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Archeology (NA) > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Epistemology

A

how we know the world

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2
Q

Ontology

A

the way the world is

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3
Q

Animism

A

relationship between physical/metaphysical, animate/inanimate, living/non-living, human/non-human

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4
Q

Shamanism

A

certain people communicate with the other worldly

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5
Q

Relational ontology

A

everything is related in the way the world is

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6
Q

Essentialist ontology

A
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7
Q

Ocean Bay Tradition (Pacific Alaska)

A

7500-3500 ya in pacific alaska

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8
Q

Associated artifact types (Pacific Alaska)

A

blades, microblades, harpoon-like, ground slate tools, boats, oil lamps

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9
Q

Pacific Alaska

A

oldest coastal occupation known - 9000 ya

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10
Q

Ulu Knives (pacific alaska)

A

made of ground slates during kachemek period (3500 -1000 ya)

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11
Q

Toggling harpoons (Pacific Alaska)

A

stick to whales - kachemek period (3500-1000 ya)

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12
Q

Pithouses (Pacific Alaska)

A

lived in pithouses - pacific alaska

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13
Q

Labrets (Pacific Alaska)

A

body adornment to mark special

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14
Q

Evidence of shamanism (Pacific Alaska)

A

increase of ceremonial objects

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15
Q

Inequality (Pacific Alaska)

A

some treated differently (where live, pithouses, body adornments)

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16
Q

Trans-Arctic

A

Thule, Inuit, Arctic Small Tool, Dorset, Norton, Umiak

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17
Q

Thule Culture and Inuit Peoples(Trans-Arctic)

A

ancestors of the inuit people (met Vikings) - 8-900CE - siberia to Greenland 1100 years ago in a matter of years - technology including whats (blubber & bones)

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18
Q

Arctic Small Tool Tradition (Trans-Arctic)

A

5000 ya in north alaska and greenland - used blades of stone, needles, harpoon heads, and projectiles (bow and arrow)
lived in houses dug into the ground

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19
Q

Independence Phase (Trans-Arctic)

A

4000-3700 ya - slightly bigger tools than small tools with ellipttical houses with hearth in the middle and cache in the floor

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20
Q

Pre-Dorset (Trans-Arctic)

A

Sarqaq - slightly diff than independence phase w socketed harpoons and soapstone lamps

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21
Q

Dorset (Trans-Arctic)

A

more emphasis on specialization, settlements, and no dog sleds. move north with climate and 1200 ya - new art

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22
Q

Carving Traditions (Trans-Arctic)

A

Dorset (carvings of animals and masks + carved bone - shamanism?)

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23
Q

Longhouses (Trans-Arctic)

A

Dorset Longhouses used during summer - 100 people per to build membership (contrast w inequality bc equal spaces)

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24
Q

Norton (Trans-Arctic)

A

early version of Thule? 3000 ya. - 1000 ya and first pottery in arctic
choris: 3000-2500ya
norton: 2500-2050ya
Ipuitak: 2050 - rise of Thule

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25
Q

Choris Pottery (Trans-Arctic)

A

small, cord marked, round bottomed

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26
Q

Masks (Trans-Arctic)

A

made by Ipuitak peoples - spiritual?

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27
Q

Umiak (Trans-Arctic)

A

boat - 2000 ya
made from seal/walrus skin over driftwood/whale bone
18m in length - og paddled but later w sails

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28
Q

Other important technologies (Trans-Arctic)

A

toggle head harpoons
ice picks
kayaks
sleds (no dogs)

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29
Q

Inequality (Trans-Arctic)

A

non egalitarian society (gendered inequality? karigi only for men)
leaders called Umilaliks - uneven access to whale resources (tongues, tails, flippers)

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30
Q

Moundbuilders

A

brought people from digg places together due to world view
materialized history
started NA Archeology

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31
Q

Social Complexity (Moundbuilders)

A

thought had to have inequality, specialization, public works, and agriculture
however j because one exists doesn’t mean all exist

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32
Q

Adena (Moundbuilders)

A

2500-2200ya - hunter gatherers who supplemented with gardening

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33
Q

Adena Earthenworks (Moundbuilders)

A

conical made of dirt and stone
biggest = grave creek (built gradually)
under are postholes with deceased = people were burned and buried over
embankments with ditches

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34
Q

Adena Material Culture (Moundbuilders)

A

gorget adornment piece
stone tablets

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35
Q

Hopewell (Moundbuilders)

A

2200 - 1600 ya, widespread, diverse, more earthenworks

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36
Q

Hopewell alignments (Moundbuilders)

A

Ohio Newark Earthwork: aligns w/ moon at north most point of moon rising

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37
Q

Hopewell interaction sphere (Moundbuilders)

A

draws from all continent - bird objects, copper from great lakes, etc

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38
Q

Effigy Objects (Moundbuilders)

A

pipes that look like animals that cross domains (people cross domains??)

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39
Q

Hopewell declines (Moundbuilders)

A

1600ya - self sufficient, southeast ritual landscapes?

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40
Q

Poverty Point (Moundbuilders)

A

3500 years ago - trading center 740 acres in size - open to the east (water) but closed to land

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41
Q

Poverty Point Earthenworks (Moundbuilders)

A

6 concetric half circles with 6ft tall ridges postholes, hearths, middens
mound A shaped like bird? 3 mos of 2000 people working

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42
Q

Poverty Point material cutlrue (moundbuilders)

A

PPOs, plummets for fishing, soapstone, groundstone, intentionally broken soapstone (align w angles)

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43
Q

Poverty Point Objects (PPOs) (Moundbuilders)

A

clay objects used to heat (hot stones)

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44
Q

Poverty Point alignments (Moundbuilders)

A

with intentionally broken soapstone - solstice and equinox alignments

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45
Q

Watson Brake (Moundbuilders)

A

buried under, no ev of people living on - localized

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46
Q

Shell Rings (Moundbuilders)

A

marine sites with caches in mounds - remains of feasting? cremations?

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47
Q

Silver Glen (Moundbuilders)

A

site in northeast florida

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48
Q

Moundbuilding traditions in subtropical Florida

A

terraforming - build landforms in everglades
mortuary temples in fort center florida

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49
Q

After Hopewell (Late Woodland Mississippian)

A

1600 ya decline of hopewell - “Dark Ages”

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50
Q

American Dark Ages (Late Woodland Mississippian)

A

decentralization, fewer connections to outside, local
continue religion but not exoticcs

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51
Q

Troyville (Late Woodland Mississippian)

A

LA - 1400-1300 ya, massive landscapes that people pilgramige towards
80 ft tall pyramids - part of larger complex
also not burial mounds

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52
Q

Kolomoki Mounds (Late Woodland Mississippian)

A

later example of moudns in GA

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53
Q

Atlatl to bow and arrow (late woodland mississippian)

A

slow transition 1200 ya

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54
Q

Evidence for territorialization, intensification, convergence (late woodland mississippian)

A

localized ceramic styles more distinctive but appear in new territories (peaceful + violent marriage)

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55
Q

Chunkey Stone (late woodland mississippian)

A

game to adults spaces - public + ceremonial = relating to other & avoiding violence

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56
Q

Importance of Maize (late woodland mississippian)

A

restricted in mississippi valley - borrowed from southeast w/ parallels to ceramics & other tech

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57
Q

Toltec (late woodland mississippian)

A

AK - 1300 ya maize as a staple
arranged by moon cycle

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58
Q

American Bottom (late woodland mississippian)

A

1100 - 950 ya
Floodplain of Mississippi in Illinois and Missouri - maize agriculture + centralization, social inequality, urbanization
live in pole and thatch houses w courthouses in villages of 1000 residents

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59
Q

Material culture of the American Bottom (late woodland mississippian)

A

red slipped pottery & spindle whorls, smoking pipes - participate in inequality

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60
Q

Medieval Warming Period (late woodland mississippian)

A

increase of 2 degrees + rainfall - lead to boom in American Bottom

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61
Q

Cahokia (late woodland mississippian)

A

950 ya birth of a city to emerge in urban centers due to climate, miaze, populations, & changes in cosmos

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62
Q

Cahokia eartheworks and landscape modifications (late woodland mississippian)

A

level ground to make pyramids (ex: Monk’s Mound)

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63
Q

Cahokia grid and astronomical alignments (late woodland mississippian)

A

5 degrees E off North - box of summer sunrise sunset and north moon rise and set

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64
Q

Monk’s Mound (late woodland mississippian)

A

3rd largest pyramid in Americas

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65
Q

Mound 72 (late woodland mississippian)

A

burials on top of shell beads

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66
Q

Stone Idols (late woodland mississippian)

A

related to crop production

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67
Q

Human Sacrifices (late woodland mississippian)

A

young people - women - sacrified (5 on mound 72) - ritual practice?

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68
Q

Mississippianization (arch patterns) (late woodland mississippian)

A

Cahokia influence mid continent - outposts with tools and beads and spatial deisigns
Gender equity with female sacrifices - matrilinal society

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69
Q

Warfare and violence (late woodland mississippian)

A

iconography spread
colonialize winterland using force
visible in iconography + spatial patterns (warrior status and prestige)

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70
Q

Cahokia’s Decline (late woodland mississippian)

A

650 ya - cahokia abandoned & warfare increased - cemeteries turn to 40% violent death - maybe due to little ice age?

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71
Q

Image and stereotype of Plains Indigenous Person (Great Plains)

A

image of horse + bows and arrows - recent developments dont capture changing nature

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72
Q

Importance of Bison (Great Plains)

A

bison-bison big in great plains - rely on for food and way of life

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73
Q

Communal Projects (Great Plains)

A

stone cairns, stone effigies, tipi rings, ritual sites

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74
Q

Fincastle (Great Plains)

A

Alberta - communal gathering to hunt bison - butcheron on site

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75
Q

Bone uprights (Great Plains)

A

hammer bones into ground - spiritual?

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76
Q

Plains Archaeological Pattern (Great Plains)

A

tipi rings
drive cairns - lead to easier site
paniken - dried meeat
1000 ya decrease 450 ya

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77
Q

Big Horn Medicine Wheel (Great Plains)

A

ceremonial wheels with cairns - connect w different features and solstice events
make pilgramages and offerings (blackfeet people)

78
Q

Importance of Movement across the Land (Great Plains)

A

keeps world going & live in relation to seasons
mount rushmore

79
Q

Medicine Bundles (Great Plains)

A

sacred objects to consult spiritual forces

80
Q

Hopewell Influence (Great Plains)

A

2200-1600ya
burial mount complexes with laurel culture (n ontario) and besant culture (Dakotas, n plains)

81
Q

Kansas City Hopewell (Great Plains)

A

non-sedentary forages, distinct points, larger village sizes - seasonal
disperse winter, come together when warm

82
Q

Sedentism on the Plains (Great Plains)

A

1000ya move towards

83
Q

Plains Village Period (Great Plains)

A

thatched lodges along rivers
farmed maize squash and wild grasses
hunt bison
storage and surplus importnat - inequality?
immigration from plains to cahokia - sim points

84
Q

Coalescence on the Plains (Great Plains)

A

greature populations joining up 800ya

85
Q

Intensification on the Plains (Great Plains)

A

farming intensifies - corn, squash, etc

86
Q

Fortifications (Great Plains)

A

palisades + bastiens

87
Q

Crow Creek Massacre (Great Plains)

A

650 bp - 2 sides hill
building fort walls and attached - 486 died

88
Q

Northeast

A

no centralization, governance without centers, issues of scale

89
Q

Three Sisters (Northeast)

A

corns beans and squash (only cements one moment of history though)

90
Q

Wigwam (Northeast)

A

seasonally adaptive domes for single families - postholes
Wampanoag

91
Q

Algonkian Peoples (Northeast)

A

huge language group that lived in wigwams
pilgrims meet

92
Q

Iroquoian Peoples (Northeast)

A

iroquoian speakers - many diff groups
large dense settlements

93
Q

Haudenosaunee (Northeast)

A

confederacy of 5-6 groups

94
Q

St. Lawrence Iroquoian (Northeast)

A

had tensions with haudenosaunee

95
Q

Huron-Wendat (Northeast)

A

iroquois group with tenisons with haudenosaunee

96
Q

Importance of Maize (Northeast)

A

feed large and dense settlements

97
Q

Late Woodland Transitions (Northeast)

A

2000 ya by hunter gatherers with hopewell influence

98
Q

Hopewell Influence (Northeast)

A

sim mortuary, burial mounds, ceramic styles, settlement sizes
laurel, blackduck, western basin mound building

99
Q

Midéwiwin Ceremonialism (Northeast)

A

rise of during hopwell influence

100
Q

Petrogylphs (Northeast)

A

during population agrregation with medewiwin ceremonialism

101
Q

Political Organization, including confederacies (Northeast)

A

new social formations - corn and larger settlements –> political and ethnic confederations

102
Q

History of Iroquoian Peoples in the Northeast (Northeast)

A

some propose major population movement south - tell nuanced story
algonquin pick up iroquian practices - lead to late woodland

103
Q

Monogahela Cultural Pattern (Northeast)

A

palisaded, circular arc-shaped villages
corn, violence, fear
700ya pop coalescense to larger billages with shared pottery, soking pipe, and agriculture

104
Q

St. Lawrence Iroquoian Pattern (Northeast)

A

1400s - height
100s of people in defense locations, alliances, population densities

105
Q

Wampum Belts (Northeast)

A

record alliances

106
Q

Wendake Patterns (Northeast)

A

Huronia pattern

107
Q

Draper Site (Northeast)

A

late 1400s - 3.4 hectares - pop from multiple natal settlements

108
Q

Feast of the Dead (Northeast)

A

mass reburials of dead

109
Q

Mantle Site (Northeast)

A

move from draper site - 20-30yrs move villages

110
Q

Iroquoian Longhouse (Northeast)

A

arbor roofed, long, div by fam group

111
Q

False Face Mask (Northeast)

A

worn during ceremonies w/ false face mask societies
draw connections to source of life
faces imp to culture

112
Q

Lacrosse and its History (Northeast)

A

powerful game - creators
strengthen body and heal sick
help or avoid warfare

113
Q

Western North America

A

social inequality - evidence
regions: NW coast, california, interior platueau

114
Q

Anthropogenic Landscapes (W. N. America)

A

modify landscapes (bark stripping, controlled burning)
did not change nature in the same way euopeans thought of - why seen as “nature”

115
Q

Interior Plateau (W. N. America)

A

columbia river & fraser river - communication channels and pacific salmon
social inequality

116
Q

Pithouses (Interior Plateau)

A

lived in pithouses in large permanent villages
modest, circular, side entrance, activity zones

117
Q

Evidence of Inequaltiy (Interior Plateau)

A

reciprocity - who has surplus and why give it away
climate change changes salmon pop and prestige

118
Q

Subsistence Strategies (Interior Plateau)

A

sedentary foraging, collection, serial foraging, mobile or generalized foraging

119
Q

History of Sedentism (Interior Plateau)

A

mobile hunter gatherers 5000 years ago to large villages - pit house I phase
pithouse II salmon increases importance 3500ya

120
Q

Ecotones (Interior Plateau)

A

villages situated on ecotones (mountain + land)

121
Q

Importance/Method of Building a Surplus (Interior Plateau)

A

nets, fishing platforms, drying racks

122
Q

Reciprocity (Interior Plateau)

A

rise of inequality - give salmon and indebted
helps ensure future

123
Q

Northwest Coast (W.N America)

A

periods:
early 7-3.5ky
middle: 3.5k-1.5kya
late:1.5k - european arrival

124
Q

Pacfiic Patterns (Northwest Coast)

A

periods:
early 7-3.5ky
- pithouses bone groves woodworking tools
middle: 3.5k-1.5kya
move to plank houses
store surplus of salmon and fishing
social inequality
late:1.5k - european arrivals
structured inequality
totem poles that show lineage
piercings + cranial deformation

125
Q

Potlach (Northwest Coast)

A

feasts sponsored by singular family

126
Q

Slavery (Northwest Coast)

A

3 tiers - slaves at lowest

127
Q

House Society (Northwest Coast)

A

situated between forest and shore
totem poles mark lineage and portal from underworld to sky

128
Q

California (W. N. America)

A

large shell mittens
intensive food collectors and foragers
acorn processing
no slavery and no totems

129
Q

Evidence of Sedenitsm (Archaeological Patterns) (California)

A

lived in pithouses

130
Q

Evidence of Violence (California)

A

fractured forearms, bow and arrow (1600ya)

131
Q

Acorn Economy (California)

A

acorn processing - trade food

132
Q

Importance of Shells (California)

A

monetary substitute

133
Q

Tomols (California)

A

boats traveled on

134
Q

Evidence of Shamanism (California)

A

altered state - ceremonial evidence

135
Q

Hohokam Culture (Hohokam and Pueblo)

A

pithouses, violent histories, irrigation canals, clear fields (organized labor)

136
Q

Puebloan Culture (Hohokam and Pueblo)

A

violent histories, also pithouses

137
Q

Pithouses (Hohokam and Pueblo)

A

hohokam lived in t shaped pithouses, pueblo lived in smaller settlements and eventually used pithouses for religious practices

138
Q

Bow and arrow (Hohokam and Pueblo)

A

used with growing violence

139
Q

Irrigation Canals (Hohokam and Pueblo)

A

hohokam used to get water in the desert

140
Q

Hohokam Material Culture (Hohokam and Pueblo)

A
141
Q

Connections to Mesoamerica (Hohokam and Pueblo)

A

1300 AD - new materials - mesoamerican influence

142
Q

Ball Game (Hohokam and Pueblo)

A

ball pit where people play, sit, and watch
elite version and common version
courts replaced with earthen mounds

143
Q

Snaketown (Hohokam and Pueblo)

A

powerhouse, social inequality, exotics from mesoamerica

144
Q

Evidence of Violence (Hohokam and Pueblo)

A

tradition of raiding - raid Pueblo

145
Q

Mesa Verde (Hohokam and Pueblo)

A

changed in pueblo period

146
Q

Basketmaker to Pueblo Tradition (Hohokam and Pueblo)

A

settlements across valley that grew to pueblo tradition

147
Q

Puebloan Architectural Patterns (Hohokam and Pueblo)

A

pithouses to more elaborate structures in 900 AD

148
Q

Kivas (Hohokam and Pueblo)

A

pithouses with spiritual meaning

149
Q

Sipapu (Hohokam and Pueblo)

A

hole in floor of pithouse - symbolize connection?

150
Q

Room Blocks (Hohokam and Pueblo)

A

extra rooms - visitors?

151
Q

McPhee Pueblo (Hohokam and Pueblo)

A

large group of room blocks

152
Q

Chaco Canyon (Hohokam and Pueblo)

A

860s CE

153
Q

Great Houses (Hohokam and Pueblo)

A

8 to 9 that coincided with astrological events

154
Q

Chacoan Masonry Style (Hohokam and Pueblo)

A

mimic the natural landscape

155
Q

Chacoan Relation to Cosmos (Hohokam and Pueblo)

A

greathouses match up with astrological events

156
Q

Pueblo Bonito (Hohokam and Pueblo)

A

large greathouse in Chaco Canyon

157
Q

Exotic Materials at Chaco (Hohokam and Pueblo)

A

birds, chocolate, beads

158
Q

Population at Chaco (Hohokam and Pueblo)

A

2000 people - 15% of rooms occupied

159
Q

T-Shaped Doorways (Hohokam and Pueblo)

A

mimic shape of pithouses - marker from outside to inside

160
Q

Sun Dagger (Hohokam and Pueblo)

A

indicate solstice and equinox in chacno

161
Q

Chaco Expansion (Hohokam and Pueblo)

A

expand and build smaller villages around

162
Q

Pilgrimage and Chaco (Hohokam and Pueblo)

A

some rooms for visitors, spiritual site

163
Q

Social Hierarchy (inequality) at Chaco (Hohokam and Pueblo)

A

public executions, etc - diff people laboring

164
Q

Chaco Halo Effect (Hohokam and Pueblo)

A

lots of violence on edges, none within

165
Q

Evidence of Violence in and around Chaco (Hohokam and Pueblo)

A

public executions in order to control dissenters

166
Q

After Chaco (Hohokam and Pueblo)

A

move out of chaco canyon adn moveup north

167
Q

Aztec Pueblo (Hohokam and Pueblo)

A

north of chaco

168
Q

Salado (Hohokam and Pueblo)

A

similar to pueblo settlements

169
Q

Salado Polychrome (Hohokam and Pueblo)

A

similar to pueblo settlements and really focused on the weather

170
Q

Classic Hohokam (Hohokam and Pueblo)

A

centralized houses in compounds with special buildings for elites (control irrigation)

171
Q

Later-period Puebloan Settlement Patters (Pueblo III and IV) (Hohokam and Pueblo)

A

move to Mesa Verde - built into sides of cliffs
1300 AD Katsina Religion

172
Q

Katsina Religion (Hohokam and Pueblo)

A

regalia and dancing, weather related, mesoamerican feel, embody spirit of god

173
Q

More Southwest

A

power of pottery?

174
Q

Patayan (More Southwest)

A

700AD - know very little
patterns associated with altered states of conciousness

175
Q

Fremont (More Southwest)

A

700-1300AD - brought corn to great basin, live in villages, stored surplus high up, rock art, aplique ceramics, leather artifacts

176
Q

Mimbres (More Southwest)

A

1000AD

177
Q

Mimbres Settlements and Architecture (More Southwest)

A

cliff dwelling

178
Q

Mimbres Pottery (More Southwest)

A

black bands, forms, holes

179
Q

Casas Grandes - Mesoamerica (More Southwest)

A

1200 AD - where from? 1300 mass exodus from Miembres?

180
Q

Casas Grandes - Scale adn Settlement Pattern (More Southwest)

A

bigger scale higher walls
2000 people
around playa
marine shells
house of dead - human and turkey burials

181
Q

End of Casas Grandes (More Southwest)

A

1450-1500 ce pop dispersed - abrupt transformation

182
Q

What is Indigenous Archaeology (BBIA)

A

for and by indigenous people

183
Q

Margaret Bruchac (BBIA)

A

oral history, tradition in the northeast
faced challenges on assumptions about indigenous dissapearance and secular approaches to death and burial
to change: oral knowledge and indigenous knowledge
studies her history and related histories

184
Q

Sonya Atalay (BBIA)

A

all over the place, collaborations, flexible times, repatriation
faced challenges on assumptions about science and speaking for all indigenous
change valuing indigenous perspectives and knowledge
studied her histories and many more

185
Q

Robert Hall (BBIA)

A

studies ceremony, ritual spirituality, many groups in all times
challenged by assumptions about good science
wants to see new questions and indigenous knowledge
studies his history and many others

186
Q

D. Rae Gould (BBIA)

A

studies numpuc, historic, collaboration, indigenous voices
challenged by assumptions about dissapearance, access to sites
wants to rec. nimpuc preseance and collaborative work
studies her history

187
Q

James Quinn (guest) (BBIA) & Jay Levy (guest) (BBIA)

A

Mohegan THPO, historic collaborative, colonialism
challenged about assumptions about indigenous disappearance
wants indigenous people to have a say with repatriation
studies own history and related

188
Q

Myrna Pokiak (BBIA)

A

Educational, studies her own community, no specific themes

189
Q

Rudy Reimer Yumks (BBIA)

A

Squamish.NW coast, all time, Squamish
His history and other local histories

190
Q

Dorothy Lippert (BBIA)

A

difficulty maintaining own identity
Choctaw
struggled working directly with human remains - wants to change respect

191
Q

Eldon Yellowhorn

A

raised in tradition
Pikani
wants to help others study own culture more

Archeology (NA) (2 decks)

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