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Polsci 325 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Define Policy

A

A course or principal of action that is adopted or proposed by a government

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2
Q

Core pillars of the public sector

A

Economy, efficiency, effectiveness, equity

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3
Q

Policy w a big P or formal policy

A

Laws, regulations, executive orders, court rulings, administrative rules, budgetary rules, entitlement programs

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4
Q

policy w little p or informal policy

A

guidelines issued by a professional association, recommendations of expert panels, rules with institutions, local programs, capacity building

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5
Q

Persuasion/moral suasion

A

provide information (inform)/exhort (implore)

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6
Q

Non-intervention

A

doing nothing

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7
Q

Incentive

A

Subsidize, tax

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8
Q

Procure

A

grant (buy), contract (buy), produce (make)

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9
Q

Law and regulation

A

require (oblige, prohibit)

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10
Q

Inform

A

Fact sheets, infographics, worker right to know safety and data sheets

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11
Q

Exhort

A

“truth” anti-tobacco use media campaign, the pledge: campaign to reduce carbon foot print

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12
Q

Subsidize

A

Earned-income tax credit, lower insurance rates for non-smokers, tax subsidy for solar technology

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13
Q

Tax

A

taxes on tobacco, alochol, etc

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14
Q

Grants/contracts

A

The government hires media companies to design/execute educational or media campaigns, gov pays for vaccine development

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15
Q

Produce

A

Gov creates standard health curriculum for public schools, gov creates and enforces standards for food safety

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16
Q

Symbolic policy

A

Statements about problems (whereas…) with no substantive action plan or resource allocation

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17
Q

Declaration

A

Breast cancer awareness month, African history month, suicide prevention week, national waffle week

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18
Q

Illegal policy

A

States pass/keep laws that are unconstitutional (state abortion trigger laws)

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19
Q

Schneider and Ingram’s theory

A

The convergence of political power and social construction creates 4 target populations with different benefits and burdens from policy

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20
Q

Schneider and Ingram’s 4 target populations

A

Advantaged, Contenders, Dependents, Deviants

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21
Q

Advantaged (S and I theory)

A

Positively constructed and politically powerful

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22
Q

Contenders

A

Negatively constructed yet politically powerful

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23
Q

Dependents

A

Positively constructed yet no political power

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24
Q

Deviants

A

Negatively constructed and no political power

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25
Q

Public Health Law

A

When can the gov restrict freedoms? (Vaccine policy)

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26
Q

WHO’s the definition of health

A

Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

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27
Q

Population health

A
  • Understanding patterns and distributions of health outcomes and their causes in populations
  • Populations defined by geopolitical spaces and social characteristics
  • Multi-level focus: upstream (macro), midstream (meso), and downstream (micro) drivers of health and health inequities
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28
Q

Public Health

A

Loosely defined as the set of activities a society undertakes to monitor and improve the health of its collective membership

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29
Q

Clinical medicine

A

Focus on individuals, assesses physiological factors impacting a disease or injury state, diagnosis and treatment, concerned with disease presentation in individuals, Interventions almost exclusively aimed at individuals

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30
Q

How is public health different from medical care

A

Focus on the aggregate groups, communities, and populations, assesses social and environmental conditions impacting disease or injury, concerned with prevention, distributions, and equity, interventions aimed at groups of people, policy interventions are key

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31
Q

Public Health’s Niche: 3 P’s

A

Health protection, health promotion, health prevention

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32
Q

health protection

A

actions to eliminate or reduce risks from environmental hazards, unsafe water, food, drugs, etc

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33
Q

Health promotion

A

policies and processes that allow individuals to increase control over and improve their own health (focus is populations and broad determinants of health)

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34
Q

Disease prevention

A

Primary, secondary, tertiary

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35
Q

Primary prevention

A

prevention of onset disease or injury (immunizations, anti-smoking education, bicycle helmets, safe housing)

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36
Q

Secondary prevention

A

Identify or control disease processes in their early stages, before signs/symptoms are apparent (mammography, HIV testing, hypertension control

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37
Q

Tertiary prevention

A

Prevent disability by restoration to optimal level of functioning (rehabilitation after stroke, diabetes management, obesity surgery)

38
Q

Core functions of public health for protection, promotion, and prevention

A

Assessment, policy development, assurance

39
Q

Assessment

A

Identification of problems in population or group

40
Q

Policy development

A

deciding which remedies or interventions are most appropriate for problems identified

41
Q

Assurance

A

Making sure that necessary remedies or interventions are put into place

42
Q

Core pillars of the public sector

A

Economy, efficiency, effectiveness, equity

43
Q

Three functions of the U.S. constitution

A

To allocate power between fed gov and states (federalism), to divide power among the three branches of gov, to limit gov power

44
Q

American federalism

A

Power is divided between national gov and state/local govs

45
Q

Under the doctrine of enumerated powers gov can

A

lay and collect taxes, spend, regulate interstate commerce, declare war, coin money, promote progress of science and useful arts

46
Q

Police power

A

the power to provide for the health, safety, and welfare of the citizenry through laws and regulation

47
Q

Police powers name them

A

to protect people who cannot protect themselves, protect people from others, protect people from themselves

48
Q

Best interests principle

A

gov may safeguard welfare of people who are not in position to protect self by making decisions in their best interest

49
Q

Rationale

A

some people have insufficient knowledge or capacity to make informed choices or to deliberate (children, people in a coma, person w mental illness/retardation)

50
Q

Police power #1

A

Gov can interfere w autonomy yet should have a goal of making decisions a person would if they were competent

51
Q

Harm principle

A

holds that competent adults should have the freedom of action unless they pose a risk to the others or the community

52
Q

Police power #2 examples

A

quarantine, standards/inspections/fines, compulsory actions (speed limits)

53
Q

Police power #3

A

Regulation of self-regarding behavior (helmet mandates, seat-belt laws, bans on trans fat in foods, age restrictions on tats, sex worker laws)

54
Q

Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions

A

Type of policy aimed at populations during an epidemic, rather than individuals via medical care (education like hand-washing, social distancing etc)

55
Q

Basic reproduction rate

A

average expected number of secondary cases from one case

56
Q

Equity Lens

A

examining social problem definitions, public policy, and the administration of gov agencies/programs

57
Q

Differences

A

ways in which various subpopulations differ from each other (descriptive non-normative)

58
Q

Disparities

A

Differences in outcomes and inputs that are deemed unfair or unjust because of differential access to resources, opportunities, and differential treatment

59
Q

Equality

A

each individual, group of people or community is given the same resources, opportunities, and treatment

60
Q

Equity

A

Recognizes that individuals groups, and communities have different circumstances and allocates/upholds the resources, opportunities, and experiences given to each that are needed to achieve equal outcomes

61
Q

Public goods

A

a commodity/good that is made available to all members of society that is non-excludable and non-rivalrous

62
Q

Digital equity

A

the conditions by which all individuals and communities have the information technology capacity needed for full participation in education, the economy, democracy, and other aspects of society

63
Q

Race

A

social construct used to classify humans based on phenotype

64
Q

Ethnicity

A

social construct used to classify humans based on shared culture, language, religion, or other social characteristics

65
Q

Racism

A

prejudices, discrimination, or antagonism directed against a person or people based on their membership in a particular racial or ethnic group, typically one that is a minority group or marginalized

66
Q

Institutionalized racism

A

structural barriers, differential access, inaction in the face of need, privilege

67
Q

Personally-mediated racism

A

intentional or unintentional, commission, omission,

68
Q

Internalized racism

A

erodes individual sense of value

69
Q

Systemic racism

A

differential treatment embedded in and throughout societal, political, economic, and social systems

70
Q

Structural racism

A

differential treatment in the structures or core features of systems, including laws, policies, practices, norms, etc

71
Q

Institutional racism

A

sometimes used to refer to both system and structural racism, can be specific, used to refer to differential treatment embedded into the structure of particular types of specific organizations or institutions

72
Q

Critical race theory

A

a response by legal scholars in the 1980s to the idea that the united states via law/public policy were trying to become a color-blind society that assumed because discrimination on the basis of race is illegal that racism was no longer prevalent

73
Q

Critical theory

A

argues that social problems including racism stem as much or more from social structures, systems, and culture, than from individuals

74
Q

Two waves of global poverty

A

the industrial revolution and great surge

75
Q

Technologies for development

A

in economics technologies are means by which people improve their productivity in work

76
Q

green revolution

A

international, donor-funded effort to develop new, more productive crop varieties (high-yielding varieties)

77
Q

what did the green revolution develop?

A

international agricultural research centers

78
Q

market failures in technology adoption

A

learning, externalities, financial constraints, behavioral biases

79
Q

Issue with subsidies

A

subsidies push fertilizer use past optimal levels, environmental costs, elite capture, regressive schemes

80
Q

Mozambique subsidy experiment

A

randomly assigned subsidy voucher for package of green revolution inputs (fertilizer and improved seeds) to Mozambican farmers

81
Q

International migration

A

participation and performance in international labor market, skill upgrading, movement to skilled overseas occupations

82
Q

Direct democracy

A

involving the public directly in making public policy and resource allocation decisions

83
Q

Types of direct democracy in the U.S.

A

Initiative, referendum, recall

84
Q

Initiative

A

power to consider new legislation or constitutional amendments (bypasses legislature)

85
Q

Referendum

A

power to reject or approve an actof the legislature

86
Q

Recall

A

power to remove an elected official from office

87
Q

popular referendum

A

process that allows voters the power to approve or repeal an act of the legislature

88
Q

Citizen initiatives

A

process that enables citizens to bypass their state legislature by placing proposed statues or constitutional amendments on the ballot

89
Q

Direct citizen initiative process

A

proposals that qualify through specific process of signatures (go directly to the ballot

90
Q

Indirect citizen initiative process

A

proposals that qualify also get considered by legislature to either reject, amend, or take no action

Polsci 325 (2 decks)

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