Midterm Flashcards
Define Policy
A course or principal of action that is adopted or proposed by a government
Core pillars of the public sector
Economy, efficiency, effectiveness, equity
Policy w a big P or formal policy
Laws, regulations, executive orders, court rulings, administrative rules, budgetary rules, entitlement programs
policy w little p or informal policy
guidelines issued by a professional association, recommendations of expert panels, rules with institutions, local programs, capacity building
Persuasion/moral suasion
provide information (inform)/exhort (implore)
Non-intervention
doing nothing
Incentive
Subsidize, tax
Procure
grant (buy), contract (buy), produce (make)
Law and regulation
require (oblige, prohibit)
Inform
Fact sheets, infographics, worker right to know safety and data sheets
Exhort
“truth” anti-tobacco use media campaign, the pledge: campaign to reduce carbon foot print
Subsidize
Earned-income tax credit, lower insurance rates for non-smokers, tax subsidy for solar technology
Tax
taxes on tobacco, alochol, etc
Grants/contracts
The government hires media companies to design/execute educational or media campaigns, gov pays for vaccine development
Produce
Gov creates standard health curriculum for public schools, gov creates and enforces standards for food safety
Symbolic policy
Statements about problems (whereas…) with no substantive action plan or resource allocation
Declaration
Breast cancer awareness month, African history month, suicide prevention week, national waffle week
Illegal policy
States pass/keep laws that are unconstitutional (state abortion trigger laws)
Schneider and Ingram’s theory
The convergence of political power and social construction creates 4 target populations with different benefits and burdens from policy
Schneider and Ingram’s 4 target populations
Advantaged, Contenders, Dependents, Deviants
Advantaged (S and I theory)
Positively constructed and politically powerful
Contenders
Negatively constructed yet politically powerful
Dependents
Positively constructed yet no political power
Deviants
Negatively constructed and no political power
Public Health Law
When can the gov restrict freedoms? (Vaccine policy)
WHO’s the definition of health
Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
Population health
- Understanding patterns and distributions of health outcomes and their causes in populations
- Populations defined by geopolitical spaces and social characteristics
- Multi-level focus: upstream (macro), midstream (meso), and downstream (micro) drivers of health and health inequities
Public Health
Loosely defined as the set of activities a society undertakes to monitor and improve the health of its collective membership
Clinical medicine
Focus on individuals, assesses physiological factors impacting a disease or injury state, diagnosis and treatment, concerned with disease presentation in individuals, Interventions almost exclusively aimed at individuals
How is public health different from medical care
Focus on the aggregate groups, communities, and populations, assesses social and environmental conditions impacting disease or injury, concerned with prevention, distributions, and equity, interventions aimed at groups of people, policy interventions are key
Public Health’s Niche: 3 P’s
Health protection, health promotion, health prevention
health protection
actions to eliminate or reduce risks from environmental hazards, unsafe water, food, drugs, etc
Health promotion
policies and processes that allow individuals to increase control over and improve their own health (focus is populations and broad determinants of health)
Disease prevention
Primary, secondary, tertiary
Primary prevention
prevention of onset disease or injury (immunizations, anti-smoking education, bicycle helmets, safe housing)
Secondary prevention
Identify or control disease processes in their early stages, before signs/symptoms are apparent (mammography, HIV testing, hypertension control
Tertiary prevention
Prevent disability by restoration to optimal level of functioning (rehabilitation after stroke, diabetes management, obesity surgery)
Core functions of public health for protection, promotion, and prevention
Assessment, policy development, assurance
Assessment
Identification of problems in population or group
Policy development
deciding which remedies or interventions are most appropriate for problems identified
Assurance
Making sure that necessary remedies or interventions are put into place
Core pillars of the public sector
Economy, efficiency, effectiveness, equity
Three functions of the U.S. constitution
To allocate power between fed gov and states (federalism), to divide power among the three branches of gov, to limit gov power
American federalism
Power is divided between national gov and state/local govs
Under the doctrine of enumerated powers gov can
lay and collect taxes, spend, regulate interstate commerce, declare war, coin money, promote progress of science and useful arts
Police power
the power to provide for the health, safety, and welfare of the citizenry through laws and regulation
Police powers name them
to protect people who cannot protect themselves, protect people from others, protect people from themselves
Best interests principle
gov may safeguard welfare of people who are not in position to protect self by making decisions in their best interest
Rationale
some people have insufficient knowledge or capacity to make informed choices or to deliberate (children, people in a coma, person w mental illness/retardation)
Police power #1
Gov can interfere w autonomy yet should have a goal of making decisions a person would if they were competent
Harm principle
holds that competent adults should have the freedom of action unless they pose a risk to the others or the community
Police power #2 examples
quarantine, standards/inspections/fines, compulsory actions (speed limits)
Police power #3
Regulation of self-regarding behavior (helmet mandates, seat-belt laws, bans on trans fat in foods, age restrictions on tats, sex worker laws)
Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions
Type of policy aimed at populations during an epidemic, rather than individuals via medical care (education like hand-washing, social distancing etc)
Basic reproduction rate
average expected number of secondary cases from one case
Equity Lens
examining social problem definitions, public policy, and the administration of gov agencies/programs
Differences
ways in which various subpopulations differ from each other (descriptive non-normative)
Disparities
Differences in outcomes and inputs that are deemed unfair or unjust because of differential access to resources, opportunities, and differential treatment
Equality
each individual, group of people or community is given the same resources, opportunities, and treatment
Equity
Recognizes that individuals groups, and communities have different circumstances and allocates/upholds the resources, opportunities, and experiences given to each that are needed to achieve equal outcomes
Public goods
a commodity/good that is made available to all members of society that is non-excludable and non-rivalrous
Digital equity
the conditions by which all individuals and communities have the information technology capacity needed for full participation in education, the economy, democracy, and other aspects of society
Race
social construct used to classify humans based on phenotype
Ethnicity
social construct used to classify humans based on shared culture, language, religion, or other social characteristics
Racism
prejudices, discrimination, or antagonism directed against a person or people based on their membership in a particular racial or ethnic group, typically one that is a minority group or marginalized
Institutionalized racism
structural barriers, differential access, inaction in the face of need, privilege
Personally-mediated racism
intentional or unintentional, commission, omission,
Internalized racism
erodes individual sense of value
Systemic racism
differential treatment embedded in and throughout societal, political, economic, and social systems
Structural racism
differential treatment in the structures or core features of systems, including laws, policies, practices, norms, etc
Institutional racism
sometimes used to refer to both system and structural racism, can be specific, used to refer to differential treatment embedded into the structure of particular types of specific organizations or institutions
Critical race theory
a response by legal scholars in the 1980s to the idea that the united states via law/public policy were trying to become a color-blind society that assumed because discrimination on the basis of race is illegal that racism was no longer prevalent
Critical theory
argues that social problems including racism stem as much or more from social structures, systems, and culture, than from individuals
Two waves of global poverty
the industrial revolution and great surge
Technologies for development
in economics technologies are means by which people improve their productivity in work
green revolution
international, donor-funded effort to develop new, more productive crop varieties (high-yielding varieties)
what did the green revolution develop?
international agricultural research centers
market failures in technology adoption
learning, externalities, financial constraints, behavioral biases
Issue with subsidies
subsidies push fertilizer use past optimal levels, environmental costs, elite capture, regressive schemes
Mozambique subsidy experiment
randomly assigned subsidy voucher for package of green revolution inputs (fertilizer and improved seeds) to Mozambican farmers
International migration
participation and performance in international labor market, skill upgrading, movement to skilled overseas occupations
Direct democracy
involving the public directly in making public policy and resource allocation decisions
Types of direct democracy in the U.S.
Initiative, referendum, recall
Initiative
power to consider new legislation or constitutional amendments (bypasses legislature)
Referendum
power to reject or approve an actof the legislature
Recall
power to remove an elected official from office
popular referendum
process that allows voters the power to approve or repeal an act of the legislature
Citizen initiatives
process that enables citizens to bypass their state legislature by placing proposed statues or constitutional amendments on the ballot
Direct citizen initiative process
proposals that qualify through specific process of signatures (go directly to the ballot
Indirect citizen initiative process
proposals that qualify also get considered by legislature to either reject, amend, or take no action
