Midterm Flashcards
When two-week-old Carson’s father strokes the baby’s left cheek, Carson turns his head to the left. Carson’s response is called the _______ reflex.
Rooting
An unlearned response to a particular stimulus is a(n)?
Reflex
In the Moro reflex, an infant
Extends it’s arms and arches it’s back when it’s head falls backward.
When Fernando babysits his niece, the infant grabs his long hair and won’t let go until Fernando uncurls her fingers. Instead of getting mad at his niece for pulling his hair Fernando understands that her actions are being driven by which reflex?
Palmar grasp
Which infant reflex(es) clearly has/have survival value today?
Sucking, eye blink, and rooting
When the sole of her foot is stroked, three-week-old Pam curls and fans her toes. Pam is demonstrating which reflex?
Babinski
Regarding infant reflexes, which of the following statements is FALSE?
All of the infant reflexes have important survival value today.
______ is the biological unfolding of an organism according to its underlying genetic blueprint.
Maturation
Maturation is development that is…
Primarily a function of genetics.
Which factor primarily explains why children today are taller on average than children of a century ago?
Improved Nutrition
Which of the following primarily accounts for the increase in brain volume between birth and adulthood?
Both myelin action and synaptic development.
Gregor weighed 7 pounds at birth. About how much will he weigh on his first birthday?
21 or 22 pounds.
If newborn Frankie is 20 inches long at birth, hoe tall is she expected to be at her first birthday?
About 39 inches.
Of the five senses, which is the slowest to develop?
Vision
If Miguel’s sons development is normal, Miguel can expect his son will develop depth perception by about what age?
6 months
Regarding infants’ visual abilities, which of the following statements is FALSE?
Basic color vision develops prenatally.
Who used the visual cliff apparatus to study infant depth perception?
Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk
Infant researcher Dr. Collins uses the visual cliff apparatus to test infants’ sensory abilities. What, specifically, is Collins Studying?
depth perception
A normal, six-day-old baby can be expected to do all of the following, EXCEPT…
Discriminate among happy, angry, and neutral facial expressions.
Infants show preferences for sweets at…
Birth
By what age is newborn Haley predicted to have developed basic color vision?
8 weeks of age
If Felicity’s development is average, she can be expected to discriminate among happy,angry, and neutral faces at what age?
4 to 6 months
If an Infant has learned to activate a crib mobile by kicking and she then retained the memory of the behavior for several weeks, that infant must be at LEAST how old?
6 months
Pedro just began lifting his chin and bringing objects to his mouth. What age would you guess Pedro to be?
2 to 3 months
If 6-month-old Milkhail’s development is normal, he can be expected to do all but which of the following?
Sit without support
By the end of the first year of life, Evan had mastered the most difficult balancing problem ever to be encountered in her life. What skill has she mastered?
Standing without support
A typical infant can stand without support by around
12 months
What is the visual acuity of a newborn?
20/400
When are newborn infants typically capable of imitating their parents’ facial expressions?
Within minutes of their birth
_____ was the most influential theorist on cognitive development and may be considered the most important developmental theorist of all time.
Jean Piaget
Regarding Jean Piaget, which of the following statements is FALSE?
Piaget earned his Ph.D in psychology, taking his courses in both philosophy and psychology.
Piaget found his first opportunity to study children through a chance meeting which other pioneer of psychology?
Theodore Simon
Piaget’s primary research technique involved…
Careful observation.
According to Piaget, a(n) _____ is an organized system of mental representations used to understand the world.
Schema
What general term does Piaget use for the process of changing to function more effectively in meeting challenges?
Adaptation
Gloria’s family has a large station wagons she calls a car. Her grandmother buys an SUV that Gloria also calls a car. This is a demonstration of…
Assimilation.
In Piaget’s terminology, changing existing schemes to incorporate new informations is called…
Accommodation
What is the correct sequencing of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?
Sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational, formal operational
In Piaget’s theory, object permanence is to _____ as conservation is to ______.
Sensorimotor / concrete operations
Third grade teacher Ben Stallworth can expect that the majority of his eight and nine year old students are in which stage of cognitive development?
Concrete operational
According to Piaget, full cognitive maturity occurs in which stage of cognitive development?
Formal operational
Twenty month old Hannah realizes that her mother still exists even when Hannah cannot see her. What cognitive achievement has Hannah mastered?
Object permanence
Which activity might allow Gwyneth to help her six month old granddaughter develop object permanence?
Playing peek-a-boo with her
All but which of the following are characteristics of the pre operational stage of cognitive development?
Conservation
The tendency to view the world only from ones own perspective is
Egocentrism
Nine year old Dakota realizes the quantity of water in a glass remains the same, even when the water is poured into a different shaped glass and appears to look like more or less. In Piaget’s terms, Dakota has developed
Conservation
An average child in the concrete operational stage of cognitive development can be expected to do all but which of the following?
Generate hypothesis and think deductively
Critics of Piaget’s work on cognitive development say that…
He disregarded children’s learning styles.
Cross-cultural research on cognitive development, presented in the text, suggests that ____ children learn especially well in environments that are structured around cooperative learning and music based activities
African American
Vygotsky saw cognitive development through the lens of children’s…
Culture and social worlds
In Vygotsky’s terms, the range between a child’s present level of skill and knowledge and their potential level of skill and knowledge with appropriate guidance is called the child’s
Zone of proximal development
An educational technique that focuses on instruction at the zone of proximal development is called…
Scaffolding
According to Vygotsky’s, the optimal relationship between adult and child is…
Tutor and student
Developmental psychology is concerned with which area of human development?
Cognitive, physical, social, and emotional
According to the stages of development presented in the text, middle childhood is considered to be ages…
6 to 12
All but which of the following are major questions that have shaped the study of human development?
Cross-sectional vs. longitudinal
Whether genetics or the environment is the major influence on development is the focus of which question that underlies the study of human development?
Nature vs. Nurture
Paul’s father is extremely aggressive and so is Paul. Whether Paul inherited his aggressive tendencies or learned them relates to which question of development?
Nature vs. Nurture
To determine the role of nature vs. nurture in particular a human traits, developmental researchers use all of the following EXCEPT
Environmental deprivation studies
Whether development is characterized by quantitative or qualitative change is the focus of which underlying question in developmental psychology?
Continuity vs. Discontinuity
In developmental psychology, quantitative is to ________ as qualitative is to ________.
Continuity / Discontinuity
Your psychology professor lectures on evidence suggesting that certain personality traits remain consistent over time, while others change with age. With which question of development is your professor’s lecture concerned?
Stability vs. Instability
Researchers have found that aborigine children demonstrate certain cognitive abilities several years later than Western European children. This finding is related to which question of development?
Qualitative vs. Quantitative
Antoine’s second grade teacher is astonished to learn that he has become a military officer. When he was in second grade he was the class clown, was undisciplined, and did very poorly. This upturn of events relates to which question of development?
Stability vs. Instability
In a longitudinal study,
People of the same age are observed at multiple time points.
What are the two most frequently used methods for studying developmental changes?
Cross-sectional and longitudinal
Lewis Terman’s famous study of intellectually gifted children is an example of which type of research design?
Longitudinal
All but which of the following are disadvantages of the longitudinal method of studying developmental changes?
Differences may be a function of historical or social influences, rather than being age-related.
Developmental psychologist Lynn Bagely conducts research in which she studies groups of people of different ages at one time. Dr. Bagely is using what sort of study?
Cross-sectional
Cohort effects
Present problems for the interpretation of cross-sectional research.
Psychologists use the term _____ to describe a characteristic style of behavior or disposition.
Temperament
The New York Longitudinal Study was a landmark study of…
Temperament
The New York Longitudinal Study identified _____ types of temperament, and they are called…
3 / easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up
The New York Longitudinal Study found that about ____ of children could be classified into one of three temperament groups.
66%
Eight month old Finnegan is playful and responds positively to changes. He generally has a happy mood, and he quickly developed a regular sleeping and feeding schedule. Using terminology from The New York Longitudinal Study, Finnegan would be categorized as an ____ child.
Easy
In The New York Longitudinal Study of temperament, the majority of children were classified as ______ children.
Easy
Children who react negatively to change and are generally irritable are classified as having what kind of temperament?
Difficult
Six month old Charlotte fits the characteristics of slow-to-warm-up temperament. Charlotte would be expected to exhibit all but which of the following?
Interest in novel stimuli
In descriptions of temperament, another term for “slow-to-warm-up” is…
Inhibited
What type of infant temperament is associated with better adjustment in adulthood?
Easy
Compared to the other temperament groups, difficult infants are more likely to _____ in childhood.
All of the above Develop acting out behaviors Develop psychiatric problems Be highly sororities Not be a pushover
Other factors being equal, which of the following preschoolers is most likely to be aggressive?
Arnold, who has a difficult temperament and punitive, unresponsive parents
The formation of a strong bond of a newborn animal to the first moving object seen after birth is called…
Imprinting
Who conducted famous studies on imprinting in geese and other species?
Konrad Lorenz
All but which of the following researchers are pioneers in the study of attachment?
Diana Baumrind
How are bonding and attachment different?
Bonding is the parents tie to the infant, whereas attachment is the infants tie to the caregiver
At work in which location did Mary Ainsworth first make get observation that individual differences in infant attachment are linked to maternal sensitivity?
Uganda
