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Ergonomics > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Why did it start

A

1957
to promote the discovery and exchange of knowledge concerning the characteristics of human beings that are applicable to the design of systems and devices of all kinds

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2
Q

ergonomics

A

the study of designing equipment and devices that fit the human body, its movements, and its cognitive abilities

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3
Q

human factors

A

the science of understanding the properties of human capability and applying this understanding to design, development, and deployment of systems and services

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4
Q

affordances

A

quality of and object, or an environment, that allows an individual to perform an action

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5
Q

foundations of science

A

based on empiricism

self correcting

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6
Q

goals of science

A
  1. Description
  2. Prediction
  3. Explanation
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7
Q

operational definition of a variable

A

a definition of the variable in terms of the operations or techniques the researcher used in order to measure or manipulate it. It forces us to describe abstract concepts in concrete terms

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8
Q

independent variable

A

manipulated or chosen by the researcher

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9
Q

dependent variable

A

variables measured by the researcher. the depend on the ind. variable

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10
Q

Reliability

A

the consistency of measurements

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11
Q

validity

A

degree to which and experiment, a procedure, or a measurement represents what it is supposed to represent`

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12
Q

Usabilility

A

learnability, efficiency, memorability, low error rate, satisfaction

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13
Q

knowledge in the world

A

sources of information outside of the individual

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14
Q

knowledge in the head

A

information from the world that has been internalized

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15
Q

response compatability

A

movement of control should match the outcome

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16
Q

usability testing

A

have users interact with system to identify flaws

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17
Q

human error

A

small and big errors

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18
Q

slip

A

failure in execution of action

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19
Q

mistake

A

errors in planning of an action

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20
Q

lapses

A

an intended action is forgotten and not carried out

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21
Q

violations

A

intentional choice to disobey rule or procedure

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22
Q

mode errors

A

action is appropriate in one system mode, but is carried out in a different mode

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23
Q

Error taxonomy

A

users action or inaction

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24
Q

error of omission

A

the user fails to perform a required action

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25
Q

error of commision

A

the user performs an inappropriate action

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26
Q

processing taxonomy

A

errors classifies by their location in the human information processing system

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27
Q

input error

A

information from the sensory and perceptual processes

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28
Q

mediation error

A

cognitive processes that translate between perception and action

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29
Q

output error

A

die to the selection and execution of physical responses

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30
Q

operating error

A

a system is not used according to correct procedure

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31
Q

design error

A

system designer created an error-likely situation by failing to consider human tendencies or limitations

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32
Q

environmental stressors

A

noise, temperature, vibration, poor light

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33
Q

psychological stressors

A

anxiety, frustration, fatigue

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34
Q

Arousal

A

general energy level of operator. more stress&raquo_space;> more _____

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35
Q

human information processing

A

characterizes the human as a communication system that receives input from the environment, acts on that input, and then outputs a response back to the environment

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36
Q

three stage model

A

stimulus…perception»cognition»action…response

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37
Q

perceptual stage

A

processes that operate from the stimulation of the sensory organs

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38
Q

cognitive stage

A

identifies or classifies the stimulus

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39
Q

action stage

A

an overt response if selected, programmed, and executed

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40
Q

sensory memory

A

acts as a buffer for stimuli received through the senses ans is constantly being overwritten by new information

41
Q

REMEMBER THIS

A

Information is passes from sensory memory into working memory by attention

42
Q

working memory

A

temporary memory system that you use in order to help you do other complicated cognitive tasks

43
Q

detectability

A

the absolute limits of the sensory system to provide information that a stimulus is present

44
Q

discriminability

A

the ability to determine that two stimulu differ from one another

45
Q

absolute threshold

A

smallest amount of intensity needed for a person to notice a stimulus

46
Q

difference threshold

A

smallest amount of different needed for a person to percieve 2 stimuli as different

47
Q

spectral colors

A

a color comprised of a single wavelength

48
Q

non spectral colors

A

color made of more than 1 wavelenght

49
Q

trichromatic theory

A

any hue can be matched with a combination of 3 primary colors

50
Q

opponet process theory

A

edwald heringin 1800’s

color perception is controlled by the activity of 2 opponet systems

51
Q

perceptual organization (grouping principles)

A 
proximity
similarity
continuity 
closure
common fate
52
Q

proprioception

A

ability to feel what your muscles are doing and where your limbs are positioned

53
Q

accommodation

A

automatic adjustments of the lens that maintain a focused image on the retina

54
Q

vergence

A

degree to which the eyes are turned inward to maintain fixation on an object

55
Q

vestibular system

A

works with vision and proprioception to control movements

56
Q

static displays

A

are fixed and do not change

57
Q

dynamic displays

A

change over time ex. speedometer

58
Q

static displays: Conspicuity

A

how well the display attracts attention

59
Q

alphanumeric displays

A

any displays that use words, letters, numbers, etc to convey information

60
Q

overall density

A

the number of characters shown over the total area of a display

61
Q

local density

A

the density in the region immediately surrounding a character

62
Q

grouping

A

realted to the gestalt organizational principles

63
Q

layout complexity

A

extent to which the layout is predictable

64
Q

absolute judgement

A

refers to the classification of a stimulus when several options are available

65
Q

color coding

A

use of colors for a static display to make it easier to remember and notice

66
Q

shape coding

A

useful because people can distinguish a large number of shapes

67
Q

Analog (dynamic display)

A

have a continuous scale or pattern

68
Q

digital

A

present information alphanumerically

69
Q

motion interpretability

A

how well a display represents the motion of an object

70
Q

warning signals and labels

A

advisories, warnings, cautions

71
Q

dichotic displays

A

when each ear receives different auditory information

72
Q

speech displays

A

used to transmit slightly more complicated information

73
Q

tactile displays

A

refer to any displays where information is conveyed by sense of touch

74
Q

haptic displays

A

refers to a displays that applies force, vibration, or motion to the user

75
Q

task analysis

A

techniques that are used to understand and represent human and system performance in a particular task or scenario. Can be used during the design of system or to evaluate. Break down into individual task steps

76
Q

hierarchical task analysis (HTA)

A

involves breaking down the task under analysis into a ______of goals, operations, and plans. broken down into tasks, sub task, and plans

77
Q

HTA steps

A
  1. determine the overall goal of the task
  2. determine task sub goals
  3. sub goal decomposition
  4. plan analysis
78
Q

cognitive task analysis (CTA)

A

breaks down the components of the task in terms of the cognitive ability required during each step. may examine the perceptual ability or motor ability requirements as well. Requires and understanding of cognition and an expert level understanding of the task

79
Q

additive mixing

A

combinations that increase the amount of light reflected (comp monitors)

80
Q

subtractive mixing

A

combinations that reduce the amount of light reflected (paint)

81
Q

hue

A

variations described by names such as red, purple, blue, etc

82
Q

saturation

A

apparent purity, vividness, or richness

83
Q

who developed the color circle and what does it do

A

issac newton. It describes the dimensions of hue and saturation

84
Q

Protanopia

A

long wavelength (red) cones do not contain the erythrolabe

85
Q

deutanopia

A

the medium wavelenghts (green) cones to not contain chlorolabe

86
Q

visual acuity

A

represents the clearness or sharpness of vision

87
Q

contrast sensitivity

A

represents the ability of the visual system to distinguish bright and dim components of a static image. ex night driving… or being able to read a light gray letter on a dark gray background.

88
Q

perceptual organization

A

the process by which we apprehend particular relationships among potentially separate stimulus elements.

89
Q

object motion

A

external object is moving

90
Q

induced motion

A

a stationary background causes movement to be attributed to the wrong part of a scene

91
Q

integral dimensions

A

cannot specify a value on one feature dimension without specifying the value on the other dimension

92
Q

separable dimensions

A

dimensional combinations that exist independently of one another

93
Q

oval window

A 
passes vibration of the eardrum to a much smaller membrane. entry to inner ear
through 3 bones
malleus
incus
stapes
1
94
Q

two tone suppresion

A

when the neural respanse to a sound ca be supressed by a second sound

95
Q

frequency theory

A

Rutherford. basilar membrane vibrates at the frequency of the auditory stimulus which causes neurons to respond at this frequency

96
Q

Place theory

A

helmholtz. frequency of sounds affects a particular place on the basilar membrane and those particular neurons send signals to particular place in the brains

97
Q

semantic context

A

words identifies by what you think the speaker meant

98
Q

syntactic context

A

words arranged in grammatically correct fashion

99
Q

somesthetic system

A

detects facets of the environment that you can feel

Ergonomics (2 decks)

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