Final Flashcards
1
Q
Epistemology
A
how we know the world
2
Q
Ontology
A
the way the world is
3
Q
Animism
A
relationship between physical/metaphysical, animate/inanimate, living/non-living, human/non-human
4
Q
Shamanism
A
certain people communicate with the other worldly
5
Q
Relational ontology
A
everything is related in the way the world is
6
Q
Essentialist ontology
A
7
Q
Ocean Bay Tradition (Pacific Alaska)
A
7500-3500 ya in pacific alaska
8
Q
Associated artifact types (Pacific Alaska)
A
blades, microblades, harpoon-like, ground slate tools, boats, oil lamps
9
Q
Pacific Alaska
A
oldest coastal occupation known - 9000 ya
10
Q
Ulu Knives (pacific alaska)
A
made of ground slates during kachemek period (3500 -1000 ya)
11
Q
Toggling harpoons (Pacific Alaska)
A
stick to whales - kachemek period (3500-1000 ya)
12
Q
Pithouses (Pacific Alaska)
A
lived in pithouses - pacific alaska
13
Q
Labrets (Pacific Alaska)
A
body adornment to mark special
14
Q
Evidence of shamanism (Pacific Alaska)
A
increase of ceremonial objects
15
Q
Inequality (Pacific Alaska)
A
some treated differently (where live, pithouses, body adornments)
16
Q
Trans-Arctic
A
Thule, Inuit, Arctic Small Tool, Dorset, Norton, Umiak
17
Q
Thule Culture and Inuit Peoples(Trans-Arctic)
A
ancestors of the inuit people (met Vikings) - 8-900CE - siberia to Greenland 1100 years ago in a matter of years - technology including whats (blubber & bones)
18
Q
Arctic Small Tool Tradition (Trans-Arctic)
A
5000 ya in north alaska and greenland - used blades of stone, needles, harpoon heads, and projectiles (bow and arrow)
lived in houses dug into the ground
19
Q
Independence Phase (Trans-Arctic)
A
4000-3700 ya - slightly bigger tools than small tools with ellipttical houses with hearth in the middle and cache in the floor
20
Q
Pre-Dorset (Trans-Arctic)
A
Sarqaq - slightly diff than independence phase w socketed harpoons and soapstone lamps
21
Q
Dorset (Trans-Arctic)
A
more emphasis on specialization, settlements, and no dog sleds. move north with climate and 1200 ya - new art
22
Q
Carving Traditions (Trans-Arctic)
A
Dorset (carvings of animals and masks + carved bone - shamanism?)
23
Q
Longhouses (Trans-Arctic)
A
Dorset Longhouses used during summer - 100 people per to build membership (contrast w inequality bc equal spaces)
24
Q
Norton (Trans-Arctic)
A
early version of Thule? 3000 ya. - 1000 ya and first pottery in arctic
choris: 3000-2500ya
norton: 2500-2050ya
Ipuitak: 2050 - rise of Thule
25
Choris Pottery (Trans-Arctic)
small, cord marked, round bottomed
26
Masks (Trans-Arctic)
made by Ipuitak peoples - spiritual?
27
Umiak (Trans-Arctic)
boat - 2000 ya
made from seal/walrus skin over driftwood/whale bone
18m in length - og paddled but later w sails
28
Other important technologies (Trans-Arctic)
toggle head harpoons
ice picks
kayaks
sleds (no dogs)
29
Inequality (Trans-Arctic)
non egalitarian society (gendered inequality? karigi only for men)
leaders called Umilaliks - uneven access to whale resources (tongues, tails, flippers)
30
Moundbuilders
brought people from digg places together due to world view
materialized history
started NA Archeology
31
Social Complexity (Moundbuilders)
thought had to have inequality, specialization, public works, and agriculture
however j because one exists doesn't mean all exist
32
Adena (Moundbuilders)
2500-2200ya - hunter gatherers who supplemented with gardening
33
Adena Earthenworks (Moundbuilders)
conical made of dirt and stone
biggest = grave creek (built gradually)
under are postholes with deceased = people were burned and buried over
embankments with ditches
34
Adena Material Culture (Moundbuilders)
gorget adornment piece
stone tablets
35
Hopewell (Moundbuilders)
2200 - 1600 ya, widespread, diverse, more earthenworks
36
Hopewell alignments (Moundbuilders)
Ohio Newark Earthwork: aligns w/ moon at north most point of moon rising
37
Hopewell interaction sphere (Moundbuilders)
draws from all continent - bird objects, copper from great lakes, etc
38
Effigy Objects (Moundbuilders)
pipes that look like animals that cross domains (people cross domains??)
39
Hopewell declines (Moundbuilders)
1600ya - self sufficient, southeast ritual landscapes?
40
Poverty Point (Moundbuilders)
3500 years ago - trading center 740 acres in size - open to the east (water) but closed to land
41
Poverty Point Earthenworks (Moundbuilders)
6 concetric half circles with 6ft tall ridges postholes, hearths, middens
mound A shaped like bird? 3 mos of 2000 people working
42
Poverty Point material cutlrue (moundbuilders)
PPOs, plummets for fishing, soapstone, groundstone, intentionally broken soapstone (align w angles)
43
Poverty Point Objects (PPOs) (Moundbuilders)
clay objects used to heat (hot stones)
44
Poverty Point alignments (Moundbuilders)
with intentionally broken soapstone - solstice and equinox alignments
45
Watson Brake (Moundbuilders)
buried under, no ev of people living on - localized
46
Shell Rings (Moundbuilders)
marine sites with caches in mounds - remains of feasting? cremations?
47
Silver Glen (Moundbuilders)
site in northeast florida
48
Moundbuilding traditions in subtropical Florida
terraforming - build landforms in everglades
mortuary temples in fort center florida
49
After Hopewell (Late Woodland Mississippian)
1600 ya decline of hopewell - "Dark Ages"
50
American Dark Ages (Late Woodland Mississippian)
decentralization, fewer connections to outside, local
continue religion but not exoticcs
51
Troyville (Late Woodland Mississippian)
LA - 1400-1300 ya, massive landscapes that people pilgramige towards
80 ft tall pyramids - part of larger complex
also not burial mounds
52
Kolomoki Mounds (Late Woodland Mississippian)
later example of moudns in GA
53
Atlatl to bow and arrow (late woodland mississippian)
slow transition 1200 ya
54
Evidence for territorialization, intensification, convergence (late woodland mississippian)
localized ceramic styles more distinctive but appear in new territories (peaceful + violent marriage)
55
Chunkey Stone (late woodland mississippian)
game to adults spaces - public + ceremonial = relating to other & avoiding violence
56
Importance of Maize (late woodland mississippian)
restricted in mississippi valley - borrowed from southeast w/ parallels to ceramics & other tech
57
Toltec (late woodland mississippian)
AK - 1300 ya maize as a staple
arranged by moon cycle
58
American Bottom (late woodland mississippian)
1100 - 950 ya
Floodplain of Mississippi in Illinois and Missouri - maize agriculture + centralization, social inequality, urbanization
live in pole and thatch houses w courthouses in villages of 1000 residents
59
Material culture of the American Bottom (late woodland mississippian)
red slipped pottery & spindle whorls, smoking pipes - participate in inequality
60
Medieval Warming Period (late woodland mississippian)
increase of 2 degrees + rainfall - lead to boom in American Bottom
61
Cahokia (late woodland mississippian)
950 ya birth of a city to emerge in urban centers due to climate, miaze, populations, & changes in cosmos
62
Cahokia eartheworks and landscape modifications (late woodland mississippian)
level ground to make pyramids (ex: Monk's Mound)
63
Cahokia grid and astronomical alignments (late woodland mississippian)
5 degrees E off North - box of summer sunrise sunset and north moon rise and set
64
Monk's Mound (late woodland mississippian)
3rd largest pyramid in Americas
65
Mound 72 (late woodland mississippian)
burials on top of shell beads
66
Stone Idols (late woodland mississippian)
related to crop production
67
Human Sacrifices (late woodland mississippian)
young people - women - sacrified (5 on mound 72) - ritual practice?
68
Mississippianization (arch patterns) (late woodland mississippian)
Cahokia influence mid continent - outposts with tools and beads and spatial deisigns
Gender equity with female sacrifices - matrilinal society
69
Warfare and violence (late woodland mississippian)
iconography spread
colonialize winterland using force
visible in iconography + spatial patterns (warrior status and prestige)
70
Cahokia's Decline (late woodland mississippian)
650 ya - cahokia abandoned & warfare increased - cemeteries turn to 40% violent death - maybe due to little ice age?
71
Image and stereotype of Plains Indigenous Person (Great Plains)
image of horse + bows and arrows - recent developments dont capture changing nature
72
Importance of Bison (Great Plains)
bison-bison big in great plains - rely on for food and way of life
73
Communal Projects (Great Plains)
stone cairns, stone effigies, tipi rings, ritual sites
74
Fincastle (Great Plains)
Alberta - communal gathering to hunt bison - butcheron on site
75
Bone uprights (Great Plains)
hammer bones into ground - spiritual?
76
Plains Archaeological Pattern (Great Plains)
tipi rings
drive cairns - lead to easier site
paniken - dried meeat
1000 ya decrease 450 ya
77
Big Horn Medicine Wheel (Great Plains)
ceremonial wheels with cairns - connect w different features and solstice events
make pilgramages and offerings (blackfeet people)
78
Importance of Movement across the Land (Great Plains)
keeps world going & live in relation to seasons
mount rushmore
79
Medicine Bundles (Great Plains)
sacred objects to consult spiritual forces
80
Hopewell Influence (Great Plains)
2200-1600ya
burial mount complexes with laurel culture (n ontario) and besant culture (Dakotas, n plains)
81
Kansas City Hopewell (Great Plains)
non-sedentary forages, distinct points, larger village sizes - seasonal
disperse winter, come together when warm
82
Sedentism on the Plains (Great Plains)
1000ya move towards
83
Plains Village Period (Great Plains)
thatched lodges along rivers
farmed maize squash and wild grasses
hunt bison
storage and surplus importnat - inequality?
immigration from plains to cahokia - sim points
84
Coalescence on the Plains (Great Plains)
greature populations joining up 800ya
85
Intensification on the Plains (Great Plains)
farming intensifies - corn, squash, etc
86
Fortifications (Great Plains)
palisades + bastiens
87
Crow Creek Massacre (Great Plains)
650 bp - 2 sides hill
building fort walls and attached - 486 died
88
Northeast
no centralization, governance without centers, issues of scale
89
Three Sisters (Northeast)
corns beans and squash (only cements one moment of history though)
90
Wigwam (Northeast)
seasonally adaptive domes for single families - postholes
Wampanoag
91
Algonkian Peoples (Northeast)
huge language group that lived in wigwams
pilgrims meet
92
Iroquoian Peoples (Northeast)
iroquoian speakers - many diff groups
large dense settlements
93
Haudenosaunee (Northeast)
confederacy of 5-6 groups
94
St. Lawrence Iroquoian (Northeast)
had tensions with haudenosaunee
95
Huron-Wendat (Northeast)
iroquois group with tenisons with haudenosaunee
96
Importance of Maize (Northeast)
feed large and dense settlements
97
Late Woodland Transitions (Northeast)
2000 ya by hunter gatherers with hopewell influence
98
Hopewell Influence (Northeast)
sim mortuary, burial mounds, ceramic styles, settlement sizes
laurel, blackduck, western basin mound building
99
Midéwiwin Ceremonialism (Northeast)
rise of during hopwell influence
100
Petrogylphs (Northeast)
during population agrregation with medewiwin ceremonialism
101
Political Organization, including confederacies (Northeast)
new social formations - corn and larger settlements --> political and ethnic confederations
102
History of Iroquoian Peoples in the Northeast (Northeast)
some propose major population movement south - tell nuanced story
algonquin pick up iroquian practices - lead to late woodland
103
Monogahela Cultural Pattern (Northeast)
palisaded, circular arc-shaped villages
corn, violence, fear
700ya pop coalescense to larger billages with shared pottery, soking pipe, and agriculture
104
St. Lawrence Iroquoian Pattern (Northeast)
1400s - height
100s of people in defense locations, alliances, population densities
105
Wampum Belts (Northeast)
record alliances
106
Wendake Patterns (Northeast)
Huronia pattern
107
Draper Site (Northeast)
late 1400s - 3.4 hectares - pop from multiple natal settlements
108
Feast of the Dead (Northeast)
mass reburials of dead
109
Mantle Site (Northeast)
move from draper site - 20-30yrs move villages
110
Iroquoian Longhouse (Northeast)
arbor roofed, long, div by fam group
111
False Face Mask (Northeast)
worn during ceremonies w/ false face mask societies
draw connections to source of life
faces imp to culture
112
Lacrosse and its History (Northeast)
powerful game - creators
strengthen body and heal sick
help or avoid warfare
113
Western North America
social inequality - evidence
regions: NW coast, california, interior platueau
114
Anthropogenic Landscapes (W. N. America)
modify landscapes (bark stripping, controlled burning)
did not change nature in the same way euopeans thought of - why seen as "nature"
115
Interior Plateau (W. N. America)
columbia river & fraser river - communication channels and pacific salmon
social inequality
116
Pithouses (Interior Plateau)
lived in pithouses in large permanent villages
modest, circular, side entrance, activity zones
117
Evidence of Inequaltiy (Interior Plateau)
reciprocity - who has surplus and why give it away
climate change changes salmon pop and prestige
118
Subsistence Strategies (Interior Plateau)
sedentary foraging, collection, serial foraging, mobile or generalized foraging
119
History of Sedentism (Interior Plateau)
mobile hunter gatherers 5000 years ago to large villages - pit house I phase
pithouse II salmon increases importance 3500ya
120
Ecotones (Interior Plateau)
villages situated on ecotones (mountain + land)
121
Importance/Method of Building a Surplus (Interior Plateau)
nets, fishing platforms, drying racks
122
Reciprocity (Interior Plateau)
rise of inequality - give salmon and indebted
helps ensure future
123
Northwest Coast (W.N America)
periods:
early 7-3.5ky
middle: 3.5k-1.5kya
late:1.5k - european arrival
124
Pacfiic Patterns (Northwest Coast)
periods:
early 7-3.5ky
- pithouses bone groves woodworking tools
middle: 3.5k-1.5kya
move to plank houses
store surplus of salmon and fishing
social inequality
late:1.5k - european arrivals
structured inequality
totem poles that show lineage
piercings + cranial deformation
125
Potlach (Northwest Coast)
feasts sponsored by singular family
126
Slavery (Northwest Coast)
3 tiers - slaves at lowest
127
House Society (Northwest Coast)
situated between forest and shore
totem poles mark lineage and portal from underworld to sky
128
California (W. N. America)
large shell mittens
intensive food collectors and foragers
acorn processing
no slavery and no totems
129
Evidence of Sedenitsm (Archaeological Patterns) (California)
lived in pithouses
130
Evidence of Violence (California)
fractured forearms, bow and arrow (1600ya)
131
Acorn Economy (California)
acorn processing - trade food
132
Importance of Shells (California)
monetary substitute
133
Tomols (California)
boats traveled on
134
Evidence of Shamanism (California)
altered state - ceremonial evidence
135
Hohokam Culture (Hohokam and Pueblo)
pithouses, violent histories, irrigation canals, clear fields (organized labor)
136
Puebloan Culture (Hohokam and Pueblo)
violent histories, also pithouses
137
Pithouses (Hohokam and Pueblo)
hohokam lived in t shaped pithouses, pueblo lived in smaller settlements and eventually used pithouses for religious practices
138
Bow and arrow (Hohokam and Pueblo)
used with growing violence
139
Irrigation Canals (Hohokam and Pueblo)
hohokam used to get water in the desert
140
Hohokam Material Culture (Hohokam and Pueblo)
141
Connections to Mesoamerica (Hohokam and Pueblo)
1300 AD - new materials - mesoamerican influence
142
Ball Game (Hohokam and Pueblo)
ball pit where people play, sit, and watch
elite version and common version
courts replaced with earthen mounds
143
Snaketown (Hohokam and Pueblo)
powerhouse, social inequality, exotics from mesoamerica
144
Evidence of Violence (Hohokam and Pueblo)
tradition of raiding - raid Pueblo
145
Mesa Verde (Hohokam and Pueblo)
changed in pueblo period
146
Basketmaker to Pueblo Tradition (Hohokam and Pueblo)
settlements across valley that grew to pueblo tradition
147
Puebloan Architectural Patterns (Hohokam and Pueblo)
pithouses to more elaborate structures in 900 AD
148
Kivas (Hohokam and Pueblo)
pithouses with spiritual meaning
149
Sipapu (Hohokam and Pueblo)
hole in floor of pithouse - symbolize connection?
150
Room Blocks (Hohokam and Pueblo)
extra rooms - visitors?
151
McPhee Pueblo (Hohokam and Pueblo)
large group of room blocks
152
Chaco Canyon (Hohokam and Pueblo)
860s CE
153
Great Houses (Hohokam and Pueblo)
8 to 9 that coincided with astrological events
154
Chacoan Masonry Style (Hohokam and Pueblo)
mimic the natural landscape
155
Chacoan Relation to Cosmos (Hohokam and Pueblo)
greathouses match up with astrological events
156
Pueblo Bonito (Hohokam and Pueblo)
large greathouse in Chaco Canyon
157
Exotic Materials at Chaco (Hohokam and Pueblo)
birds, chocolate, beads
158
Population at Chaco (Hohokam and Pueblo)
2000 people - 15% of rooms occupied
159
T-Shaped Doorways (Hohokam and Pueblo)
mimic shape of pithouses - marker from outside to inside
160
Sun Dagger (Hohokam and Pueblo)
indicate solstice and equinox in chacno
161
Chaco Expansion (Hohokam and Pueblo)
expand and build smaller villages around
162
Pilgrimage and Chaco (Hohokam and Pueblo)
some rooms for visitors, spiritual site
163
Social Hierarchy (inequality) at Chaco (Hohokam and Pueblo)
public executions, etc - diff people laboring
164
Chaco Halo Effect (Hohokam and Pueblo)
lots of violence on edges, none within
165
Evidence of Violence in and around Chaco (Hohokam and Pueblo)
public executions in order to control dissenters
166
After Chaco (Hohokam and Pueblo)
move out of chaco canyon adn moveup north
167
Aztec Pueblo (Hohokam and Pueblo)
north of chaco
168
Salado (Hohokam and Pueblo)
similar to pueblo settlements
169
Salado Polychrome (Hohokam and Pueblo)
similar to pueblo settlements and really focused on the weather
170
Classic Hohokam (Hohokam and Pueblo)
centralized houses in compounds with special buildings for elites (control irrigation)
171
Later-period Puebloan Settlement Patters (Pueblo III and IV) (Hohokam and Pueblo)
move to Mesa Verde - built into sides of cliffs
1300 AD Katsina Religion
172
Katsina Religion (Hohokam and Pueblo)
regalia and dancing, weather related, mesoamerican feel, embody spirit of god
173
More Southwest
power of pottery?
174
Patayan (More Southwest)
700AD - know very little
patterns associated with altered states of conciousness
175
Fremont (More Southwest)
700-1300AD - brought corn to great basin, live in villages, stored surplus high up, rock art, aplique ceramics, leather artifacts
176
Mimbres (More Southwest)
1000AD
177
Mimbres Settlements and Architecture (More Southwest)
cliff dwelling
178
Mimbres Pottery (More Southwest)
black bands, forms, holes
179
Casas Grandes - Mesoamerica (More Southwest)
1200 AD - where from? 1300 mass exodus from Miembres?
180
Casas Grandes - Scale adn Settlement Pattern (More Southwest)
bigger scale higher walls
2000 people
around playa
marine shells
house of dead - human and turkey burials
181
End of Casas Grandes (More Southwest)
1450-1500 ce pop dispersed - abrupt transformation
182
What is Indigenous Archaeology (BBIA)
for and by indigenous people
183
Margaret Bruchac (BBIA)
oral history, tradition in the northeast
faced challenges on assumptions about indigenous dissapearance and secular approaches to death and burial
to change: oral knowledge and indigenous knowledge
studies her history and related histories
184
Sonya Atalay (BBIA)
all over the place, collaborations, flexible times, repatriation
faced challenges on assumptions about science and speaking for all indigenous
change valuing indigenous perspectives and knowledge
studied her histories and many more
185
Robert Hall (BBIA)
studies ceremony, ritual spirituality, many groups in all times
challenged by assumptions about good science
wants to see new questions and indigenous knowledge
studies his history and many others
186
D. Rae Gould (BBIA)
studies numpuc, historic, collaboration, indigenous voices
challenged by assumptions about dissapearance, access to sites
wants to rec. nimpuc preseance and collaborative work
studies her history
187
James Quinn (guest) (BBIA) & Jay Levy (guest) (BBIA)
Mohegan THPO, historic collaborative, colonialism
challenged about assumptions about indigenous disappearance
wants indigenous people to have a say with repatriation
studies own history and related
188
Myrna Pokiak (BBIA)
Educational, studies her own community, no specific themes
189
Rudy Reimer Yumks (BBIA)
Squamish.NW coast, all time, Squamish
His history and other local histories
190
Dorothy Lippert (BBIA)
difficulty maintaining own identity
Choctaw
struggled working directly with human remains - wants to change respect
191
Eldon Yellowhorn
raised in tradition
Pikani
wants to help others study own culture more
