of Colonialism

A

Spanish believed bringing Christianity to Pueblos and protecting from neighboring tribes, but were more concerned with French, who were in the West
(ex: Oto people w/ french attacked “Spanish” - really pueblo)

93
Q

The Norse or the Vikings

A

Leif Erickson sails and lands in Canada - creating the first settlement “Vinland” - aka L’Anse aux Meadows

94
Q

Vinland

A

colony in norse sagas - believed to be same as L’Anse aux Meadows

95
Q

L’anse aux Meadows

A

8 buildings w/ sim. architecture to Iceland and Greenland. Did not stay long & no ev that reached further inland
Tried to establish trade with Beothuk and Dorset, but often ended violently

96
Q

Beardmore

A

fake sword in Ontario that “proved” Viking expansion

97
Q

Columbus

A

1492 - San Salvador & settled “Hispaniola”
1493 - returned - violent against Carib, Taino, and Arawak people + diseases
established gold mining and encomiendas (but not without resistance)

98
Q

Ponce de Leon

A

came on Columbus’s second trip - eventually went to Florida and had violent envounters with the natives, ending in his death

99
Q

European Colonialism

A

Power is not a straightforward things - displacement and violence are under all settlements

100
Q

Missionization

A

big on conversion - intensified disease impact & replaced Indigenous ways
many converts had no choice
new beliefs: human-like god, hierarchies, and rules (clash with fluidity, animism, etc)
seen through casta paintings

101
Q

Acculturation

A

non-directional change in culture “contact” settings
look at artifacts… how many European & how many native - percentage is percent “acculturated”

102
Q

Lithics

A

study of stone tools and other stone artifacts

103
Q

Flintknapping

A

making stone tools

104
Q

Paleolithic

A

age characterized by use of stone tools

105
Q

Debitage

A

biproducts of making tools

106
Q

Unifacial-worked tools

A

flakes removed on one side

107
Q

Bifacially-worked tools

A

flakes removed on both sides

108
Q

Scrapers

A

used to scrape

109
Q

Clovis Points

A

points with a flute on both sides used by some of the first people in the North Americas

110
Q

Fluted Points

A

flute on both sides (poss. used to haft to a spear)

111
Q

Clovis First Narrative

A

idea that clovis people were the first people in North America

112
Q

Horizon Style

A

far location wise - for a short duration

113
Q

Hafting

A

attach to a spear

114
Q

Clovis Toolkit

A

the tools used w/ clovis points

115
Q

Gravers

A

unifacial stone tools with small pointed projections used to process hides

116
Q

Where/When Clovis

A

where: unglaciated areas (possible migrated with animals) across the united states (more in E) often near sources of fresh water
SW/Plains reliably dated - 13200 years ago (Aubery Site TX) - 14000 years ago (Johnson Site TN)

117
Q

Megafauna

A

large animals (mammoths) that Clovis came into contact with - little evidence that that was their only sustenance

118
Q

Clovis/Megafauna

A

sometimes hunted, but only 16 sites w/ megafauna found - no clear ev

119
Q

Solutrean Hypothesis

A

argument that clovis came from w Europe by boat… controversial (no cultural ties - j toolkits)

120
Q

Younger Dryas

A

multicentury cold-dry climate - ice–> large change in water circulation
12850 years before present
coincides with megafauna extinction and end of clovis

121
Q

Clovis Caches

A

caches of many tools & points (both utilitarian and hypertrophic)

122
Q

Criteria for Pre-Clovis

A

traces of human modification in situ in a layer below clovis artifacts which are independently dated to pre clovis

123
Q

Cerutti Mastodon Site

A

controversial - single mastadon w/ alleged hammerstones from 130000 years ago

124
Q

Bluefish Cave

A

human modified mammoth jaw from 24-28000 years ago. in Yukon Canada. Support idea of staying in unglaciated NW

125
Q

Swan point

A

Alaska - human modified mammoth tusk w/ artifacts over from 14500 years ago (stylistic resemblance to Siberia)

126
Q

Paisley Caves

A

OR - 14000 years ago with artifacts. Western stemmed bifaces that date older than clovis

127
Q

Debra Friedkin

A

TX - 15500 years ago under a clovis layer - resemble clovis so “ancestral”

128
Q

Meadowcroft Rockshelter

A

PA - 16-19000 years ago (think c14 dating is off)

129
Q

Cactus Hill

A

VA - layer of unfluted bifacial tools with dates of 15-17000 years ago under clovis-like artifacts (potential for disturbance and mixing b/c open air)

130
Q

Topper

A

SC - under a clovis layer w/ two possible pre-clovis layers
16000 years ago and 50000 years ago (but questionable)

131
Q

Monte Verde

A

Chile - mastadoon bones & traces of human occupation from 14800 years ago - points to maritime routes

132
Q

Evidence of Sea Routes (during old stone age/Paleolithic)

A

Channel Islands from 11300-13000 years ago
Increased attention on ecological conditions; rising sea levels –> many submerged sites
genes and languages point to connections

133
Q

Paulette Steeves

A

studies indigenous paleolithic - need to listen to indigenous histories

134
Q

Pleistocene

A

Ice Age

135
Q

Holocene

A

current warm period

136
Q

Pleistocene-Holocene Transition

A

ice-age transition - monumental set of environmental changes - shape human history

137
Q

Folsom Points

A

large flute - bison killer from 12800 - 11950 years ago. Related to Clovis and found across the continent
kill bisons through corral
Hanson Site (WY) - ev of 3 circular lodges
Lindenmeir Site (CO) - tools

138
Q

Plano Traditions

A

lanceolate points that were unfluted (12000 years ago)
Hell Gap site (WY) - tipi like structures for 1000s of years
ended with a decrease of bison size due to decrease of precipitation

139
Q

Olsen-Chubbuck

A

CO - river of bone of single kill event - 50000 pounds of meat

140
Q

Bull Brook

A

MA - 10-11k years ago - 36 clusters of 40k artifacts in a large oval - large communal caribou hunts (social cooperation) - artifacts from stone 100-300 miles away

141
Q

Ritual Practices

A

burial contexts, destroy artifacts (burning or breaking)

142
Q

Dalton Technology

A

new tools found in c Mississippi River Valley
asymmetric beveled shapes w/ serrations - resharpening

143
Q

Oversized Dalton

A

found some oversized dalton points - for ritual?

144
Q

Social Inequality

A

who does what and who gets what? how do they decide?

145
Q

Institutionalized Social Inequality

A

Social inequality as determined by roles people play

146
Q

Archaic Period

A

period post paleolithic

147
Q

Great Basin

A

broad valleys, vertically, largely arid, pine nuts, tall mountains, low deserts, high deserts

148
Q

Hunter Gatherers

A

mobile with a broad spectrum diet - always on the move looking for food (no discussion of change) - Desert Archaic… limit how see the past

149
Q

Cultural Ecology

A

how humans adapt to different environments

150
Q

Danger Cave

A

stratified site w/ 10k years of history

151
Q

Great Basin Food Intensification

A

newer processing techniques (more labor) - Milling Sones to make flour & cook in coiled baskets with hard rock cooking

152
Q

Lovelock Cave

A

2000 year old decoy ducks

153
Q

Great Basin Hunting Infrastructure

A

drive lanes + enclosures for pronghorn hunting
large scale projects - cooperation between different groups

154
Q

Great Basin Rock Imagery

A

petroglyphs that are hunting magic or instructions

155
Q

Evidence for Social Inequality in the Great Basin

A

3k ya - new villages in the lowland that are more complex - increased food storage & prestige - can lead to inequality (who gets what) but may not be institutionalized

156
Q

Ethnogenesis

A

new ethnic groups (considered with the Numic spread)

157
Q

Acorn Economy

A

Sierra-Nevada had an acorn-intensive economy around 7k ya - process acorns by leaching in water to reduce tannic acid

158
Q

Pithouses

A

pithouses in the ground

159
Q

Tipi Rings

A

evidence of tipis - hard to date

160
Q

Gender in the Great Basin

A

NV Stillwater Marsh - skeletal show division of labor

161
Q

Human-Environmental Dynamics in the Great Basin

A

interact w environment and use to advantage to survive

162
Q

Evidence for Inequality East of the Mississippi

A

inter-group - diff values, qualities, and customs
gender and kinship are important in interactions

163
Q

Eastern Woodland Archaic

A

8000 years of history in coast, lakes, mountains - culturally diverse and shows regionalization

164
Q

Shell Mound Archaic

A

byproducts of living life (long term & repeated usage) on rivers (shells not always from area…)

165
Q

Persistent Places

A

places return to over and over

166
Q

Bannerstones

A

weights for spear throwers

167
Q

Borderland Relations

A

peaceful relations - material patterns (trading - mounds have marine shells even though from MW/MS)

168
Q

Hypertrophic

A

used for cultural practices - not just functional

169
Q

Benton

A

points similar to clovis
used in cremations, fire-damaged… hypertrophic?

170
Q

Shell Mound Archaic Diaspora

A

5000 years ago: Benton in GA/SC - trade
4500 - Finger Lakes in NY (fisher communities)
3800 - riverton pattern

171
Q

Stallings Culture

A

Benton move to Georgia/SC between Paris Island (piedmont) and coastal groups (early Stallings)

172
Q

Stallings and Gender Relations

A

look at pottery - can tell that right handedness proportions are different - suggests matrilocal pattern

173
Q

Drag and Jab Pottery

A

style of pottery design - can tell handedness

174
Q

Eastern Canadian Subarctic

A

5000 ya paleo patterns move into Canada from Alaska - meet Beothuk and Innu people, who met Thule 800ya

175
Q

Paleoeskimos and Maritime Archaic

A

Paleoeskimos encounter maritime history (and potentially people)
Maritime people date 8500 ya and used ramah chert (culturally significant)

176
Q

Longhouses

A

Maritime people lived in longhouses 4500 ya - segmented for family groups 50-100m in length. Associated w/ shamanism (elaborate burials for shamahs)

177
Q

Groswater Complex

A

new material practices 3000 years by Paleoeskimo peoples (side notched endblades & small mobile groups)

178
Q

Dorset Paleoeskimos

A

2500 ya replaced groswater population - favored ramah chert & reliant on marine resources - eventually move further north (Newfoundland)
Known for art

Archeology (NA) (2 decks)

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