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Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What are 3 characteristics exclusive to mammals?

A
  • hair (keratin - alpha keratin)
  • mammary glands (also sebaceous / sweat)
  • eggs develop in uterus - most with placental attachment
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2
Q

Type of sweat gland responsible for evaporative cooling (watery sweat)?

A

eccrine. in many mammals it is used only as a last resort

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3
Q

What are the function of apocrine sweat glands?

A

produce lipid rich sweat. proteins, lipids, carbs (sugars), minerals

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4
Q

What is coprophagy? and why is it adaptive?

A

where an animal re-ingests it’s own feces. used by hindgut fermenters.
best absorption of simple sugars is in the small intestine which is located after the cecum. so going back and eating their green pellets allows them to gain digested nutrients from their feces

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5
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A
  • chemical breakdown of carbon based compounds (glucose) to form energy
  • process where ATP is formed
  • aerobic metabolism
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6
Q

What does the term ‘supercool’ imply?

A

an animal is able to prevent their blood from freezing, produce their own antifreeze ‘cryoprotectant’ glucose prevents tissues and cells from freezing

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7
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of being an endotherm?

A

A:
- always warm
- can colonize on any place on earth, even the arctic
- constant metabolic functioning (homeostasis)
D:
- have to produce their own body heat, need lots of fuel to stay warm

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8
Q

What does extant mean?

A

species currently living on earth, opposite of extinct

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9
Q

What does anthropogenic mean?

A

human caused influence.

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10
Q

What is genetic inheritance?

A

reproductive processes result in heredity and variation - how evolution thrives

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11
Q

Explain the mechanism of evolution, differential survival and reproduction.

A

ex peppered moths of england
2 colour variants
dark found in areas of heavy pollution (decreased lichen on trees)
light found in cleaner countryside forests
moths survive when their coloration matches their surroundings (tree bark)

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12
Q

What is ethology?

A

animal behavior

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13
Q

What is zoology?

A

the scientific study of animal life

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14
Q

Species definition.

A

group of related individuals which can mate and produce viable offspring. smallest distinct grouping

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15
Q

What are mammals derived from?

A

from the synapsid lineage of early amniotes

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16
Q

Smallest mammal in North America?

A

pygmy shrew size of a nickel. 1200 BPM

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17
Q

What is diphyodont dentition?

A

2 sets of teeth. first set is deciduous

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18
Q

What is heterodont dentition?

A

differentiated dentition. incisor, canine, molar, premolar

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19
Q

What are the 3 structures that make up a tooth?

A
  • enamel
  • dentine
  • cementum
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20
Q

What is the hardest substance an animal produces?

A

enamel. only covers tooth up to gum line

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21
Q

What is the fastest growing tissue an animal can produce?

A

antlers

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22
Q

What is an adaptation of an anteater?

A

no teeth. Tongue is feeding apparatus

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23
Q

Which family has 4 upper incisors?

A

lagomorph (rabbits)

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24
Q

Which family has 2 upper incisors?

A

rodentia

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25
Q

Why do beavers teeth look orange?

A

iron in their enamel

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26
Q

Explain the specialization of beavers incisors?

A

enamel on anterior portion, dentine is exposed on posterior, no enamel. the dentine wears away faster than the enamel on the front leaving them with a sharp edge at all times

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27
Q

What is diastema?

A

space in-between teeth

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28
Q

What is the function of premolars?

A

shearing and slicing

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29
Q

What does bunodont dentition mean?

A

broad, squarish, top surface covered by enamel. (omnivores)

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30
Q

What is ‘milk’ teeth?

A

juvenile set

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31
Q

What is the function of molars?

A

grinding and crushing. present only in permanent set of teeth

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32
Q

What are selenodont teeth?

A

molars shaped like half moons. common in herbivores to break up herbaceous matter

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33
Q

Deer with long fang teeth instead of antlers?

A

Musk deer. for mating

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34
Q

Remember the difference between order carnivora and carnivore digestive system adaptations.

A
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35
Q

How does a cecum work?

A

anaerobic bacteria (absence of oxygen) break down cellulose because vertebrates lack cellulase therefor the ability to break down cellulose

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36
Q

What is a fore-gut fermenter?

A

fermentation happens before reaching acid
stomach. Occurs in rumen.

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37
Q

What are examples of fore-gut fermenters?

A

browsers and grazers. artiodactyla. moose, deer, sheep, cattle etc

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38
Q

What is a hind-gut fermenter?

A

fermentation occurs after the true acid stomach. occurs in cecum and large intestine

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39
Q

What are examples of hind-gut fermenters?

A

perrisodactyla (horses, zebra), gnawers and nibblers (rodentia, lagomorpha)

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40
Q

What are the ruminant stomach 4 chambers in order?

A
  1. Rumen
  2. Reticulum
  3. Omasum
  4. Abomasum
    (Running Rivers Of Alberta)
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41
Q

Where is ‘cud’ formed?

A

rumen

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42
Q

What is cud?

A

regurgitated food balls

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43
Q

What is the main function of the reticulum?

A
  • water absorption
    also milk digestion in calves
    AKA hardware stomach
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44
Q

What is the function of the omasum?

A

first chamber where real absorption of products begins
includes: water, soluble food & microbial products

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45
Q

What is the function of the abomasum?

A
  • like how a human stomach functions
  • fats (lipolytic) & proteins (proteolytic) broken down here
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46
Q

What is the small intestine lined with and what is it’s function?

A

intestinal papillae (micro villi)
increases surface area dramatically for the absorption of nutrients

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47
Q

What are defined as browsers?

A

selective eaters. forage for higher quality food (plants with more protein)

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48
Q

What are defined as grazers?

A

less selective foragers. eat a large quantity of food to get in enough nutrients

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49
Q

Why do browsers have large reticulum & abomasum?

A

reticulum - because the stems they eat dont have much water
abomasum - because they eat lots of protein

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50
Q

Why do grazers have a large rumen and omasum?

A

so they can fit more of the ‘lower quality’ food

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51
Q

What is a ruminant?

A

a mammal with 4 chambered stomachs

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52
Q

Advantage of being a ruminant?

A

eat a lot fast, then rest and digest. good digestion of poor quality food

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53
Q

Disadvantage to being a ruminant?

A

very slow process. low protein content

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54
Q

What does non-ruminant mean?

A

does not have a 4 chambered stomach

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55
Q

What is a carnivores digestive system like?

A

shorter, less complex, mostly digest protein

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56
Q

What is the integument in the body?

A

skin

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57
Q

What is the epidermis?

A

thinner outermost layer of skin. can produce keratin - can result in callouses / thickened skin.
protected by hair

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58
Q

What is the dermis?

A

just below epidermis. thick inner layer full of glands, nerves, and blood vessels

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59
Q

What is the hypodermis?

A

fatty layer below the dermis

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60
Q

What is a pelage?

A

fur coat.
underhair: dense soft, insulating
guardhair: coarse, longer, protective

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61
Q

What is vibrissae?

A

whiskers. not found only on face. Ex. ground squirrel on legs

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62
Q

What are some specialized hair types?

A

whiskers (vibrissae), quills, spines

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63
Q

What is the latin term for hair raising?

A

pilo erection

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64
Q

What are 4 functions of hair?

A

protection
sensory
insulation
appearance

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65
Q

What are animal adaptations to photoperiod?

A

shedding hair
shedding antlers

66
Q

What is photoperiod?

A

decreasing daylight causes an increase in melatonin in body

67
Q

What is the function of eccrine sweat glands?

A

evaporative cooling. concentrated in hairless regions, footpads

68
Q

What is the sweat like from apocrine sweat glands?

A

milky/whitish. made up of protein, lipids, sugars, minerals, h2o

69
Q

What are sebaceous glands?

A

associated with hair follicles
produce sebum, keeps hair shiny

70
Q

What are the function of scent glands?

A

social communication
reproductive status
marking territories
warning
defense (skunks)

71
Q

What is ATP?

A

The source of energy for cells
(Adenosine Triphosphate)

72
Q

What are middens?

A

squirrel food stash under pine cone scales

73
Q

What is colostrum?

A

first milk, passes on immunity & inoculates young with required bacteria

74
Q

What are mammary glands derived from?

A

apocrine sweat glands

75
Q

What does cephalic appendages mean?

A

appendages of the head

76
Q

Which cervidae species where the female also grows antlers?

77
Q

What are some functions of antlers?

A
  • display / competition
  • dissipate excess heat
78
Q

Where do antlers grow from on the skull?

79
Q

What is the purpose of velvet on antlers?

A

provides protection and feeds growth

80
Q

What is an example of a cervid whose antlers do not branch?

A

spike buck
also young deer

81
Q

What is the fate of antler velvet?

A

at maturity vessels constrict, velvet dies and rubs of (atrophy)

82
Q

What is basal metabolic rate?

A

metabolic rate when animal is at rest

83
Q

Who would have a higher metabolic rate, a rat or a cow?

A

A rat. smaller mammals generally have higher metabolic rates

84
Q

What is the optimal mammalian body temp?

85
Q

Why do small mammals require proportionately more energy than large mammals?

A

Smaller mammals have a larger surface area to volume ratio. small mammals lose heat more quickly

86
Q

Explain the relationship between surface area and volume.

A

smaller organisms have more surface area in relation to their body volume that would be able to retain heat. (think of making ice cubes, a smaller amount of water freezes quicker than a large amount - the large amount of water is able to retain heat for longer)

87
Q

Why does a high / constant body temp make a difference?

A

enzymes - proteins that catalyze biochemical processes. They are a function of temperature. They are temp sensitive, perform best within the 35-38C temp. They denature past a certain hot temp

88
Q

What is an ectotherm?

A

organisms that gain their heat from their environment

89
Q

What is a thermoneutral zone?

A

temperature range in which mammals do NOT have to increase metabolism (find food) to maintain body temp. environment is close to body temp

90
Q

What is a microclimate?

A

small area where climate differs from surrounding area. (hiding from the wind, or in the shade)

91
Q

List a mammal that can supercool?

A

Arctic ground squirrel. body temp goes to -2.9C

92
Q

How is metabolic heat produced?

A

produced in all body tissues
oxidation of food / cellular respiration
muscular contractions (heart and other muscles through exercise)

93
Q

What is aerobic metabolism?

A

using oxygen

94
Q

Which organelle is important for the production of ATP?

A

mitochondria
- darkest organelle in cell
- traps energy from fuel molecules

95
Q

What is BAT tissue? (brown adipose tissue)

A

brown fat
- fat that heats up
-packed with mitochondria
-skips production of ATP
- found around kidneys, adrenal glands, hearts, etc other organs

96
Q

What is deamination?

A

converting amino acids to ammonia

97
Q

What is ammonia (NH3)?

A

-metabolic waste. what is filtered through the kidneys
- highly toxic
- highly water soluble

98
Q

What is urea?

A

amphibian and mammals convert ammonia to urea, less toxic form of ammonia

99
Q

What is uric acid?

A

birds and reptiles convert ammonia to uric acid which is a less toxic form of ammonia

100
Q

How do fish diffuse ammonia?

A

through their gills

101
Q

What is the “rule” to getting rid of toxins?

A

the solution to pollution is dilution

102
Q

What are some ways body heat is lost?

A
  • respiration
  • convection (fluid related)
  • conduction (surface contact)
  • thermal radiation (cellular respiration)
103
Q

What are some ways mammals reduce heat loss?

A

Appendages, size
Insulation; fur, fat
Permit cooling of extremities (counter current heat exchange)
Avoid cold, microclimates

104
Q

What is Bergmann’s rule?

A

Populations (within the same/similar species) with greater bulk or mass are found in colder regions. (ex. polar bear are the largest bears and live in the Arctic, whereas smaller black bears are found in warmer regions because they are smaller)

105
Q

What is Allen’s rule?

A

(Allen - Appendages) length of Appendages or limbs has an effect on level of heat loss. (ex fox ears are longer in warmer areas so they can expel more heat)

106
Q

How does fur insulate?

A
  • traps a layer of dead air next to skin
  • most effective method of insulation
107
Q

Which mammal has the most dense fur?

A
  • sea otter (1 mill. hairs/sq. inch, tons of sebaceous glands to secrete sebum which coats the hairs and repels water)
108
Q

Why is fat utilized in some mammals instead of fur?

A
  • wet fur has a high heat loss capacity
  • buoyancy
  • hydrodynamics
109
Q

What is heterothermy?

A

different temps in diff body parts

110
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A
  • constriction of arterioles
  • keeps warm blood from perfusing
111
Q

What is counter-current heat exchange? Why is it utilized?

A

-not every mammal has this
- arterial blood vessels pass close by the veins
- extremity remains cool & internal heat is conserved

112
Q

Do bats migrate?

A

no most hibernate

113
Q

What is adaptive hypothermia?

A
  • shift in regulation to lower temperatures
  • when our bodies become hypothermic they use/need less oxygen
  • maintain a critically low body temp
  • varies among species
114
Q

What is torpor?

A

shorter term form of dormancy characterized by:
- body temp 10-22 C
- metabolic rate lowers
- respiration lowers
- heart rate lowers
(all are mutually inclusive, if one drops they all drop)

115
Q

What causes an animal to go into torpor?

A
  • immediate energy saving emergency
  • in times of low energy, low food, cold stress
116
Q

What types of animals utilize torpor as an energy saving strategy?

A

primarily small endotherms (daily torpor) - rodentia, insectivora, chiroptera

117
Q

How do animals know when to go into hibernation?

A

photoperiod, reduced daily sunlight, thus increase in melatonin

118
Q

What is the largest true hibernator?

A

marmot (5kg)

119
Q

What is true hibernation?

A
  • profound dormancy, marked Tb decrease
  • body temp from 2-5C
  • dormancy may not be continuous
  • requires fat storage in advance
120
Q

Which mammals utilize true hibernation?

A

rodentia, insectivora, chiroptera

121
Q

Why is in not possible for a large mammal like a bear to truly hibernate?

A
  • arousal demands too large
  • storage capacity
122
Q

How long does it take to return from torpor or hibernation?

A

1-6 hours
high energy demands

123
Q

What is the process of arousal from hibernation/torpor?

A
  1. BAT warms up muscles/organs so can function (non-shivering)
  2. shivering thermogenesis
124
Q

Bears, skunks, beavers, badgers, raccoons all go through a “winter sleep / lethargy” which is different from hibernation because?

A

body temp remains high around 33C
prolonged period of sleep over winter to avoid activity. from weeks - months

125
Q

What is subnivean lifestyle? (Sub- below, nivean-snow)

A
  • adaptation to cold by living under snow pack (microclimates)
126
Q

Advantages of subnivean lifestyle?

A
  • snow is insulating
  • allows some mammals (voles - rodentia) to remain active during winter months
127
Q

Disadvantages of subnivean lifestyle?

A
  • ice formation
  • CO2 gas
128
Q

What are some challenges to desert conditions?

A
  • hot / cold temperature extremes in the same day
  • scarcity of H2O and vegetation cover
  • high evaporation rate (low relative humidity)
129
Q

What is hyperthermia?

A
  • body overheating
  • blood thickens, reduction in flow
  • cannot cool through vasodilation
130
Q

What % of water are animals?

131
Q

What are some physical adaptations to hot environments?

A
  • few or no sweat glands (avoids excessive H2O loss to sweating)
  • light colour, reflects solar radiation
  • dorsal fat stores (on back) insulate from solar radiation
  • insulating fur slows the rate of heat exchange
132
Q

What are some behavioral adaptations to hot environments?

A
  • seek shade
  • succulent food
  • nocturnal (cooler at night)
  • Fossorial (burrow) higher humidity underground
133
Q

What are some biogeographical adaptations to hot environments?

A
  • bergmanns rule - mass / env. temp
  • allens rule - appendages / env. temp (thermal window - highly vascular with large surface area, ex jackrabbits ears, elephant ears)
134
Q

What are some physiological adaptations to hot environments?

A
  • concentrated urine
  • dry feces
  • rely on metabolically produced water
135
Q

What is the countercurrent heat exchange?

A

-when veins and arteries are close together on limbs
- allows limbs to be chilled while using more of the energy to warm the main part of the body
- cools blood going to the brain

136
Q

What is estivation?

A
  • similar to topor but used in hot or dry conditions instead of cold
137
Q

What is a disadvantage to estivation?

A

spending too long in estivation could lead to reduced opportunity to gain brown fat for winter hibernation. lowers the chance of winter survival

138
Q

Where do antlers attach?

139
Q

Why is food regurgitated from the rumen?

A

Has anaerobic (no oxygen) bacteria that begins fermentation. Food passes through the rumen twice

140
Q

What is fertilization?

A

when an egg and sperm combine to make a zygote

141
Q

What is implantation?

A

when a zygote implants into uterine lining; followed by pregnancy (gestation)

142
Q

What is gestation period?

A

length of time from implantation where young develop internally

143
Q

What are the 3 different patterns of mammalian reproduction?

A
  • monotremes
  • marsupials
  • placentals
144
Q

Explain monotreme reproduction.

A
  • egg laying mammals (oviparous)
  • no gestation (no internal development)
    ex. platypus (lays eggs in burrow)
145
Q

What does oviparous mean?

A

egg laying mammal

146
Q

What does viviparous mean?

A

live born mammal

147
Q

Explain marsupial reproduction.

A
  • pouched viviparous (live born) mammals
  • short gestation
  • offspring are born in embryonic state, nursed for an extended period within the pouch (lactation period)
  • 13 nipples, only 13 will survive, have to remain attached to nipple for 50-60 days, water tight seal
    -ex. opossum
148
Q

What is embryonic diapause?

A

Temporary suspension of development of the embryo

149
Q

What is an ephemeral environment?

A
  • up and down with food availability
150
Q

Explain placental reproduction.

A
  • 94% of mammals reproduce this way
  • longer periods of gestation
  • young are sustained in uterus by chorioallantoic placenta (unique to mammals)
151
Q

What is the function of the yolk sac?

A
  • source of stem cells
  • NOT a source of nutrients
152
Q

What is the function of the allantois?

A
  • holds metabolic waste (urea)
  • gas exchange CO2 & O2
153
Q

What is the function of the chorion?

A
  • gas exchange
  • forms most of the placenta
154
Q

What is the function of the amnion?

A
  • holds amniotic fluid, encloses the embryo
155
Q

Compare marsupial vs placental reproduction.

A

marsupial: shorter gestation, longer lactation
placental: longer gestation, shorter lactation

156
Q

What is delayed implantation/embryonic diapause?

A
  • blastocyst remains dormant for weeks/months
  • delayed implantation in uterine wall
  • mechanism to extend gestation period
  • ex bears, seals, weasels, badgers, bats
  • tends to be found mostly in northerly latitudes
157
Q

Animals that produce larger litters more often is usually due to?

A
  • animals more prone to predation
158
Q

What is order artiodactyla?

A

Even toed hoofed mammals

159
Q

What is a chorioallantoic placenta?

A

Large chorion fused with large allantois

160
Q

Which is known as the hardware stomach?

161
Q

What is the function of the omasum?

A
  • first chamber where real absorption begins (energy kick)

Zoology (4 decks)

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