midterm Flashcards
community health nurse (CHN)
- works with the community, not for
- protect and enhance human dignity
- practice with an emphasis on collaboration
CHN roles and functions
- advocate
- direct care provider
- collaborator
- consultant
- counsellor
- educator
- facilitator
- health promoter
- leader
- liaison
- manager
- researcher
earliest forms of health care in Canada
originated within practices of first peoples using traditional medicines and healing
earliest introduction of CHN
17th century New France provided by the Duchesse d’Aiguillon sisters
the grey nuns
first community nursing to understand health inequity and make contributions to
- access to health services
- food
- shelter
- education for the vulnerable
20th century nursing sectors
- hospital
- private duty
- public health and home visiting nurses
5 principles of the Canada health act
- public administration (transparent)
- comprehensive
- universal (available to all)
- portable (available max 3 months after residency)
- accessible (no user fees)
health promotion
protect, promote, and restore the physical and mental well-being of residents of Canada
upstream care
- big picture
- macroscopic
- focuses on improving fundamental, social, and economic structures and decrease barriers
downstream care
- focuses on individual
- microscopic
- focuses on providing equitable access to care and mitigate the negative impacts of disadvantages on health
CHN nursing process
- assess
- plan
- implement/act
- evaluate
public health
organized efforts of society to keep people healthy and prevent injury., illness, and premature death
public health agency of Canada
- established 2004
- mission to promote and protect the health of Canadians
chief public health officer of Canada
Dr. Theresa Tam (2017)
functions of a public health nurse
- health promotion
- health surveillance
- population health assessment
- disease and injury prevention
- emergency preparation and response
primordial prevention
- initiatives to prevent conditions that would enable a risk factor for disease
- (ex. iodized salt for micronutrient deficiencies, adequate minimum wage)
primary prevention
- impacts of specific risks are decreased with leads to a reduction in the occurrence of a disease
- interrupts chain of causality before a physiological of psychological abnormality is identifiable
- (ex. decreasing environmental risks, immunizing against communicable diseases)
secondary prevention
- interventions aimed at identifying a disease as early as possible which reduces the prevalence of the disease by curbing duration
- (ex. planning, implementing and evaluation early clinical detection and screening programs)
tertiary prevention
- aims at reducing long term impacts of a disease by eliminating or reducing impairment
- occurs after symptoms are present and reduces progression
- (ex. studies show marginalized women show improved HIV care when exposed to weekly texting intervention)
quaternary prevention
- identifies individuals at risk of over medicalization
- protecting populations from new medical procedures or interventions that are untested and proposing ethically appropriate alternatives
- (ex. those with VUS strains received mastectomy’s even though they were reclassified as benign)
theory
provides a basis that anchors practice and research
key aspects of nursing knowledge
- person
- health
- environment
- nursing
- health
- social justice
feminist theory
- encompasses perspectives committed to political and social changes that improve the lives of women
- focuses on equity, oppression and justice
critical social theory (habermas)
- used to develop practices with population groups who have been disadvantaged by social circumstances
- challenges the status quo
health equity
refers to all people being able to reach their full health potential and not disadvantaged because of circumstance like
- age
- race
- ethnicity
- gender
- social class
CHN standards
- health promotion
- prevention and health protection
- health maintenance, restoration, and palliation
- professional relationships
- capacity building
- health equity
- evidence informed practice
- professional responsibility and accountability
standard 1: health promotion
integrate using Ottawa charter strategies
- build health public policy
- create supportive environments
- strengthen community actions
- develop personal skills
- reorient health services
standard 2: prevention and health protection
- use socio-ecological model to integrate into practice
- actions are implemented to minimize occurrence of disease and their consequences
standard 3: health maintenance, restoration and palliation
- used to maintain maximum function, improve health, and support life transitions
standard 4: professional relationships
- work with others to establish therapeutic relationships
- optimizes participation and self determination of the client
standard 5: capacity building
- partner with client to promote capacity
- focus to recognize barriers to health and to mobilize and build existing strengths
standard 6: health equity
- recognize the impacts of the determinants of health and incorporate advocation into practice
- focus is to advance equity at an individual and societal level
standard 7: evidence informed practice
- use best evidence to guide nursing practice and support clients in making informed decisions
standard 8: professional responsibility and accountability
- fundamental component of autonomous practice
primary health care (PHC)
(1) accessibility
(2) public participation
(3) health promotion
(4) appropriate technology
(5) intersectional collaboration/cooperation
8 guiding principles to PHC
- evidence about health problems and preventative techniques
- promotion of food supply and proper nutrition
- safe water and basic sanitation
- maternal child and health care
- immunizations
- prevention and control of endemic diseases
- provision of essential drugs
Ottawa charter for health promotion
- 1986
- presented strategies and approaches for health promotion
- 5 key points
population health promotion (PHP)
process of taking action of social determinants of health that affect a populations health to create healthy change
reportable diseases
- AIDS
- chlamydia
- gonorrhea
- hepatitis A,B,C
- syphilis
- TB
community
group of people who live, learn, work, worship, in an environment at a given time
community functions
(1) space and infrastructure
(2) employment and income
(3) security, protection, and law enforcement
(4) participation, socialization, and networking
(5) links with others for capacity building
achieving community functions through
- communication
- leadership
- decision making
vertical communication
to link with larger communities or high decision making powers
horizontal communication
enables collaboration between members, environments, and other systems
diagonal communication
reinforces cohesiveness of both horizontal and vertical communication lines
formal leaders
are elected official politicians (members of parliament, mayor)
informal leaders
people with prominent positions in the community (religious leaders, elders of community, celebrities)
community as partner model
- assessment wheel with all components
- core of model is the community
- lines of resistance protect the community from threats
epidemiologic framework/triangle
- examines frequency and distribution of a disease or social condition
- host: who is affected
- environment: where and when condition occurred
- agent: why and how
community capacity approaches
- capacity building is a process to strengthen an individual or community to implement health promotion
- allows community to take responsibility of their own development
community asset mapping
- identifies strengths and potential resources for program planning and intervention
- evaluate assets and build community capacity
community health promotion model
- goal to apply health promotion strategies to achieve collaborative community actions and to improves sustainable health outcomes
- heavily influences by social determinants of health
communicable diseases
illnesses caused by specific infectious agent/toxic product that arises through transmission of that agent or its products from an infected person, animal or inanimate source to a susceptible host
bubonic plage (black death)
- 14th century
- first recorded worldwide threat from a communicable disease
- estimated 50 million deaths
alexander fleming
discovered penicillin in 1928
spanish influenza (1918)
- spread globally in 6 months
- killed 21-50 million people
- infected 500 million
smallpox
eradicated in 1980 due to vaccine by edward jenner (1796) and WHO education program
tuberculosis
public health crisis in some Indigenous communities since European settlers introduced through fur trade
vaccines
work by creating an immune response by stimulating the body’s immune system to make antibodies that provide infection protection
live/attenuated vaccines
- contain a weakened living version of virus or bacteria so it will not cause serious disease in healthy immune systems
- (ex. MMR, varicella)
- contraindicated while receiving chemo or raditaion