Final Flashcards
Lifespan development spans a range of interests that specialists in development can consider. A researcher wants to examine the effects of the 66 year old woman’s sons birth on long-range development. Which of the following could possibly be an area of interest?
Investigating behavior at the level of biological processes to determine whether the infants functioning was affected by the advanced age of his mother.
______ development is the field of study that examines the patterns of growth, change, and stability in behavior that occur throughout the entire lifespan.
Lifespan
In its study of growth, change, and stability, lifespan development takes a _______ approach.
Scientific
A professor wants to examine the effectiveness of a new teaching approach. Her 9am class will be exposed to the new method of viewing teaching tapes while her 10am class will be exposed to traditional lectures. She will assess the students progress after six lessons. What method is the professor using to conduct her experiment?
Scientific
The cast majority of lifespan development focuses on…
Human development.
A lifespan developmentalist whose topical focus is the body’s makeup is interested in _____ development.
Physical
A researcher working with college age football players is conducting a longitudinal study to examine an athletes decline in physical performance as the athlete ages. What type of development would the researcher most likely be studying?
Physical
______ development involves the ways that growth and change in intellectual capabilities influence a person’s behavior.
Cognitive
Researchers in the early learning department of a university are conducting a long term study to see how problem solving skills change over time as school age students move from elementary school to high school to college. What type of development are the researchers most likely studying?
Cognitive
Researchers who use intellectual testing (IQ) as part of their research project with elementary age students are likely to be researcher _________ development.
Cognitive
______ development involves the ways that the enduring characteristics that differentiate one person from another change over the life span.
Personality
A student reads a flyer on the campus bulletin board that says a researcher is searching for students to volunteer for a long-term study. Participation includes completing testing that measures traits such as temperament, attitudes, and adaptability, as well as being available for follow-up for the next 10 years. The researcher who is developing this study is most likely interested in _______ development.
Personality
_______ development involves the way in which individuals interactions with others and their social relationships grow, change and remain stable over the course of life.
Social
What type of lifespan developmentalist is interested in how a person who experiences a significant or traumatic even early in like would remember that even later in life?
Cognitive
A researcher is interested in conducting a study to determine whether people who experiences a devastating event, such as a house fire where the family lost everything, suffer lasting effects from such devastation early in life. This researcher is interested in the ______ development of the subject.
Cognitive
Lifespan developmentalist typically look at which of the following areas?
a particular age range
A developmental researcher who is interested in studying what senses are used most often by a child or what the long-term results of premature birth are would be studying _______ development.
physical
If a developmental researcher is studying what the earliest memories that can be recalled from infancy are, or what the intellectual consequences of watching television are, in what developmental are is the researcher interested in?
cognitive
A shared notion of reality that is widely accepted but is a function of society and culture at a given time is/are called
age ranges
The concept of childhood as a special period did not exist during the ______ century.
seventeeth
Which age range is considered a social construction and does not have a clear-cut boundary?
middle adulthood end with retirement
In western culture, what age is considered young adult?
20
Walter is a college student who is about to graduate from college. At what age would he most likely consider that a substantial change is occurring in his life?
when he leaves college and enters the workforce at age 22
To gain a clearer understanding, developmentalists must consider all of the following broad cultural factors except
how subcultures are exactly like cultures in their views and attitudes
When discussing developmental diversity, what characteristic of good parenting do Mayan mothers consider essential?
constant contact between themselves and their infant children
Race is what kind of a concept?
biological
When Allison was completing her medical forms in in the doctors office, she was asked to indicate her race. What may be an appropriate reason for the question of the forms?
to establish biological factors
A group of people who are born around the same time in the same place is called a
Cohort
The concept of race is exceedingly imprecise for all of the following reasons except
names can best reflect different races and ethnic groups
People who lived in NYC during 9/11 terrorist attack on the World Trade Center experienced shared challenges due to the attack that are called ______ effects.
cohort
Biological and environmental influences that are similar for individual in a particular age group, regardless of where they are raised, are called ______ influences.
age-graded
Biological and environmental factors that are associated with a certain historical event, such as the bombing of pearl harbor, can be considered
history-graded influences
A biological universal event that occurs at relatively the same time throughout all societies is an example of
puberty
Alice’s symptoms of menopause include hot flashes and cessation of her monthly menstrual cycle. Alice’s doctor tells her she is experiencing an
age-graded influence
When social and cultural factors affect an individual at a particular time and include variables as ethnicity, social class, and subcultural membership, these factors are called
sociocultural-graded influences
In _____, development is ________, with achievements at one level building on those previous levels.
continuous change; gradual
In _______ development, each stage is
discontinuous change; distinct.
Consider a situation where a woman comes down with a case of rubella (German measles) in the eleventh week of pregnancy, as opposed to the thirtieth week of pregnancy. The difference in the way rubella would affect the unborn child at these two times is an example of
critical period
Development that occurs in distinct steps or stages, with each stage bringing about behavior that is assumed to be qualitatively different from behavior at earlier stages is called _______ change
discontinuous
A specific time during development when a particular event has its greatest consequence and the presence of certain kinds of environmental stimuli is necessary for development to proceed normally is called
critical period
Early developmentalists focused their attention on
infancy and adolescence
In a ______, organisms are particularly susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli in their environments, but the absence of those stimuli does not always produce irreversible consequences.
sensitive period
What issue has dominated much work in lifespan development?
How much of people’s behavior is due to their genetically-determined nature and how much is due to nurture?
“Nature” refers to
traits, abilities, and capabilities inherited from parents
The predetermined unfolding of genetic information is known as
maturation
Environmental influences that shape behavior are referred to as
nurture
Wilma used both cocaine and alcohol during her pregnancy, and this considered a _______ impact upon environmental influences known as _______
biological; nurture
Genetically-determined traits not only directly influence a child’s _______, but also indirectly shape the child’s ________
behavior, enviroment
Bob and Marion high level of responsibility to their baby’s persistent crying demonstrates an _______ influence on the baby’s development.
environmental
Broad, organized explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest are called _______ and provide a framework for understanding the relationships among an organized set of facts or principles.
theories
Advocates of the _______ perspective believe that much of behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts of which a person has little awareness or control.
psychodynamic
Freud proposed a theory that suggests that unconscious forces act to influence personality and behavior. This is called the _______ perspective.
psychoanalytic
The psychodynamic perspective is closely associated with
Freud
Sigmund Freud is responsible for revolutionary ideas and the _____ theory.
phallic
Which of the following suggests that unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior?
psychoanalytic theory
Freud believed that the _____ contains infantile wishes, desires, demands, and needs that are hidden from conscious awareness because they are disturbing.
unconscious
The approach stating that behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts that are generally beyond people’s awareness and control is called the
psychodynamic perspective
According to Freud, which part of everyone’s personality operates according to the “pleasure principle”?
id
Freud believed that the goal of the pleasure principle was to
maximize satisfaction and reduce tension
Freud believed that the ______ is the part of the personality that is rational and reasonable.
ego
Freud believed that the ego operates on the
reality principle
If a child develops into a person who integrates into society and maintains a good awareness of safety, Freud may say that person has a well-developed
ego
The ______ is Freud’s representation of incorporating the distinction between right and wrong.
superego
To Freud, “superego” and _____ are interchangeable terms.
conscience
Freud believed that the _______ begins to develop around ages five or six and is learned from significant authority figures.
superego
According to Freud, a series of stages that children pass through in which pleasure, or gratification, is focused on a particular biological function and body part is called
psychosexual development
Adults demonstrating excessive activities such as eating, talking, or chewing gum may be experiencing an ______ fixation.
oral
Thom is an adolescent who has an awareness of uniqueness of self and knowledge of roles to be followed. He can be said to have passed through Erikson’s _____ stage of psychosocial development.
identity vs. role diffusion
Kimberly is a young woman who has a fear of relationships with others. She can be said to have had a negative outcome in Erikson’s _______ stage of psychosocial development.
intimacy vs. isolation
As warren looks back over his long life, he feels a sense of unity in his life’s accomplishments. He can be said to be in Erikson’s _______ stage of psychosocial development.
ego-integrity vs. despair
Suri identifies with her mother as a role model. She has passed through Freud’s ____ stage of psychosexual development.
phallic
Frued believed that if children are unable to gratify themselves in a particular stage of development, or if they are over-gratified in a particular stage, _____ may occur.
fixation
Psychoanalyst ___ provided and alternative psychodynamic view in his theory of psychosocial development.
Erikson
Erikson proposed a ______ theory, which emphasies that society and culture influence and shape us.
psychosocial
Erikson’s psychosocial theory of development proposes ______ distinct stages.
8
Erikson argued that each of his stages presents a ______ that the individual must resolve
crisis
Erikson’s theory differs from Freud’s on that Erikson believed that development
continues throughout lifespan
The ____ ____ suggests that keys to understanding development are observable actions and outside stimuli in the environment.
behavioral persepctive
_____ theories assume that if people are affected by the environmental stimuli to which they are exposed, developmental change is _____
behavioral; quantitative
A type of learning in which organisms respond in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response is called
classical conditiong
A form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by its association with positive or negative consequences is called
operant conditioning
Who was one of the first American psychologists to advocate a behavioral approach to development?
Watson
Judy was bitten by a small brown and white dog when she was a little girl, and now every time she sees a small dog approaching her, she is fearful. Watson would say that Judy’s reaction is a result of _____ conditioning.
classical
_____ ______ is a form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by its association with positive or negative consequences.
operant conditioning
____ conditioning, in which the response being conditioned is voluntary and purposeful, differs from ____ conditioning, where the response is automatic.
operant; classical
Operant conditioning was formulated and championed by
Skinner
Behavior modification depends upon what principle
operant conditioning
Susan learned at a young age that developing good study habits, such as doing her homework, brought about good grades, and made her want to work harder in school. This type of behavior is called
reinforcement
Roger likes to buy lottery tickets regularly because he occasionally wins. This is an example of ____ behavior.
reinforcement
The introduction of an unpleasant or painful stimulus, or the removal of a desirable stimulus that decreases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur in the future is considered ____ learning.
punishment
Alice used to do her math homework regularly and studied hard for tests although she continued to have difficult getting passing grades; disheartened, Alice began to put less effort into her math homework, and eventually she failed math. This is an example of what type of behavior?
punishment
Behavior that receives no reinforcement or is punished is likely to be
extinguished
______ _______ is a formal technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones.
behavior modification
What is the learning approach that emphasizes the learning by observing the behavior of another person, called modeling?
social-cognitive learning
Ralph watches the other kindergarten students receive stickers and other rewards from the teacher for sitting at their desks and completing their work. Soon, Ralph begins to behave like the other kindergarten students. This is what type of learning?
modeling
Which developmental psychologist developed an approach that emphasizes learning by observing the behavior of another person, called a model?
Bandura
According to classical and operant conditioning, with their “black box” analyses, people and other organisms’ behavior and learning are understood in terms of _____, _____ stimuli.
observable, external
Social-cognitive learning theorists argue that the difference between people and animals is the occurrence of
mental activity
Which form of the behavioral perspective learning styles has come to a predominant position in recent decades and is based on learning through imitation?
social-cognitive theory
_____ focuses on the processes tat allow people to know, understand, and think about the world.
the cognitive perspective
The approach that focuses on the processes that allow people to know, understand, and think about the world is called the
cognitive perspective
Who is considered the predominant theorist in cognitive development?
Piaget
_____ is/are a theory of how human thinking is organized into mental patterns that represent behaviors and actions.
Schemes
Piaget’s two basic principles of growth in children’s understanding of the world are
assimilation and accomodation
What did Piaget call the process in which people understand an experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development and way of thinking?
assimilation
What did Piaget call the process in which changes occur in the existing way a child thinks in response to encounters with new stimuli or events?
accomodation
What has become an important alternative to Piagetian approaches?
information processing
Which type of approach grew out of the development of electronic processing of information, where even complex behavior such as learning, remembering, categorizing, and thinking can be broken down into a series of individual, specific steps?
informational processing
Piaget’s view assumes that thinking undergoes ______ advances, but the information-processing approach assumes that development is marked by ____ advantages.
qualitative; quantitative
An information processing approach that builds on Piaget’s research is known as ______ theory because it considers cognition as made up of different types of individual skills.
neo-piagetian
What learning model seeks to identify the ways individuals take in, use, and store information?
information processing
What approach builds on Piaget’s research, and views cognition as made up of different types of individual skills, while using terminology from information processing approaches?
neo-piagetian
What aspect of development are not adequately addressed by the information-processing approach?
creativity and social/cultural development
What type of developmental approach is cutting edge and at the forefront of research when working with genes associated with mental disorders such as autism and schizophrenia?
cognitive neuroscience
Which developmental approach looks at cognitive development through the lens of brain underlies thinking, problem solving, and cognitive behavior?
cognitive neuroscience
What approach examines cognitive development through the lens of brain processes?
cognitive neuroscience
What theory contends that people have a natural capacity to make decisions about their lives?
humanistic
The ____ perspective contends that people have a natural capacity to control their behavior.
humanistic
According to this perspective, the ability of humans to make choices and come to decisions about their lives is called
Free will
Which theorists championed the idea of self actualization?
Rogers & Maslow
Eleanor Roosevelt, Abraham Lincoln, and Albert Einstein are used as examples of
self-actualization
Which perspective considers the relationship between individuals and their physical, cognitive, personality, and social worlds?
contextual
Who was a major proponent of the humanistic perspective and suggested that all people need positive regard that results from an underlying wish to be loved and respected?
Rogers
