final exam Flashcards
(210 cards)
1
Q
reportable diseases
A
- AIDS
- chlamydia
- gonorrhea
- hepatitis A,B,C
- syphilis
- TB
2
Q
2 months vaccines
A
- DTaP - IPV - Hib
- Pneu-C-13
- Rot-1
3
Q
4 months vaccines
A
- DTaP - IPV - Hib
- Pneu-C-13
- Rot-1
4
Q
6 month vaccines
A
- DTaP - IPV - Hib
5
Q
1 year vaccines
A
- Pneu-C-13
- Men-C-C
- MMR
6
Q
15 month vaccines
A
- Varicella
7
Q
18 month vaccines
A
- DTaP - IPV - Hib
8
Q
4 year vaccines
A
- MMRV
- Tdap - IPV
9
Q
grade 7 vaccines
A
- hepatitis B
- HPV-9
- Men-C-ACYW
10
Q
14 year vaccine
A
- Tdap
11
Q
24 year vaccine
A
- Tdap
12
Q
65 year vaccine
A
- HZ vaccine (herpes zoster)
- Pneu-P-23
13
Q
sex
A
chromosomal makeup determined by X or Y chromosomes
14
Q
intersex
A
variety of conditions in which a person is born with reproductive or sexual anatomy that does not fit the typical definition of male or female
15
Q
why sex differences matter
A
- ensures interventions are relevant and effective
- how we understand morbidity, morality and life expectancy
16
Q
essentialist thinking (problematic theory)
A
women and men have a true essence related to sex organs, hormones and their role in reproduction
17
Q
biology as destiny
A
part of essentialist thinking that suggests that women are naturally caring and emotional whereas men are assertive and emotionally distant
18
Q
gender
A
the characteristics of women, men, girls, and boys that are socially constructed
19
Q
masculinity and femininity
A
social constructs that have been created and reinforced by societies over time
20
Q
gender identity
A
- describes how we see ourselves as women, men, neither, or both
- individual sense of self
- may not confirm with assigned sex at birth
21
Q
gender stereotype theory
A
suggests men are more masculine than women whereas women are more feminine
22
Q
gender norms
A
ideas on how men and women should act that can restrict gender identity
23
Q
gender roles
A
social and cultural expectations assigned to gender
24
Q
binary
A
suggests people are either male or female and therefore are naturally masculine or feminine
25
cisgender
person whose internal gender matches their external gender identity
26
non binary
umbrella term used to include all gender identities that fall outside binary gender
27
agender
identifies as having no gender
28
bigender
person whose gender identity is a combination of 2 genders
29
gender fluid
person whose gender identity is not fixed. they may feel like a mix of 2 traditional genders but feel more like one at some point in time
30
two spirit
- describes a person who embodies both masculine and feminine spirit
- used in indigenous culture
31
gender non-conforming
person whose gender expression differs from societal norms for male and female
32
transfeminine
person who was assigned male sex at birth but who identifies with femininity
33
transmasculine
person who was assigned female sex at birth but who identifies with masculinity
34
pangender
person whose gender identity is comprised of many genders
35
genderqueer
person whose gender identity falls outside traditional binary gender structure
36
traditional gender roles in canada
- patriarchal authority was the norm
- strict roles in victorian era where men and women operated in operate spheres
- during world wars roles were more elastic
- gender role elasticity: returned to pre war norms
- 1960s women returned and stayed in the workforce
37
indigenous gender roles
- women responsible for household chores and gathering food
- men responsible for hunting large game, gathering wood and figthing
- led by Clan mothers who are responsible for ensure community welfare
- gender is fluid
38
gender inequity
occurs when individuals are not provided with the same opportunities in society because of their gender
39
leading health issues for transgender individuals
experience discrimination in
- employment
- health care
- overt and covert violence
- loss of social support networks
40
gender based lens
way to ensure policies, programs, services, and interventions are appropriate for everyone
41
misgendering
when non-binary people are addressed using gender specific language that does not match their gender identity
42
sexual orientation
the romantic and sexual attraction towards people of one or more genders
43
homosexuality
sexual attraction towards individuals of the same gender
44
heterosexuality
sexual attraction to another gender
45
bisexuality
sexual attraction to more than one gender
46
pansexual
sexual attraction to all genders
47
queer
another label for non-heterosexual individuals that some may prefer
48
socioecological examination
requires assessing the social determinants of health and reinforce the fact that some determinants are embedded in social structures that generate health inequality
49
violence
intentional use of physical force or power against yourself, another person, group or community
50
most at risk for violence
- women
- children
- indigenous peoples
- people with disabilities
- people who identify as 2SLGBTQIA+
51
micro-aggression
associated with ageism, genderism, heterosexism, sexism, racism
52
violence and health
violence is a complex social and public health problem that is associated with the distribution of social and structural determinants of health
53
ACE (adverse childhood experiences) pyramid
- early death
- disease, disability, and social problems
- adoption of health-risk behaviours
- social, emotional and cognitive impairment
- disrupted neurodevelopment
- adverse childhood experiences
- social conditions / local context
- generational embodiment / historical trauma
54
ACE study
- conducted 1955-1977 in 2 waves
- categorized into abuse, neglect, household challenges
55
adverse childhood experiences
- TBI, fractures, burns
- depression, anxiety, suicide, PTSD
- pregnancy, pregnancy complications, fetal death
- HIV, STDs
- cancer, diabetes
- alcohol and drug abuse, unsafe sex
- education, occupation, income
56
structural / systemic violence
privilege in tandem with power
57
white privilege
- children's books that overwhelmingly present caucasians
- learning about caucasians in school curriculum
- media is biased towards caucasians
58
heterosexual privilege
- not being identified or labeled by your sexual orientation
- no one questions "normality" of your sexuality
- not having fear your peers will find out about your sexual orientation
- can walk in public showing affection to your partner without negative consequences
- can easily find welcoming religious communities
59
settler privilege
- not being forcefully relocated
- not being denied the right to vote
- access to clean drinking water
- having medical concerns listened to in hospital
- knowing if a member of your family went missing, an effort would be made to find them
60
male privilege
- less likely to be interrupted
- people assume you know what you are talking about
- social norms allow you to take up more physical space
- buy clothes with functional pockets
- less likely to experience IPV or stalked
61
class privilege
- buying what you want without worry
- being in control of how you spend your time
- can live where you choose
- believed to be innocent until proven guilty
62
systematic oppression
describes systematic injustice that intersect and impede peoples aspirations, progression and quality of life
63
role of CHN in violence
- be aware of language used to describe violence
- violence prevention
- screening and early detection
64
people, poverty, power model (3P)
- provides way for CHN to understand and intervene
- demonstrates violence is more than individual behaviour
- central to model is trauma, poverty, power, violence, and people
- highlights importance of empathy to address and prevent violence
65
3P trauma
- result from cumulative stressful experiences
- long term
- greater impact
- makes people more sensitive to perceived risk
66
3P poverty
- central to experiences of community violence
- linked to structural oppression
- power and poverty are supporting foundations of peoples trauma
- social poverty = lack of social support, connection, community support
67
3P violence
- violence manifests through person, poverty, power
- poverty, privilege, oppression lead to violence
68
sexualized violence
- disproportionately impacts women
- rooted in gender inequality
- rates highest among single women, FNIM individuals with poor mental health, students, gay, lesbian, bisexual, women ages 15-24
69
#MeToo movement
- coined 2006 by Tarana Burke
- made to prevent other incidents against african american women
- slogan for anti-sexual harassment movement
70
family violence
violence, abuse, unhealthy conflict, or neglect by family member towards another family member that has the potential to lead to ill health
71
most common to experience family violence
- women, children, older adults, FNMI peoples, people with disabilities, 2SLGTBQIA+ members
72
social impacts of family violence
- diminished capacity to heave healthy social relationships
- poor academic performance
- missing work
- less productive
73
IPV
- women are more likely to experience
- strong association between SDoH
74
CHN role in IPV
- universal screening recommended for all women ages 12 and older
- identify men, boys, and trans men under threat of violence
75
mandatory reporting
- no mandatory reporting obligations for IPV unless the person experiencing violence wants to
- if IPV is in the home and children are exposed, CAS must be contacted
76
age of consent to sexual activity
16 years
77
close in age exceptions
- people between 12-13 where the age difference is greater then 2 years, or the other person is in a position of authority must be reported
- people between 14-15 where the age difference is greater then 5 years, or the other person is in a position of authority must be reported
78
power and control wheel
- key tool for CHN to assess and intervene violence
- describes how interpersonal power can operate
79
social-ecological model
individual, relationship, community, societal factors
80
individual
identifies biological and personal history that increase likelihood of becoming a victim or perpetrator
81
relationship
examines close relationships that influence behaviours and experiences that increase risk of becoming a victim or perpetrator
82
community
explores the settings in which social relationships occur and identifies the characteristics of these settings that are associated with becoming a victim or perpetrator
83
societal
looks at social factors that help create a climate in which violence is encouraged or inhibited
84
trauma and violence informed care
- initiated by substance abuse and mental health services administration
- establishes an environment of trust, safety and stabilization
- thorough understanding of the development, symptoms, and impact of trauma through culturally sensitive lens
- avoids re-traumatization
85
TIC principles
- safety
- trustworthiness and transparency
- peer support
- collaboration
- empowerment, voice, choice
- cultural, historical, gender issues
86
technical approaches to defining rural
- locators or geographic regions
- stats canada by population size, density, labour market contexts
- CIHI includes distance and relationship to urban areas
87
census rural
individuals living in the countryside outside centres of 1000 or more population
88
FNIHB non-isolated commuity
communities with road access of less than 90km to physician services
89
FNIHB semi-isolated community
communities with road access of greater than 90km to physician services
90
FNIHB isolated community
communities with good phone services, scheduled air transportation, but no road access
91
FNIHB remote, isolated community
communities with no scheduled air flights, minimal telephone or radio access, no road access
92
social approaches to defining rural
- refers to specific services usually associated with a larger population (restaurants or stores)
- includes healthcare delivery
- stats canada; "individuals in towns outside the commuting zone of larger urban centres"
93
resource base
influences health status of those who live in the community
94
mining
- 10 people have died, 50 injured
- injuries due to water accumulation in mines, remote control equipment, explosives, mobile equipment
- diesel emissions are carcinogenic
- silica are airborne hazards
95
forestry
- injuries from noise, power tools, bodily motions, vehicles, trees, plants, overexertion, elevated fall
96
oil and gas
- 349 people died
- transportation accidents (40%)
- exposure to harmful substances (22%)
- contact with objects/equipment (16%)
- fire and explosions (4%)
- diseases include asbestosis and mesothelioma
- injuries include strains, sprains, tears
97
agriculture
- biological hazards (moulds, zoonotic diseases, sharps injury)
- chemical hazards (fertilizers, gases in manure, gases in silos)
- ergonomic hazards (standing or sitting for long hours, repetitive tasks and lifting)
- physical hazards (excessive noise, extreme conditions, UV radiation, safety hazards)
98
employment opportunities in rural and remote communities
- not all individuals have access to earn a reasonable living wage
- reserve-based first nation women's income is low
99
education in rural and remote communities
- 56% of women in remote communities have certificate, diploma, degree
- 41% of rural indigenous women have no degree
- stats show relationship between residing in urban areas and obtaining higher education
100
diversity in rural and remote areas
- CHN assess diversity, strengths, and needs of community
- immigration adds challenges in the delivery of culturally sensitive care
- CHN assess religious, socio-historical and policy contexts
101
cultural safety principles
- protocols; respect for cultural forms of engagement
- personal knowledge; understanding one's own cultural identity
- process; engage in mutual learning
- positive purpose; ensuring process yields right outcome
- partnership
102
inequity : health care access
- fewer delivery options
- travel longer distances for services
- programs are not always culturally sensitive
103
inequity : technology
- unreliable internet access
- health informatics
- telehealth to increase access to healthcare
104
telehealth
- reduces spending
- videoconferencing clinics
- enables delivery of health services
- pre and postoperative assessments
- management of fractures
- and more
105
inequality : water quality
- access to potable water is a fundamental right
- to supply good drinking water, water infrastructures must be monitored, maintained and working properly
106
walkerton tragedy
- may 2000
- 7 people died from e.coli from contaminated water
- 2300 ill
107
boil water advisories
- BWA due to issues with equipment and processes used to treat, store, and distribute water
- long term BWA continue to exist in first nation communities
- 59 drinking water advisories in 41 first nations
108
how water becomes contaminated
- fertilizers, pesticides, chemicals
- concentrated feeding operations
- manufacturing operations
- sewer overflows
- wildlife
- rocks and soil
- cracks in water pipes
109
disease and microbe transmissions related to contaminated water
- cholera
- hep A
- typhoid
- polio
- e.coli
- norovirus
- rotavirus
- salmonella
110
chemicals in contaminated water
- arsenic
- copper
- lead
- nitrate (effects O2 carrying capacity)
- radon (second leading cause of lung cancer)
111
inequality : food insecurity
- occurs when people lack secure access to sufficient amounts of safe and nutritious foods
- rural communities have higher food costs
- high transportation costs
- many remote indigenous communities hunt and fish
- due to poverty, unemployment, low income
112
consequences of food insecurity
- malnutrition
- infections
- chronic diseases
- obesity
- distress, social exclusion, depression
- impacts child's ability to learn
- threat to social and culture stability
113
initiatives for food insecurity
- nutrition north canada program provides retail subsidies to target high costs of perishable and nutritious food in the north
- food policy for canada states all people are able to access a sufficient amount of safe, nutritious and culturally diverse food
114
CHN role in rural and remote communities
- practice shaped by limited transportation. communication and other resources
- focus on primary health care
115
CHN role with substance use
- develop and engage in health promoting practice
- understand dynamics, social and health effects, and root cause of substance use
- advocate for practices that embrace social justice
116
praxis
- process of using a theory or something you have learned in a practical way
- used to eliminate injustice and discrimination in care
- reflect on habits, ideas, values and actions
117
substance use disorder
- mild, moderate, severe
- occurs when recurrent use of alcohol or drugs causes clinically and functionally significant impairment
118
dependence
- progressive in nature, affects the physiological, cognitive, behavioural and psychological dimensions of health
- results in tolerance, withdrawal, compulsive substance taking behaviour
119
physical dependence
occurs when individuals body reacts to the absence of a drug with withdrawal symptoms
120
problematic substance use
- spans life cycle
- severe and permanent consequences
- adverse physical, psychological, legal, social, interpersonal issues
- multifactorial (use socio-ecological model)
121
psychological dependence
occurs when drug use becomes central to a persons thoughts and emotions
122
violence, trauma, mental health related to substance use
abuse and sexual assault have been associated with substance use
123
concurrent disorder
1+ co-occuring mental health challenges simultaneously with problematic substance use
124
chronic pain
- those who experience problematic substance use encounter resistance in health acre when requesting pain management
- opioids should not be first line treatment
125
CHN role in pain management
- respect underlying beliefs
- evidence-based
- in line with cultural safety
126
socio-ecological model and opioid use
- individual: age, race, gender, stress and trauma exposure, mental health, pain
- relationships: influence of family, friends, coworkers, opioid access via relationships
- community: treatment availability and access, norms, access to opioids, over-perscription
- society: law enforcement, educational campaigns, insurance coverage
127
tobacco use
- higher rates in men
- youth smoking decreased
-17% aged 15+ have vaped
128
tobacco health effects
- cancer (mouth, throat, lungs, liver, kidney...)
- heart disease (CAD, increased triglycerides)
- COPD
- fertility (effects men's sperm)
- bone health
- cataracts
- type 2 DM
129
alcohol use
- 64% 15+ report using
- heavy use is 4+ drinks per occasion
- higher heavy use in men
130
short term alcohol health effects
- injuries (MVC, falls, burns)
- violence (homicide, sexual assault)
- alcohol poisoning
- risky sexual behaviours
- miscarriages, still birth, fetal alcohol disorders
131
long term alcohol health effects
- hypertension, heart disease, stroke
- liver disease, pancreatitis
- cancer of breast, mouth, liver, rectum
- weakened immune system
- learning and memory issues
132
low risk drinking guidelines
- 10 drinks/week for women, no more then 2 a day
- 15 drinks/week for men, no more then 3 a day
- plan non-drinking days every week
- no more then 3 drinks (w) and 4 men (m)
133
cannabis use
40% 15+ report using
134
short term cannabis health effects
- hypotension
- tachycardia
- psychotic episodes
- confusion
- impaired ability to remember, concentrate, pay attention
135
long term cannabis health effects
- dependency risk
- lung health (bronchitis, lung infections, chronic cough)
- effects on brain (memory, concentration)
- increased risk of developing schizophrenia, depression, anxiety
136
cannabis hyperemesis syndrome (CHS)
reoccurring nausea, vomiting, dehydration, abdominal pain
137
opioid crisis factors
- misunderstanding of the additive risk of prescription opioids
- psychological, social, and biological risk factors
- stigma
- frequent opioid prescribing
- illegal drugs that are laced with fentanyl
138
opioid overdose
- 21 deaths a day (most by accident)
- mostly males between 20-59
- majority of deaths in BC, alberta, ontario
139
opioid overdose - construction workers
- 1/3 of overdoses
- reasons: physical demands of job increase chronic pain, mental health challenges associated with long hours
140
opioid overdose and fentanyl
- street drugs tainted with fentanyl
- approximately 100 times stronger than morphine
- most pills contain 2mg
141
harm reduction
represents a continuum of services that provide care while minimizing the negative harms associated with substance use
142
basics of harm reduction
- goal-oriented
- humanistic
- nonjudgemental
- person-centred approach
- healthcare providers "meet people where they're at"
143
housing first
- mental health strategy that focuses on housing people regardless of substance use
- not conditional on sobriety or abstinence
144
5 principles of Housing First
- immediate access to housing with no readiness requirement
- consumer choice and self-determination
- recovery orientation
- individualized supports
- social and community integration
145
supervised consumption sites
- provide safe, clean space for people to bring their own drugs to use in the presence of trained staff
- prevent overdose
- reduce spread of infectious diseases
146
needle exchange programs
- reduce exchange of blood borne pathogens
- reduce needles discarded in community
- needle distribution and disposal
- condom distribution
- education
- referrals and counselling
- HIV, STD, hep B/C, pregnancy testing
- offer supplies for safe drug administration
147
safer supply programs
- provide prescribed medications as a safer alternative to toxic illegal drugs
- prevent overdose
- medications: opioids, stimulants, benzos
148
safe injection nursing education
- IV injections
- how to choose a safe site (arms, back of hand)
- veins vs arteries
- exercises to improve vein visibility
- cleaning the site
- inserting needles
- missed shots and aftercare
149
injecting cocaine
- has numbing effect and causes constriction so ensure you are in the right spot before injecting
- injecting multiple times can be traumatic for the tissues
150
injecting crack
- dissolve using powdered citric or ascorbic acid (avoid lemon juice and vinegar as they can lead to infection)
- do dissolve put crack and acid into cooker, add water and mix well
151
naloxone programs
- ontario naloxone program
- ontario naloxone program for pharmacies
- ministry of community safety and correction services
152
substance use : CHN primary prevention
- preventing problematic substance use before it occurs with focus on individual or community
- preventing regular substance use from becoming problematic
153
substance use : CHN secondary prevention
- early identification of when substance use becomes problematic and rapid support
- screening, tools, or conversations that allow for detection of signs and symptoms
154
substance use : CHN tertiary prevention
- reducing harms of problematic use
- clean needs, supervised consumption sites, managed alcohol programs, naloxone distribution
155
substance use : CHN quaternary prevention
- addressing stigma
- education on appropriate language
156
sexually transmitted and blood borne infections (STBBIs)
- infections that spread through insertive and receptive sexual practices with someone who is carrying the infection
- genital herpes and HPV can be transmitted by intimate skin-to-skin contact
- HIV and Hep B are transmitted through blood
- bacterial, viral, ectoparasitic
157
venereal disease
- defined a disease that was only transmitted by sexual intercourse
in 1970 was replaced with STD
158
STD
- disease that could be transmitted from person to person through sex or intimate contact with genitals, mouth or rectum
- STI became preferred term in 2006
159
BBI
- infections that could be carried and transmitted through the blood
- HIV, hep B and C
160
past health public policy
- prior to antibiotics, bacterial STBBIs weren't treatable
- stigma influenced to the extent that infections were rarely reported
- anti-VD campaign in 1920 targeted education and tx
161
current health public policy
- screening for HIV, syphilis, chlamydia, gonorrhoea, and hep B at first prenatal visit
- BBI screening with blood products
- immunization partnership fund
- public health surveillance
162
chlamydia
- symptoms in 1-3 weeks
- through vaginal, anal, oral sex
- from mother to newborn
- increased rates
- mostly women aged 15-24
163
chlamydia and women
- contract in cervix, rectum, throat
- lead to PID, infertility, pelvic pain
- in pregnancy: ectopic, premature birth, eye infection and pneumonia for baby
- symptoms: mucopurulent discharge, endocervical bleeding, urinary frequency
164
chlamydia and men
- contract in urethra, rectum, throat
- lead to lymphogranuloma venereum, proctitis
- symptoms: mucoid discharge, burning sensation when urinating, itching, epididymitis
165
rectal chlamydia
- symptoms: rectal pain, bleeding, discharge, mucous with stools, painful BM
166
ocular chlamydia
- through contact with genital secretions
- symptoms: conjunctivitis, mucous discharge, tearing, photophobia, decreased vision
167
chlamydia tx
- non-LGV strains: 1g PO azithromycin once OR 100mg doxycycline PO BID x 7 days
- LGV strains: 100mg doxycycline PO BID x 21 days
168
gonorrhoea
- infection in penis, vagina, cervix, anus, urethra, throat, eyes
- bacteria in semen and vaginal fluids
- symptoms within 2 weeks
- 2nd most common
169
gonorrhoea and women
- thin, watery, green or yellow discharge
- dysuria
- pain in lower abdomen
- bleeding between periods or after sex
170
gonorrhoea and men
- white, yellow, green discharge
- dysuria
- foreskin inflammation
- pain in testicles
171
gonorrhoea in rectum
- discomfort, pain, itching, discharge, bright red blood
172
gonorrhoea in throat
- sore throat, swollen lymph nodes
173
gonorrhoea in eyes
- conjunctivitis, photophobia, purulent drainage
174
gonorrhoea tx
- 250mg ceftriaxone IM + 1g azithromycin PO
OR
- 100mg doxycycline PO BID x 7 days
175
syphilis
- first symptoms in 21 days
- progresses if left untreated
- highest amongst 25-29 and 30-39
176
primary syphilis stage
- pt most infectious
- cancre sore or proctitis
- sores are firm, round, small and painless
- last 3-6 weeks and will health without treatment
177
secondary syphilis stage
- pt infectious
- starts with skin rash and mucous membrane lesions
- rash is rough, reddish brown on palms of hands, soles of feet, torso extremities
- not itchy
- fever
- swollen lymph glands
- sore throat
- patchy hair loss
- fatigue
178
early non-primary, non-secondary syphilis stage
- pt infectious
- no primary or secondary symptoms identified at time of medical visit
- infection is identified to have occurred within the last 12 months
179
late syphilis stage
- pt not infectious
- tumors
- blindness
- paralysis
- brain and nervous system damage
- possible death
180
syphilis tx
- primary or secondary: 2.4 million units penicillin G benzathine IM
- neurosyphilis: 2.4 million units IM qWeek x 3
- pregnant women should only be treated with penicillin
- if allergic to penicillin: doxycycline or tetracycline
181
bacterial STIs
- chlamydia
- gonorrhoea
- syphilis
182
viral STIs
- genital herpes simples virus (HSV)
- human papilloma virus (HPV)
- transmitted through intimate skin-skin sexual contact and from mother to fetus
- non reportable
183
HSV
- type 2 most common
- both types can cause genital infections
- type 2 rarely causes oral
- 1+ painful, itchy, fluid filled blisters
- burning while voiding
- fever / flu symptoms
- transmission when symptomatic and asymptomatic
184
HSV dx
- nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT)
- viral culture
185
HSV tx
- oral acyclovir, famciclovir, valacyclovir within first 3-4 days of symptom onset
- caesarean delivery if first episode is in 3rd trimester
- suppressive therapy
186
HPV
- estimated 75% of people will have at least one HPV infection
- most peoples immune system will clear infection
- no cure but symptoms are treatable
- causes cancer in the cervix, throat, oral cavity, penis, anus, vagina
187
HPV symptoms
- many asymptomatic
- anogenital warts (small cauliflower or flat)
- active infection will show change in cervical cells
188
HPV vaccines
- gardasil & gardasil 9 for males and females
- cervarix for females
- no live biologicals or DNA
- no impact on existing infection
189
gardasil and gardasil 9
- protect against 2 high risk types (16 and 18)
- protect against 2 low risk types (6 and 11)
- approved for females 9-45 and males 9-26
- 1st dose, 2nd two months later, 3rd six months after 1st
190
when to screen for STIs
- those who have been previously diagnosed
- new sexual partner
- multiple sexual partners
- sexual partner having a STI
- unprotected sex
- sex while under the influence of alcohol or drugs
191
prenatal STI screening
- at first prenatal visit
- repeat based on risk factors
192
HIV
- attacks immune system
- manageable
- left untreated can cause AIDS
- NOT transmitted through kissing, hugging, toilet seats, sharing foods, mosquito bites
193
HIV symptoms
- 50% develop within 2-4 weeks for few days-weeks
- chills
- fever
- fatigue
- joint pain
- headache
- sore throat
- swollen lymph nodes
194
HIV testing
- blood serum tests
- rapid HIV tests
- some cannot detect virus within first 2-4 weeks of infection
195
HIV treatment
antiretroviral medications ...
- suppresses viral load
- slows spread within body
- helps immune system fight other infections
196
PrEP medication
- prevention strategy
- involves antiretroviral drugs, regular medical appointments, monitoring and supporting
197
PEP medication
- taken after HIV exposure to help prevent infection
- started ASAP up to 72 hours after
- no further exposure when taking PEP
- combination of three medications
198
reducing stigma
- being respectful
- compassionate
- non-judgemental
199
hepatitis B
- liver disease spread by contact with infected bodily fluids
- 50% will develop symptoms of fatigue, nausea, vomiting, jaundice, decreased appetite
- 95% will clear virus
- dx confirmed with blood tests
- tx with antivirals
- most common males 40-59
200
hepatitis B vaccine
- engerix B
- Infanrix hexa
- Recombivax
- Twinrix : 3 doses over 6 months, not covered under OHIP
201
hepatitis C
- spread by percutaneous exposure with infected blood
- most people are asymptomatic
- symptoms; jaundice, fatigue, arthralgia
- 45% will clear infection
- highest in males ages 25-29
- dx through blood testing
- tx with antivirals to block replication ability
202
sex workers
- increased risk for STBBIs
- CHN promote risk-reduction strategies: use of protection, education, vaccine clinics, access to testing and treatment
203
street involved youth
- addressing basic necessities is greater priority then addressing potential health risks
- use of alcohol or drugs impact ability to make decisions
- do not always take effective action to prevent STBBIs
204
people in correctional facilities
- high rates due to injection drug use, substance use, unprotected sex, sharing tattoo or piercing equipment
- barriers to accessing health care
- upon admission, voluntary infectious disease testing is offered
205
STBBIs implications
- underreported
- many don't know they are infected
- can negatively impact a person
- economic implications of medical costs
206
primordial prevention of STBBIs
- preventing STBBIs and risk factors
- creation of programs that keep youth off the streets or advocating for sex education
207
primary prevention of STBBIs
- preventing start of disease with goal of decreasing incidence
- activities prior to sign of disease, injury, transmission
- use of protection
- vaccination
208
secondary prevention of STBBIs
- early detection
- regular testing and screening
209
tertiary prevention of STBBIs
- decrease progress of disease and controlling long term effects
- medication for tx
- manage symptoms
210
quaternary prevention of STBBIs
avoid unnecessary or excessive intervention
